This work deals with the preparation of liquid electrolytes from different types of aprotic solvents with the aim of their application as electrolytes in electrochemical supercapacitors. Different sorts of aprotic solvents have been chosen, in which the following forms of salts were used: LiBF4, LiClO4,LiPF6. In the next part of the work, the properties of these solvents were measured and the best electrolyte, according to the biggest possible capacity of the system, was chosen. In the theoretical part of this work, the physical principle of supercapacitors and their propeties are described. It deals with electrolytes, their division and with the properties that are appropriate for supercapacitors. The experimental part of the work describes the process of preparation of the samples of electrodes, electrolytes and the techniques of measuring their capacities.

The first part of this diploma thesis is dealing with conductivity of liquid electrolytes. The second part is about third generation gel electrolytes and thein conductivity. The electrolytes were inorganic salts LiClO4, LiBF4 and NaClO4 in an aprotic propylene carbonate (PC) -used as a solvent. Nanosized Al2O3 and TiO2 particles were, proportionally to the sample's volume, added to the both – blend and gel samples in an amount expressed by weight percentage (wt). Both liquid and gel electrolytes contained following amount on nanosorbent: 3,46% wt, 7,17% wt, 10,0% wt and 12,0% wt. The liquid electrolytes were gelled using commercially available precursor Superacryl (Spofa dental s.r.o.).

This thesis deals with the liquid aprotic electrolytes with solvent on the basis of sulfolane blends with other solvent, in combination with the sodium and lithium salts. In these electrolytes are evaluated their properties due to their use in lithium - ion batteries in terms of safety and electrical properties. For safety risk is measured flashpoint and for electrical properties is measured electrical conductivity for selected samples are intended capacities of double layers.

The Master thesis describe basic electrochemical processes in lithium-ion batteries and characteristic organic polar solvents for these articles. It focuses primarily on the aprotic liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries and the subsequent use of gas chromatography to analyze the collected gas sample from the test article. For this experiment is, in this Master thesis, designed and described experimental arrangement in the form of a glass cell, which allows collection from the space above the working electrode. Finally, the work evaluates the effect of electrode potential on the stability of electrolytes in strongly positive potentials.

This thesis deals with a study of lithium-ion batteries. It is focused into negative electrode materials and electrolytes. In this thesis is presented synthesis, electrochemical properties, possibilities to improving negative electrode materials as LTO (Lithium Titanate Oxid) and graphite. These electrode materials were investigated with respect to their compatibility at electrolytes with carbonate solvents, Sulfolane and DMF (DiMethylFormamide) in detail. The main aim of this thesis is to characterize electrode materials and electrolyte properties depending on wide range of temperatures and their comparison for the purpose of achievement of the best solution. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part of thesis describes composition, process of synthesis and analysis of lithium-ion cell. Practical part contains measuring and evaluating of charge-discharge and irreversible capacity characteristics related to variety of environmental temperatures.

The dissertation thesis deals with electrode materials and components for lithium-ion power sources. The thesis works with two different kinds of materials, concretely nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 with spinel basis and LiCoO2 with layered structure. The electrochemical properties, structure and element analysis and utilization possibilities in electrochemical industry of new technological electrode material Li4Ti5O12 were investigated. The influences of admixtures and electrolytes on characteristics of electrode materials with aforesaid active masses were also examined. Low cost price, environmental safety and obtained results of electrochemical measurements and structure analysis refer to wide possibilities of usage electrode material Li4Ti5O12 in the field of electrochemistry.

The essence of this graduate thesis is to summarize knowledge about the aprotic gel electrolytes. In the graduate thesis, there are explained methods for mensuration electrochemical properties of the aprotic gel electrolytes. In the theoretical part, I focus on the knowledge related to gel polymeric electrolytes, their history, properties, mechanisms and application. In the experimental part, I describe the preparation of the samples of the gel polymeric electrolytes, in which I evaluate their properties, electrical conductivity and potencial window.

