Foraminifera of the Paleocene Aquia Formation outcropping near Hanover, Virginia were studied in terms of their taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and abundance. A total of seventy-nine species were described, eight of which have never been reported in the Aquia. Twenty species of planktonic foraminifera were recovered. The basal seven feet of Aquia contains only long ranging Paleocene Foraminifera. In the next two feet of Aquia occurred Globigerina triloculinoides and Globorotalia acuta which overlap in the Middle Paleocene Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Zone and the Late Paleocene Globorotalia pseudomenardii Zone. The next section of Aquia, from nine feet above its base to six feet below the overlying Marlboro Clay, is referred to the Globorotalia pseudomenardii Zone based on the occurrence of Globorotalia aequa and Globigerina triloculinoides. The top six feet of the Aquia and basal one foot of Marlboro Clay contain Globorotalia subbotinae and Globorotalia occlusa placing this section in the Late Paleocene Globorotalia velascoensis Zone. The basal Aquia f oraminif eral fauna is characterized by low species diversity, high morphologic variability in dominant species and large populations suggesting an unstable, marginal marine environment. The upper sections of the Aquia Formation contain faunal associations with higher species diversity, lower dominance and smaller populations indicating a somewhat deeper water, more stable environment. The associated macrofossil communities and local lithologies support these conclusions. A cross-section through the study area reveals offsets in formational boundaries and unusual downdip thickening of the Tertiary section. Accompanying these anomalies are abrupt changes in the course of the Pamunkey River. These data suggests faulting in the study area analogous to the faulted Coastal Plain strata near Fredericksburg, Virginia (Mixon and Newell, 1978), / Master of Science

La conservación de las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP1) y su posicionamiento como herramientas para la conservación, se ha visto reflejado en las normas que establecen como obligatoria la Opinión Técnica Previa Vinculante (OTPV) a un proyecto que se superponga a dichas áreas, sin su obtención el proyecto propuesto no es viable. Este procedimiento es conocido como compatibilidad. Por otro lado, la creación de escenarios concertados en las áreas naturales protegidas, cobra importancia porque establece la gestión del territorio y los recursos que en ellas se encuentran, si dichos escenarios se construyen sin la participación de los actores, estos no reflejan la forma en que las poblaciones locales se relacionan con su entorno. Cuando estos escenarios se ubican en la zona de sierra entonces existe una alta probabilidad que parte de sus actores sean comunidades campesinas, por tanto entran a tallar no solo las normas aplicables a las ANP sino también las que conciernen a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. En este sentido, el agua juega un papel importante ya que es un recurso fundamental para la subsistencia de estas comunidades, pues no sólo les permite acceder al alimento a través del cultivo de la tierra o crianza de ganado, sino que también se encuentra ligada a un concepto de territorio, costumbres e identidad colectiva. Además, al discurrir por un ANP la gestión que esta haya previsto en su plan maestro es decisiva para los usos que se le dé, pudiendo no coincidir con las expectativas y/o necesidades de las comunidades. Es así que, en este espacio se tejen una serie de normas que regulan directa o indirectamente el uso que se le da al agua. Entonces, cuando se tiene un proyecto de afianzamiento hídrico cuya fuente de agua se encuentra dentro de un ANP, y cuyo fin es garantizar la subsistencia de una comunidad campesina, no solo rigen las normas y regulaciones dadas por la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), sino también aquellas establecidas por el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (SERNANP) y debido a la naturaleza del proyecto también cobran importancia las normas del Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego (MINAGRI). Sin embargo, antes incluso de pensar en el procedimiento para obtención de un derecho de uso de agua, se requiere contar con la OTPV (compatibilidad) favorable, siendo este el primer paso 1 En al presente tesis la sigla ANP se empela indistintamente para referirse a un área natural protegida o a más de un área natural protegida. para ejecutar el proyecto, de no obtenerlo, el proyecto no es factible y termina siendo denegado. Esta situación implica la denegación tácita del uso de agua a la comunidad que lo solicita, con lo cual se podría vulnerar su derecho humano al agua y con este su derecho a una vida digna y otros derechos de los pueblos indígenas. En la presente