Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_mrl_me_ilha.pdf: 144818 bytes, checksum: c7bfc6080d6e547db543086dc0ce6516 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Vem sendo adotado no cerrado, cada vez mais, sistemas de manejos conservacionistas, como o plantio direto ou cultivo mínimo, que auxiliam na recuperação e na busca da sustentabilidade do agrossistema. Estes sistemas favorecem numerosos processos bioquímicos que ocorrem no solo devido à atividade microbiana, com efeitos sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e reflexos sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade do ambiente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), o carbono do CO2 (C-CO2) liberado e a micorrização em função da calagem e do manejo do solo, em uma área de 20 anos de plantio direto, nas culturas de feijão (cultura de inverno) e milho (cultura de verão). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, constituídas de 2 tratamentos (principais), 2 doses de calcário e 4 repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - Plantio direto - calcário na superfície, sem incorporação; e T2 - Cultivo Mínimo - incorporação de calcário com o escarificador; e as doses de calcários foram: D1 - Testemunha (sem calcário) e D2 - 2000 kg ha-1 de calcário. O solo foi reclassificado como LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico. Após amostragem (de 0 - 0,10 m de profundidade), o solo foi seco, peneirado (2 mm) e enviado para análise das características químicas. O CBM foi avaliado pelo método de fumigação-extração e a atividade respiratória foi verificada pela quantificação do C-CO2 liberado. Para as avaliações da porcentagem de segmentos de raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares as raízes foram clareadas, acidificadas, coloridas com azul de... . / There is a steady increase in the employment of conservation management systems such as no-tillage or minimum-tillage in the Brazilian 'cerrado', which help in the recovery and maintenance of the agrosystem sustainability. These systems benefits several biochemical processes that take place in the soil due to microbial activity, which impact its physical and chemical properties and reflect on the development of plants, agricultural yield and the environment quality. The objective of this research was to quantify the microbial biomas-C, the C-CO2 evaluated and the mycorrhization in relation to limestone application and soil management, in a site under no-tillage for 20 years. The experiment was deployed at the Teaching and Research Farm (Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The experimental design was a split plot, with two managements (main) and two levels of limestone, with four replications each. Treatments were T1 - No-tillage: surface limestone application, with no incorporation and T2 - Minimum-tillage: limestone incorporation with chisel plowing, while limestone levels were D1 - control (no limestone) and D2 - 2,000 kg ha-1 limestone. The soil was reclassified as a red 'latossol' (oxisol). After sampling the soil was dried, sieved (2 mm mesh) and analyzed for its chemical properties. The microbial biomass-C was estimated by the fumigation-extraction method and respiratory activity was estimated by the quantification of the C-CO2 evaluated. Roots were clarified, acidified, stained with 0.05 trypan blue and preserved in lactoglycerol in order to estimate the percentage of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The assessment of mycorrhizal colonization was performed in 40 segments (one cm long), for each replication and treatment, under a... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A salinizaÃÃo dos solos tem se constituÃdo um problema sÃrio para a agricultura, principalmente nas regiÃes Ãridas e semi-Ãridas em todo o mundo. O excesso de sais no solo afeta tanto as Ãreas irrigadas como as nÃo irrigadas, limitando, portanto o crescimento e a produtividade das culturas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculaÃÃo com fungo micorrÃzico arbuscular e da adubaÃÃo orgÃnica no desenvolvimento do sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), sob estresse salino. Portanto, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo do Departamento de CiÃncias do Solo da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no Campus do Pici em Fortaleza. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, 2 (presenÃa e ausÃncia de fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares) X 2 (presenÃa e ausÃncia de composto orgÃnico) X 5 nÃveis de condutividade elÃtrica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (0,7, 1,2, 2,2, 3,2 e 4,2 dS m1), com 4 repetiÃÃes. Ao final de 60 dias apÃs a germinaÃÃo das plantas foi coletado o experimento, onde determinou-se os fatores de crescimento, as variÃveis microbiolÃgicas, o pH do solo apÃs o cultivo, os teores minerais (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl) e as relaÃÃes Raiz/Parte AÃrea (R/PA) e SÃdio/PotÃssio (Na/K). A salinidade promoveu maior reduÃÃo na produÃÃo de matÃria seca das plantas nÃo micorrizadas e nÃo adubadas. A inoculaÃÃo com fungo micorrÃzico arbuscular aumentou a produÃÃo de matÃria seca das plantas de sabiÃ. As plantas adubadas com matÃria orgÃnica apresentaram maior desenvolvimento, quando comparadas com as plantas nÃo adubadas. As plantas micorrizadas apresentaram maiores conteÃdos de nutrientes, quando comparadas com as plantas nÃo micorrizadas. / Salt affected soils management is an important subject to be studied, especially when irrigated arid and semi-arid regions are considered, as soil salt excess may limit growth and plant productivity. The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth of sabià plants (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.), cultivated under salt stress in the presence or absence of organic compost. Thus, an experiment was conducted under green-house conditions to evaluate the potential of inoculated and fertilized plant establishment submitted to salt stress, in a complete randomized factorial design 2 (inoculated or non-inoculated plants) X 2 (fertilized or non-fertilized with organic compost) X 5 levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (0.7, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2 dS mâ), with 4 replications. After 60 days from germination, plants were harvested and then and analyzed to evaluate growth factors, microbiological variables, soil pH, shoot-root and sodium/potassium ratios and mineral nutrient content (N, P. Ca, Mg, Na and Cl). Salinity decreased growth and plant biomass of non-mycorrhizal fertilized plants. Inoculation with AMF increased plant dry matter production when compared with non-inoculated plants under salt stress. When compared with non-fertilized plants, organic compost fertilization increased plant growth, Nutrient contents were always much higher in inoculated plants and in organic compost fertilized plants.

No description available.

Plant symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provides many benefits for plants, including increased nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and belowground pathogen resistance. In order to have a better understanding of the genetic architecture of mycorrhizal symbiosis, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) by phenotyping a diversity panel of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) for root colonization under inoculation with the AM fungus Rhizophagus intraradices. This mapping panel consists of 261 inbred lines that capture approximately 90% of the genetic diversity present in the cultivated sunflower germplasm. Using a mixed linear model approach with a high-density genetic map, we determined regions of the genome that are likely associated with AM colonization in sunflower. Additionally, we used a ‘core 12' set of twelve diverse lines (representing approximately 50% of the genetic diversity in the cultivated germplasm) to assess the effect that inoculation with AM fungi has on dried shoot biomass and macronutrient uptake. Colonization rate among lines in the mapping panel ranged from 0 to 70% and was not correlated with mycorrhizal growth response, shoot P response, or shoot K response among the core 12 lines. Association mapping yielded three SNPs that were significantly associated with AM colonization rate. These SNPs explained 19.0%, 14.4%, and 27.9% of the variance in three different metrics used to measure the degree of root colonization. Three genes of interest identified from the significant regions that contained these SNPs are potentially related to plant defense. Overall, our data suggests that candidate genes involved in plant defense may affect AM colonization rates within cultivated sunflower, and that these genes have a large effect size.

