Periodic flooding has been widely believed to serve an important role in maintaining water levels and productivity of aquatic basins in floodplain landscapes. Here, I analyze four basins of contrasting flood frequencies (one through-flow, one pulse-flooded, two non-flooded) and two adjacent river sites in the PAD were sampled during the open-water season of 2007 and spring of 2008 to characterize linkages between hydrological processes (using O and H stable isotopes) and limnological conditions, and to assess how these linkages affect trophic interactions involving the aquatic flora and fauna (using C and N stable isotopes). The water balance and water chemistry of the through-flow basin was dominated at all times by the input of river water which reduced concentrations of nutrients and ions. In contrast, evaporation played an important role in the water balance and concentrated nutrients and ions in the non-flooded basins. Surprisingly, pulse-flood events had short-lived effects on the water balance and carbon stable isotopic signatures of biota. Hydrological and limnological conditions in the pulse-flooded basin were similar to those of the river water shortly after spring flooding. After flooding, evaporation caused rapid increase of δ18O of the water comparable to patterns observed in the non-flooded basins, but recovery of water chemistry variables was delayed. In the non-flooded and pulse-flooded basins, δ13CDIC declined due to atmospheric CO2 invasion under conditions of high primary productivity and pH that generated strong kinetic fractionation. This decline in δ13CDIC values produced the opposite effect compared to when photosynthesis occurs under non-limiting carbon conditions, as occurred in the through-flow basin. This feature provides important new knowledge to improve paleolimnological interpretation of δ13C values of organic matter in sediment cores to track past changes in flooding regimes. Importantly, this study shows that pulse floods exert short-lived transient (~1-2 months) effects of the water balance and carbon dynamics of aquatic food-webs and do not elevate aquatic production, but exert longer lasting (at least an entire open-water season) on water chemistry conditions. This contrasts with previous beliefs that the effects of pulse flooding are more profound and longer lasting.

Periodic flooding has been widely believed to serve an important role in maintaining water levels and productivity of aquatic basins in floodplain landscapes. Here, I analyze four basins of contrasting flood frequencies (one through-flow, one pulse-flooded, two non-flooded) and two adjacent river sites in the PAD were sampled during the open-water season of 2007 and spring of 2008 to characterize linkages between hydrological processes (using O and H stable isotopes) and limnological conditions, and to assess how these linkages affect trophic interactions involving the aquatic flora and fauna (using C and N stable isotopes). The water balance and water chemistry of the through-flow basin was dominated at all times by the input of river water which reduced concentrations of nutrients and ions. In contrast, evaporation played an important role in the water balance and concentrated nutrients and ions in the non-flooded basins. Surprisingly, pulse-flood events had short-lived effects on the water balance and carbon stable isotopic signatures of biota. Hydrological and limnological conditions in the pulse-flooded basin were similar to those of the river water shortly after spring flooding. After flooding, evaporation caused rapid increase of δ18O of the water comparable to patterns observed in the non-flooded basins, but recovery of water chemistry variables was delayed. In the non-flooded and pulse-flooded basins, δ13CDIC declined due to atmospheric CO2 invasion under conditions of high primary productivity and pH that generated strong kinetic fractionation. This decline in δ13CDIC values produced the opposite effect compared to when photosynthesis occurs under non-limiting carbon conditions, as occurred in the through-flow basin. This feature provides important new knowledge to improve paleolimnological interpretation of δ13C values of organic matter in sediment cores to track past changes in flooding regimes. Importantly, this study shows that pulse floods exert short-lived transient (~1-2 months) effects of the water balance and carbon dynamics of aquatic food-webs and do not elevate aquatic production, but exert longer lasting (at least an entire open-water season) on water chemistry conditions. This contrasts with previous beliefs that the effects of pulse flooding are more profound and longer lasting.