tesis, se analiza el caso de la comunidad campesina de Aquia ubicada en el departamento de Ancash, para entender cómo funcionó la evaluación del SERNANP, la cual no consideró el derecho humano al agua (DHA) ni los derechos de las comunidades. En base a ello y a entrevistas a diversos actores asociados a la actividad, se determinaron desafíos para incluir en la evaluación de SERNANP, tanto el DHA como el derecho de las comunidades campesinas localizadas en la sierra (pueblos indígenas). Una vez determinados estos desafíos, se pudieron establecer criterios para llevar a cabo una evaluación diferenciada en casos similares al de la comunidad campesina de Aquia. Es decir, se proponen criterios técnicos adicionales en la evaluación previa a la OTPV (compatibilidad) cuando se involucre a una o más comunidades campesinas en sierra con el propósito de mejorar la evaluación. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis legal determinando que la ratificación de diversos tratados internacionales asociados al DHA, son de cumplimiento obligatorio, los cuales brindan la base legal para resolver y emitir la OTPV favorable a un proyecto. A esto se sumó la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) y la Corte de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas (CDHNU), la cual permitió demostrar que las menciones al Convenio 169 de la OIT y derechos de las comunidades en la Ley de áreas naturales protegidas y la Ley de recursos hídricos, es la base fundamental para evaluar la solicitudes de compatibilidad, considerando el derecho humano al agua y los derechos de las comunidades como criterios adicionales no indicados literalmente en la legislación, pero si presentes en la normativa existente aplicable al caso. / The conservation of natural protected areas (ANP) and their positioning as tools for conservation has been reflected in the regulations that establish the binding prior technical opinion (OTPV) as mandatory for a project that overlaps those areas, without its obtaining the proposed project is not viable. This procedure is known as compatibility. On the other hand, the creation of concerted scenarios in natural protected areas becomes important because it establishes the management of the territory and the resources that are in them, if such scenarios are carried out without the participation of the actors, they do not reflect the way that local populations are related to their environment. When these areas are located in the highlands, the probability that part of their actors are peasants communities is quite high, therefore the applicable rules are not only related to the ANP, but also those that recognize the rights of indigenous communities. In this sense, water plays an important role since it is a fundamental resource for the subsistence of these communities, as it not only allows them to access food through the cultivation of land or raising livestock, but it is also linked to a concept of territory, customs and collective identity. In addition, when water runs through an ANP the management established on the master plan becomes overriding for its uses, which may not coincide with the expectations and / or needs of the communities, so in this space applies laws that directly or indirectly regulate the resource use. Then, when the water source of a project is inside an ANP whose purpose is to guarantee the subsistence of a peasant community, the rules and regulations that are applied are those given by the ANA, SERNANP and MINAGRI due to the character of the project. However, before even thinking about the procedure to obtain a right to use water, the prior obligation is the OTPV (compatibility), this is the first step to execute the project, if it is not obtained, the project is not feasible and ends up being denied. This situation implies the tacit denial of the use of water to the community that requests it, thereby violating their human right to water and related rights as right to a dignified life and the rights of indigenous peoples In the present thesis, the case of peasant community of Aquia, located in Ancash, is analyzed to understand how the evaluation of SERNANP was accomplished, which did not consider the human right to water or the rights of indigenous peoples. Based on interviews with key actors, challenges were identified linked to evaluation of SERNANP both the DHA and the right of the communities. Once these challenges were determined, criteria could be established to carry out a differentiated evaluation in similar cases to peasant community of Aquia. In other words, additional technical criteria are proposed in the prior evaluation for delivering OTPV when one or more highland peasant communities are involved. Likewise, a legal analysis was carried out determining that the ratification of various international treaties associated with the DHA, are mandatory, which provide the legal basis to resolve and deliver the OTPV favorable to a project. This was complemented by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CIDH) and the United Nations Human Rights Court (CDHNU), which demonstrated that the mentions to Convention 169 and the rights of communities in the law of natural protected areas and the law of water resources, is the fundamental basis for evaluating compatibility requests considering the human right to water and the rights of communities. / Tesis