Thèse en cotutelle (avec l'Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier) en Science des matériaux et Electrochimie / Avec le développement des systèmes électroniques embarqués se pose la question de la miniaturisation des dispositifs de stockage d’énergie. De nos jours, cette fonction est principalement assurée par des micro-batteries. Ces composants possèdent cependant une faible puissance disponible, une durée de vie limitée et un domaine de fonctionnement en température restreint. Les “micro-supercondensateurs” sur puce permettraient de s’affranchir de ces limitations, mais ils ne sont aujourd’hui qu’au stade de la recherche universitaire avec des densités d’énergie bien inférieures à celles des micro-batteries. L’énergie et la puissance stockées dans un supercondensateur sont proportionnelles au carré de la fenêtre de potentiel, qui dépend elle-même de la stabilité électrochimique de l’électrolyte utilisé. L’électrolyte joue ainsi un rôle prépondérant sur les propriétés des supercondensateurs (tension, gamme de température, courant de fuite, durée de vie…). Cette thèse vise à développer des liquides ioniques protiques et aprotiques dédiés aux micro-supercondensateurs pseudocapacitifs à base d'oxydes métalliques (RuO2, MnO2). Les électrolytes à base de liquides ioniques présentent des propriétés intéressantes, notamment une faible pression de vapeur saturante, une stabilité aux hautes températures, ainsi qu’une large fenêtre de potentiel. Ils contribuent ainsi à améliorer la densité d’énergie surfaciques, principal problème rencontré par les micro-supercondensateurs actuels. Les liquides ioniques étudiés ont été conçus sur la base de leurs structures et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Des caractérisations électrochimiques ont été réalisées avec des micro-supercondensateurs à base d’oxyde de ruthénium et d’oxyde de manganèse. De très bonnes performances ont été obtenus en utilisant des collecteurs de courant poreux à grande surface spécifique. Les électrolytes liquides constituant cependant un verrou technologique à la réalisation de micro-supercondensateurs fonctionnels compatible avec les procédés de microfabrication, des ionogels composés d’une matrice solide dans laquelle a été confinée le liquide ionique ont également été réalisés. / The rising growth of smart and autonomous microelectronic devices in the IoT (Internet of Things) era urges the development of advanced microscale energy sources with tailor-made features and customized energy/power requirements. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) emerged as potential energy storage devices complementing micro-batteries to power ubiquitous sensor networks needed to foster the development of IoT. However, the low cell voltage and low energy density remain major bottleneck that prevents their application at a large scale in real devices. To mitigate this issue, several studies have been devoted to the engineering of MSC electrode materials and structural architecting of current collectors to enhance the surface area and areal energy density by considering the limited available footprint area. This, however, has associated challenges such as a complex synthesis route, poor interfacial and mechanical stability of the electrode, and electrolyte compatibility issues, among others. Another key challenge to solve for reaching high energy density values in MSCs is the limited electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes used as energy stored is directly related to the square of the cell voltage. The electrolytes play a major role in deciding the ESW and liquid-state electrolytes commonly used are troublesome for the microfabrication process due to leakage, evaporation, and safety issues. Therefore, it’s imperative to develop alternative electrolytes including solid-state electrolytes reconcilable to the target application of MSCs. This thesis aims at developing novel ionic-liquid (IL)-based electrolytes (both protic and aprotic) suitable for pseudocapacitive metal oxide (e.g., RuO2, MnO2)-based micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). IL-based electrolytes exhibit key properties including low vapor pressure, high temperature stability, low melting point, etc. with a wide ESW and help improve energy density performance, overcoming the major bottleneck faced by current MSCs. During this project, ILs are rationally designed based on their physicochemical properties. The detailed structure-property and electrochemical characterization studies were done using RuO2 and MnO2-based MSCs. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance by developing high surface area porous current collectors with enhanced mass loading and solid-state devices using ionogel electrolytes, enabling their feasible integration with microelectronics to power connected IoT sensor networks.

The diploma thesis is focused on the theoretical knowledge of lithium accumulators. More attention is given to electrolytes and especially to flame retardants, where the types and individual examples of flame retardants are described more detailed. The practical part is focused on the individual laboratory measurement of selected samples of electrolytes with different flame retardants. The measurement results are analyzed in other parts.

This thesis deals with liquid aprotic electrolytes based on sulfolane with added flame retardant. The theoretical part of the thesis explains concepts - mainly aprotic electrolytes, flame retardants, and their practical use. It also discusses lithium - ion accumulators and materials used in them while focusing on the electrolyte function. The practical part of the thesis aims to measure the properties of aprotic electrolytes: their conductivity, potential window and flashpoint. It also contains a review of the measurement results.