Large, exotic (those whose headwaters are in distant places) rivers are some of the most unique and diverse ecosystems on earth. Because they often flow through a multitude of biomes and climates, their waters are a vital resource not only for the organisms that inhabit these rivers, but for human societies as well. Thus, large rivers, like the Rio Grande, that flow through arid and agricultural regions are highly regulated and diverted. Regulation and dewatering upset a river’s natural flow regime (e.g., magnitude, duration, timing of large flood events), subsequently impacting the river’s ability to transport its sediment supply, and eventually perturbing a river into either sediment surplus or deficit. The combination of altered flow and sediment regimes influence the availability of habitat essential for the survival and viability of aquatic organisms, such as fish and invertebrates. In addition, increased deposition of sediment creates areas suitable for invasive riparian vegetation to establish, likely affecting habitat complexity and increasing the abundance of leaf litter deposited into the river. The altered flow and sediment regimes, in combination with invasive riparian vegetation, culminate and eventually affect the food resources and aquatic communities present in a river ecosystem. Most often, the links between the physical perturbations to a system with the biological factors are poorly understood. In this study, we use distinct segments of the Rio Grande along the US-Mexico border to compare areas with greater and lower habitat heterogeneity, water quality, and invasive riparian species abundance to better understand what physical factors can influence aquatic species such as fish and invertebrate communities. We identify critical limiting factors for the native fish community present, and link the altered flow and sediment regimes with the aquatic ecological template of the Rio Grande.

Radionuclides are widely used in energy production and medical, military and industrial applications. Thus, understanding the behaviour of radionuclides which have been or may be released into ecosystems is important for human and environmental risk assessment. Modelling of radionuclides or their stable element analogues is the only tool that can predict the consequences of accidental release. In this thesis, two dynamic stochastic compartment models for radionuclide/element transfer in a marine coastal ecosystem and a freshwater lake were developed and implemented (Paper I and III), in order to model a hypothetical future release of multiple radionuclides from a nuclear waste disposal site. Element-specific mechanisms such as element uptake via diet and adsorption of elements to organic surfaces were connected to ecosystem carbon models. Element transport in two specific coastal and lake ecosystems were simulated for 26 and 13 elements, respectively (Papers I and III). Using the models, the concentration ratios (CR: the ratio of the element or radionuclide concentration in an organism to the concentration in water) were estimated for different groups of aquatic organisms. The coastal model was also compared with a 3D hydrodynamic spatial model (Paper II) for Cs, Ni and Th, and estimated confidence limits for their modelled CRs. In the absence of site-specific CR data, being able to estimate a range of CR values with such models is an alternative to relying on literature CR values that are not always relevant to the site of interest. Water chemistry was also found to influence uptake of contaminants by aquatic organisms. Empirical inverse relationships were derived between CRs of fish for stable Sr (CRSr) and Cs (CRCs) and water concentrations of their biochemical analogues Ca and K, respectively (Paper IV), illustrating how such relationships could be used in the prediction of more site-specific CRCs and CRSr in fish simply from water chemistry measurements. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Current mining operators in the Athabasca oil sands deposit of Alberta, Canada have made commitments to zero discharge of oil sands process-affected waste materials (OSPM) from the mine site and rehabilitation of mined lands to a pre-mining state. As part of aquatic reclamation efforts, experimental test sites that contain a range of OSPM (solid and liquid components) were constructed to monitor the evolution and viability of aquatic habitats used as disposal sinks for OSPM produced by mining activities. In the present study, stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were used to gauge some of the potential effects of OSPM site construction methods on aquatic food webs. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of sediment, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic matter, periphytic material, plants, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were used to assess differences related to the naphthenic acid (NA) concentration in OSPM and reference sites. For statistical analyses, sites were grouped into low (0 to 4 mg/L), medium (4 to 15 mg/L) and high (> 15 mg/L) NA concentrations. There were no significant differences in food web area or food web length among the low, medium and high NA concentration sites. In most cases, sample carbon isotope analyses of low, medium and high NA concentration sites were not significantly different, suggesting food web carbon sources did not include significant contributions from OSPM materials at OSPM sites. Significant differences, however, were found in the sample nitrogen isotope signatures between low, medium and high NA concentration sites. Ammonia from OSPM is suggested to be the main contributor to &delta;¹⁵N enrichment. <br /><br /> To determine the potential effects of site construction and OSPM within experimental test sites, carbon and sulphur stable isotopes of water, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were analyzed. With the exception of <em>Chaoborus</em> and <em>Haliplus</em>, all carbon isotope signatures were not significantly different in constructed and reference sites. Also with the exception of <em>Haliplus</em>, sulphur isotope values for aquatic organisms from constructed and reference sites were significantly different. Aquatic organisms and water samples from constructed sites built in, or close, to the boundary of Kcw clays typically had &delta;³⁴S < 0 ?. Coinciding with depleted &delta;³⁴S signatures found in these aquatic systems were elevated sulphate concentrations. The waters at experimental test sites are in direct contact with the soil materials that facilitate the accumulation of sulphates as a result of the oxidation of substrate sulphide minerals. In general the results of the study suggest that aquatic food web structure and function do not change with the introduction of OSPM. Shifts in isotopic signatures suggestive of changes in food web structure, however, do occur when site construction exposes Kcw clays in the substrate.