The reproductive cycle, population dynamics, and habitat use of the dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) were studied in populations from the Tar River, North Carolina and Aquia Creek, Virginia during 1991 and 1992. This mussel is a long-term brooder, spawning in late summer and becoming gravid in September with glochidia maturing in November. Drift net sampling at sites with this species in both rivers during spring and fall of 1991 and spring of 1992 yielded no A. heterodon glochidia, indicating poor or no reproduction at both sites in 1991. Laboratory infestation experiments testing 15 fish species found three hosts for A. heterodon. The tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), the Johnny darter (EE. nigrum), and the mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) all supported glochidial development to the juvenile phase. Six species of sunfishes, four minnows, one sucker, and one catfish species tested in the laboratory did not serve as hosts. Because of seemingly poor reproductive success in 1991, natural infestations of fishes with glochidia were not documented. Age and growth characteristics were calculated using a thin-sectioning technique on valves collected from the Tar River, Aquia Creek, and the Neversink River, New York. As computed by the von Bertalanffy equation, the dwarf wedgemussel reaches a maximum length of 38.70 mm, 45.26 mm, and 45.84 mm in the Tar River, Aquia Creek, and Neversink River, respectively. There were significant differences among the growth curves of A. heterodon from the Tar River and Aquia Creek, and between those of the Neversink River and Aquia Creek. There was no significant difference between the growth curves of dwarf wedge mussels from the Tar and Neversink rivers. Microhabitat parameters including depth, roughness, velocity, turbulence, distance from shore, distance from obstructions, canopy cover, presence or absence of macrophytes, and substratum size were collected for dwarf wedge mussels at the Tar River and Aquia Creek. Microhabitat use differed between the sites, most significantly described by the following variables: distance from shore; turbulence; and velocity. Laboratory preference studies designed to determine preferred substratum size and water velocity were conducted. Dwarf wedge mussels always preferred the finer substratum offered; little preference was exhibited by the mussels for lotic versus lentic flow regimes in the laboratory. / Master of Science

The Capitol Stones in Washington DC's Rock Creek Park were a delight for urban explorers, a curiosity for historians, and a tangible connection for descendants of enslaved laborers who quarried, transported, and shaped them into the United States Capitol. Banished from the East Front of the Capitol in 1958, they have spent the last third of their existence "not quite dumped, but not quite preserved either" (Banville 2009). To the National Park Service, they are a liability; to the Architect of the Capitol, a resource. At the time of writing, the stones are being relocated to a secure government storage facility where they will be permanently locked away from public view. This thesis proposes an alternative: relocate the Capitol Stones to an adaptively reused factory at the Navy Yard, where they can be stored, visited, and studied in a cavernous daylit atrium. In addition to housing the stones, as part of this thesis the WWII era naval weapons factory features retail at ground level and residences on four stories above. To the north, the atrium recalls the park-like setting of the stones' recent past, while the southern end is a working space for masons training to preserve historic buildings constructed of the same Aquia Creek sandstone. Due to the Anacostia's shifting shoreline, the site of Building 202 is also a likely location of the wharf at which the Capitol Stones first arrived in the District after being floated upriver from their Stafford County quarry. This crucial moment is marked by a contemplative memorial which stands in memory of the enslaved laborers who, across various levels of skill, built the Capitol. On axis with the memorial, the Capitol's East Portico - the origin of the Capitol Stones - is remembered at full scale. / Master of Architecture / Seemingly abandoned behind a maintenance shed in Washington DC's Rock Creek Park was a large collection of intricately hand carved