Current mining operators in the Athabasca oil sands deposit of Alberta, Canada have made commitments to zero discharge of oil sands process-affected waste materials (OSPM) from the mine site and rehabilitation of mined lands to a pre-mining state. As part of aquatic reclamation efforts, experimental test sites that contain a range of OSPM (solid and liquid components) were constructed to monitor the evolution and viability of aquatic habitats used as disposal sinks for OSPM produced by mining activities. In the present study, stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were used to gauge some of the potential effects of OSPM site construction methods on aquatic food webs. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of sediment, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic matter, periphytic material, plants, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were used to assess differences related to the naphthenic acid (NA) concentration in OSPM and reference sites. For statistical analyses, sites were grouped into low (0 to 4 mg/L), medium (4 to 15 mg/L) and high (> 15 mg/L) NA concentrations. There were no significant differences in food web area or food web length among the low, medium and high NA concentration sites. In most cases, sample carbon isotope analyses of low, medium and high NA concentration sites were not significantly different, suggesting food web carbon sources did not include significant contributions from OSPM materials at OSPM sites. Significant differences, however, were found in the sample nitrogen isotope signatures between low, medium and high NA concentration sites. Ammonia from OSPM is suggested to be the main contributor to &delta;¹⁵N enrichment. <br /><br /> To determine the potential effects of site construction and OSPM within experimental test sites, carbon and sulphur stable isotopes of water, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were analyzed. With the exception of <em>Chaoborus</em> and <em>Haliplus</em>, all carbon isotope signatures were not significantly different in constructed and reference sites. Also with the exception of <em>Haliplus</em>, sulphur isotope values for aquatic organisms from constructed and reference sites were significantly different. Aquatic organisms and water samples from constructed sites built in, or close, to the boundary of Kcw clays typically had &delta;³⁴S < 0 ?. Coinciding with depleted &delta;³⁴S signatures found in these aquatic systems were elevated sulphate concentrations. The waters at experimental test sites are in direct contact with the soil materials that facilitate the accumulation of sulphates as a result of the oxidation of substrate sulphide minerals. In general the results of the study suggest that aquatic food web structure and function do not change with the introduction of OSPM. Shifts in isotopic signatures suggestive of changes in food web structure, however, do occur when site construction exposes Kcw clays in the substrate.

Les Broméliacées sont une vaste famille de plantes à fleurs néotropicales dont certaines ont la capacité de retenir de l’eau et des détritus grâce à l’agencement de leurs feuilles qui forment un phytotelme (du grec phyto : plante et telma : mare). Elles fournissent ainsi un habitat pour de nombreux organismes aquatiques, depuis les micro-organismes jusqu’aux vertébrés. Dans cet écosystème aquatique, les détritus collectés sont le plus souvent de la litière qui constitue la base du réseau trophique dont dépend la Broméliacée pour l’acquisition des nutriments. Ces phytotelmes forment des microcosmes aquatiques naturels très nombreux et distribués dans des environnements très divers, allant du sous-bois de la forêt tropicale à des sites très exposés comme les inselbergs. De plus, certaines espèces entretiennent des relations mutualistes très poussées avec des invertébrés terrestres tels que les fourmis, alors que d’autres, qui ont évolué dans des environnements très pauvres en nutriments, ont eu recours à l’insectivorie. Si les communautés d’invertébrés de ces phytotelmes ont fait l’objet de nombreux projets de recherche en écologie, nos connaissances sur la structure des communautés de micro-organismes sont très parcellaires, et les facteurs de contrôle qui façonnent ces communautés sont le plus souvent déduits d’études réalisées dans d’autres écosystèmes aquatiques. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse a été d’analyser l’influence de facteurs environnementaux et biologiques sur la structure et la diversité des communautés microbiennes aquatiques des phytotelmes des Broméliacées localisées dans des environnements contrastés de Guyane française. Nous avons examiné les communautés aquatiques de 8 espèces de Broméliacées à réservoirs situées sur deux sites en Guyane française, en considérant différentes variables abiotiques et biotiques, tels que les traits végétatifs des plantes, la taille de l’habitat, les groupes fonctionnels d’invertébrés, l’association mutualiste avec des fourmis, etc. Les résultats obtenus mettent en lumière l’ubiquité de différents groupes de microorganismes (virus, bactéries, champignons, algues eucaryotes et cyanobactéries, protozoaires et micro-métazoaires) dans cet écosystème et l’importance fonctionnelle d’organismes autotrophes dans ce réseau trophique considéré jusque-là comme exclusivement détritique. Ces plantes procurent ainsi une grande variété d’environnements aquatiques, depuis des écosystèmes exclusivement hétérotrophes (e.g. Guzmania lingulata) jusqu’à des écosystèmes ayant un fonctionnement autotrophe dominant, en particulier chez les plantes les plus exposées (e.g.Catopsis berteroniana). La structure du réseau trophique microbien des Broméliacées dépend en grande partie (1) de la structure de l’habitat, c’est-à-dire des traits végétatifs des plantes tels que la taille de celles-ci et le nombre de réservoirs, et (2) des conditions environnementales dans lesquelles sont situées les plantes, à savoir l’exposition à la lumière et l’approvisionnement en ressources détritiques. Pour la Broméliacée de jardins de fourmis Aechmea mertensii, l’identité de la fourmi associée conditionne la structure de l’habitat et la localisation de la plante, ce qui influence indirectement la structure du réseau trophique microbien. Les invertébrés aquatiques sont impliqués dans le contrôle des communautés microbiennes de par leur filtration sur les micro-organismes. L’analyse des patterns de distribution suggère toutefois que leurs activités d’excrétion, de fragmentation des détritus et de recyclage de la matière organique ont un effet positif sur le réseau microbien. Les communautés bactériennes de la Broméliacée insectivore Catopsis berteroniana, sont principalement modulées par le nombre de carcasses de fourmis, qui constituent l’essentiel des proies de cette plante. (...) / Bromeliads are a large family of neotropical flowering plants. The leaves of many bromeliads are tightly interlocking, forming wells that collect water and organic detritus. These phytotelmata (plant-held water) provide habitat for numerous aquatic organisms ranging from microorganisms to vertebrates. In this aquatic ecosystem, detritus (usually leaf litter) form the basis of a food web upon which depends the nutrition of the bromeliad. In tropical forests, these phytotelmata form abundant natural aquatic microcosms, distributed in a large range of tropical environments, from understory to overstory. In addition, some species of tank-bromeliads share mutualistic relationships with terrestrial invertebrates such as ants, while others have evolved in nutrient-poor environments and have become insectivorous. Although numerous ecological studies have dealt with invertebrates communities, analyses of the structure of microbial communities in tank-bromeliads remain very scarce and factors that shape these communities derived mostly from studies of others aquatic ecosystems. Here, we analyzed the impact of environmental and biological factors on the structure and the diversity of aquatic microbial communities in tank-bromeliads located in contrasted environments in French Guiana. We examined aquatic communities inhabiting tanks of 8 bromeliad species located in two sites of French Guiana, and analyzed the impact of different abiotic and biotic variables, such as vegetative traits of plants, habitat size, functional feeding groups of invertebrates, mutualistic association with ants, etc. Our results highlight the ubiquity of microbial groups (virus, bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria, protozoans and micrometazoans) in this ecosystem and the significance of autotrophic organisms in this detritus-based system. These plants provide a wide variety of aquatic environments ; from strict heterotrophic systems (e.g. Guzmania lingulata) to mixed systems in which the autotrophic compartment sometimes dominates (e.g. Catopsis berteroniana). The structure of the microbial food web in tank-bromeliad largely depends on (1) the habitat structure (i.e. the vegetative traits of the plants such as plant height and the number of wells), and (2) the environmental conditions of the plants (i.e. light exposure and input of detrital organic matter). For the ant-garden bromeliad Aechmea mertensii, we found that the identity of the associated ant affects both habitat structure and plant location, which in turn influence the structure of the microbial food web. Through their filtration, aquatic invertebrates are involved in the control of microbial communities. However, the analysis of the distribution patterns suggests that their activities of excretion, detrital processing and nutrient cycling positively affect the microbial food web. In the insectivorous tank-bromeliad Catopsis berteroniana, bacterial communities were mostly driven by the number of dead ants, which represent the main trapped preys in this plant. This work highlights the huge diversity of aquatic ecosystems that are created by bromeliads, and their significance for the maintenance of taxonomic and functional diversity of microorganisms in tropical forests.

There is a widespread distribution of possibly toxic heavy metals, such as zinc, in aquatic ecosystems. Simultaneously aquatic food webs are changing due to declining predatory fish stocks. In this study, I examine how such an alteration of the food chain, the disappearance of a top trophic level, can affect the uptake and transfer of pollutants in lower trophic levels. I investigate a tri-trophic food chain containing resources (zooplankton), consumer fish, and predatory fish and use zinc as an example pollutant. This is done by constructing and adding a pollutant module to a stage-structured biomass model. The combined model is based on a system of eight ordinary differential equations to study the zinc concentrations in the consumer fish population in two scenarios: in the presence or absence of predatory fish, i.e., the food chain consists of either three or two trophic levels. The results show that the removal of the predator affects the concentration of the pollutant in the consumer population. In the absence of predators, the uptake of zinc from food is smaller and the zinc concentration is lower in the consumer fish population. The results remain the same for different values of the pollutant-specific parameters, i.e., uptake rate from water, assimilation efficiency, and efflux rate. This could indicate that food chain dynamics have a strong influence on the uptake and transfer of pollutants. Furthermore, this means that even if the model is parametrized to zinc in this study, the modeling tool can also be used for other pollutants with similar biokinetics as zinc. The results from this study highlight the importance to include food chain structure and dynamics when studying the uptake and transfer of pollutants. The novel knowledge and the developed tool from this study could advantageously be included to a higher degree when discussing the impact of pollution on aquatic ecosystems and mitigation measures. / Det finns en utbredd spridning av potentiellt giftiga tungmetaller, som t.ex. zink, i akvatiska ekosystem. Samtidigt förändras akvatiska födovävar på grund av minskande rovfiskbestånd. I denna studie undersöker jag hur en sådan förändring av födoväven, ett försvinnande av en trofisk toppnivå, kan påverka upptaget och överföringen av föroreningari lägre trofinivåer. Jag undersöker en tritrofisk födokedja som innehåller resurser (zooplankton), konsumentfisk och rovfisk och använder zink som ett exempel på förorening. Detta görs genom att konstruera och addera en föroreningsmodul till en stegstrukturerad biomassamodell. Den kombinerade modellen bygger på ett system med åtta ordinära differentialekvationer för att studera zinkhalterna i konsumentfiskpopulationen i två scenarier: i närvaro eller frånvaro av predatorer, dvs. födokedjan innehåller antingen tre eller två trofiska nivåer. Resultaten visar att koncentrationen av föroreningen i konsumentpopulationen förändras när födokedjan ändras. När rovfiskar saknas i systemet är upptaget av zink från föda mindre och zinkkoncentrationen lägre i konsumentfiskpopulationen. Resultaten förblir detsamma för olika värden på de föroreningsspecifika parametrarna, d.v.s. upptagshastighet från vatten, assimileringseffektivitet och utflödeshastighet, vilket skulle kunna indikera att födokedjans dynamik har ett starkt inflytande på upptag och överföring av föroreningar. Vidare innebär detta att även om modellen har parametriserats till zink i denna studie, så kan modelleringsverktyget även användas för andra föroreningar som har en liknande biokinetik som zink. Resultaten från denna studie understryker vikten av att inkludera födokedjans struktur och dynamik när man studerar upptag och överföring av föroreningar. Den nya kunskapen och det utvecklade verktyget från denna studie skulle med fördel i högre grad inkluderas när man diskuterar föroreningars påverkan på akvatiska ekosystem och vilka åtgärder som bör sättas in för att minska problemen.