stones. Urban explorers, historians, and descendants of enslaved laborers knew them as the Capitol Stones, which formed the East Front of the United States Capitol from the 1820s to the 1950s. But much like they were evicted from the Capitol, the Stones are presently facing eviction from Rock Creek Park. At the time of writing, the stones are being relocated to a secure government storage facility where they will be permanently locked away from public view. But what if they could remain accessible? This thesis proposes the relocation of the Capitol Stones into the light-filled atrium of a WWII era naval weapons factory, formerly part of the Washington Navy Yard. The atrium is enveloped by retail and residential space, as well as a training center for apprentice masons learning to use the Capitol Stones as a quarry. Stripped of their original purpose, the Capitol Stones have found new value as replacement stones at the other historic buildings. The factory, Building 202, occupies dredged and filled land which at the time of the Capitol's construction was part of the Anacostia River and the likely site of Commissioner's Wharf, the pier at which the Capitol Stones were delivered from the Aquia Creek Quarry in Stafford County, VA. Recalling this pivotal occasion, the stones surround a contemplative memorial to enslaved laborers who built the Capitol. To the east of the memorial stands a life sized representation of the East Front of the Capitol, the origin of the Capitol Stones.

La conservación de las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP1) y su posicionamiento como herramientas para la conservación, se ha visto reflejado en las normas que establecen como obligatoria la Opinión Técnica Previa Vinculante (OTPV) a un proyecto que se superponga a dichas áreas, sin su obtención el proyecto propuesto no es viable. Este procedimiento es conocido como compatibilidad. Por otro lado, la creación de escenarios concertados en las áreas naturales protegidas, cobra importancia porque establece la gestión del territorio y los recursos que en ellas se encuentran, si dichos escenarios se construyen sin la participación de los actores, estos no reflejan la forma en que las poblaciones locales se relacionan con su entorno. Cuando estos escenarios se ubican en la zona de sierra entonces existe una alta probabilidad que parte de sus actores sean comunidades campesinas, por tanto entran a tallar no solo las normas aplicables a las ANP sino también las que conciernen a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. En este sentido, el agua juega un papel importante ya que es un recurso fundamental para la subsistencia de estas comunidades, pues no sólo les permite acceder al alimento a través del cultivo de la tierra o crianza de ganado, sino que también se encuentra ligada a un concepto de territorio, costumbres e identidad colectiva. Además, al discurrir por un ANP la gestión que esta haya previsto en su plan maestro es decisiva para los usos que se le dé, pudiendo no coincidir con las expectativas y/o necesidades de las comunidades. Es así que, en este espacio se tejen una serie de normas que regulan directa o indirectamente el uso que se le da al agua. Entonces, cuando se tiene un proyecto de afianzamiento hídrico cuya fuente de agua se encuentra dentro de un ANP, y cuyo fin es garantizar la subsistencia de una comunidad campesina, no solo rigen las normas y regulaciones dadas por la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), sino también aquellas establecidas por el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (SERNANP) y debido a la naturaleza del proyecto también cobran importancia las normas del Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego (MINAGRI). Sin embargo, antes incluso de pensar en el procedimiento para obtención de un derecho de uso de agua, se requiere contar con la OTPV (compatibilidad) favorable, siendo este el primer paso 1 En al presente tesis la sigla ANP se empela indistintamente para referirse a un área natural protegida o a más de un área natural protegida. para ejecutar el proyecto, de no obtenerlo, el proyecto no es factible y termina siendo denegado. Esta situación implica la denegación tácita del uso de agua a la comunidad que lo solicita, con lo cual se podría vulnerar su derecho humano al agua y con este su derecho a una vida digna y otros derechos de los pueblos indígenas. En la presente tesis, se analiza el caso de la comunidad campesina de Aquia ubicada en el departamento de Ancash, para entender cómo funcionó la evaluación del SERNANP, la cual no consideró el derecho humano al agua (DHA) ni los derechos de las comunidades. En base a ello y a entrevistas a diversos actores asociados a la actividad, se determinaron desafíos para incluir en la evaluación de SERNANP, tanto el DHA como el derecho de las comunidades campesinas localizadas en la sierra (pueblos indígenas). Una vez determinados estos desafíos, se pudieron establecer criterios para llevar a cabo una evaluación diferenciada en casos similares al de la comunidad campesina de Aquia. Es decir, se proponen criterios técnicos adicionales en la evaluación previa a la OTPV (compatibilidad) cuando se involucre a una o más comunidades campesinas en sierra con el propósito de mejorar la evaluación. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis legal determinando que la ratificación de diversos tratados internacionales asociados al DHA, son de cumplimiento obligatorio, los cuales brindan la base legal para resolver y emitir la OTPV favorable a un proyecto. A esto se sumó la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) y la Corte de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas (CDHNU), la cual permitió demostrar que las menciones al Convenio 169 de la OIT y derechos de las comunidades en la Ley de áreas naturales protegidas y la Ley de recursos hídricos, es la base fundamental para evaluar la solicitudes de compatibilidad, considerando el derecho humano al agua y los derechos de las comunidades como criterios adicionales no indicados literalmente en la legislación, pero si presentes en la normativa existente aplicable al caso. / The conservation of natural protected areas (ANP) and their positioning as tools for conservation has been reflected in the regulations that establish the binding prior technical opinion (OTPV) as mandatory for a project that overlaps those areas, without its obtaining the proposed project is not viable. This procedure is known as compatibility. On the other hand, the creation of concerted scenarios in natural protected areas becomes important because it establishes the management of the territory and the resources that are in them, if such scenarios are carried out without the participation of the actors, they do not reflect the way that local populations are related to their environment. When these areas are located in the highlands, the probability that part of their actors are peasants communities is quite high, therefore the applicable rules are not only related to the ANP, but also those that recognize the rights of indigenous communities. In this sense, water plays an important role since it is a fundamental resource for the subsistence of these communities, as it not only allows them to access food through the cultivation of land or raising livestock, but it is also linked to a concept of territory, customs and collective identity. In addition, when water runs through an ANP the management established on the master plan becomes overriding for its uses, which may not coincide with the expectations and / or needs of the communities, so in this space applies laws that directly or indirectly regulate the resource use. Then, when the water source of a project is inside an ANP whose purpose is to guarantee the subsistence of a peasant community, the rules and regulations that are applied are those given by the ANA, SERNANP and MINAGRI due to the character of the project. However, before even thinking about the procedure to obtain a right to use water, the prior obligation is the OTPV (compatibility), this is the first step to execute the project, if it is not obtained, the project is not feasible and ends up being denied. This situation implies the tacit denial of the use of water to the community that requests it, thereby violating their human right to water and related rights as right to a dignified life and the rights of indigenous peoples In the present thesis, the case of peasant community of Aquia, located in Ancash, is analyzed to understand how the evaluation of SERNANP was accomplished, which did not consider the human right to water or the rights of indigenous peoples. Based on interviews with key actors, challenges were identified linked to evaluation of SERNANP both the DHA and the right of the communities. Once these challenges were determined, criteria could be established to carry out a differentiated evaluation in similar cases to peasant community of Aquia. In other words, additional technical criteria are proposed in the prior evaluation for delivering OTPV when one or more highland peasant communities are involved. Likewise, a legal analysis was carried out determining that the ratification of various international treaties associated with the DHA, are mandatory, which provide the legal basis to resolve and deliver the OTPV favorable to a project. This was complemented by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CIDH) and the United Nations Human Rights Court (CDHNU), which demonstrated that the mentions to Convention 169 and the rights of communities in the law of natural protected areas and the law of water resources, is the fundamental basis for evaluating compatibility requests considering the human right to water and the rights of communities. / Tesis