No description available.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root and soil inhabiting symbionts with higher plants. The fungi are especially nutrient-function efficient in nutrient deficient soils. There have been innumerable studies of AM fungal facilitation of plant nutrient uptake in controlled environments. Comparatively little similar investigation has been undertaken in natural soils, including investigation of taxon specific nutrient-function efficiency in the phylum. Plant diversity and frequency, soil chemistry statuses, and AM spore diversity and abundance were sampled in an interrupted-belt transect in an aggrading dune sytem on west-coast India, followed by foredunes and transect nutrient amendment experiments in selected plant species. The transect extends 175 m inland from mean high-water mark (MH-WM). Examination showed nutrients were consistently deficient. A plant zonation pattern and increasing frequency over the transect were indicated, as well as decreasing pH and increasing organic matter (OM)-amendment AM species diversity gradients. Plant zonation does not correlate with soil chemistry. There was a distinct soil transition at the 175 m point and evidence of further system partition between foredune and behind-foredune regions. Plant and AM demographies bore no resemblance suggesting neither is driven by the other. Four AM genera were recovered, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Scutellospora in high abundance, Glomus in comparatively low abundance. The two co-dominant species, A. spinosa and Gi. margarita, displayed divergent strategies in OM amendment. Certain AM taxa may be functionally associated with particular soil nutrients. There was no evidence of taxon-specific nutrient-function efficiency.

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Sustainable agriculture practices include a better exploitation of soil natural resources. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) plays an important role in this context, with native communities in soils that establishes a mutualistic association with most plant species and maximizes their access to mineral nutrients, especially phosphorus. Seed treatment may consist in a good alternative to stimulate AMF root colonization, since early stages of crop growth, by using biostimulant formulations applied to seeds. This research had the objective to evaluate the early mycorrhization of soybean plants in response to seaweed extracts applied to seeds. The treatments consisted of a control (CTR, distilled water), two seaweed extracts, from Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) and Ecklonia maxima (EME) species and a synthetic formulation containing formononetin (FOR), commercially used as mycorrhization stimulant. The first experiment was conducted in greenhouse, with the aim to evaluate different parameters of soybean early growth and development and AMF root colonization in response to the seed treatments, under different rates of phosphorus added to the soil (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg.dm-3). The second experiment was conducted in growth chamber, with the objective to evaluate qualitative and quantitative aspects of mycorrhization in response to the seed treatments with biostimulants, at early plant growth stages. In this experiment, the influence of treatments on the structure of AMF, bacterial and fungal communities in the soybean rhizosphere were analyzed, through PCR/T- RFLP fingerprinting. Phosphorus rates applied to soil significantly influenced (P<0.10) biometric and physiological parameters of soybean plants, while the seed treatments only influenced leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen balance at a significant level, despite some trends to increase leaf area, shoot dry mass and nodulation. Formononetin applied to soybean seeds increases AMF root colonization compared to control, independently of P rate applied to soil, while ANE and EME presented intermediate values for this parameter, not differing from both control and formononetin. When considered some qualitative parameters of mycorrhiza establishment, such as frequency and intensity of mycorrhization, both synthetic and natural biostimulants presented significant improvements, with EME and FOR providing higher values in general. The phenological stage of soybean significantly influenced AMF, bacterial and fungal community structures in rizosphere, while the biostimulant seed treatments only significantly influenced the bacterial community. However, a relatively large variation in the microbial community structures could be attributed to the interaction between phenological stage of plants and the seed treatment with biostimulants. / Práticas agrícolas sustentáveis incluem uma melhor exploração dos recursos naturais do solo. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) desempenham um papel importante neste contexto, com comunidades nativas nos solos que estabelecem uma associação mutualística com a maioria das espécies cultivadas e maximizam o acesso a nutrientes minerais, especialmente o fósforo. O tratamento de sementes pode consistir em uma alternativa interessante para estimular a colonização por FMA, desde estádios iniciais de crescimento da cultura, utilizando formulações de bioestimulantes aplicadas às sementes. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a micorrização precoce de plantas de soja em resposta a extratos de algas aplicados nas sementes. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma testemunha (CTR, água destilada), dois extratos de algas marinhas, das espécies Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) e Ecklonia máxima (EME) e uma formulação sintética contendo formononetina (FOR), comercialmente utilizada como estimulante de micorrização. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes parâmetros de crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de soja e a colonização de raízes por FMA, em resposta aos tratamentos de sementes; estas avaliações foram realizadas sob diferentes doses de fósforo adicionadas ao solo (0, 50, 100 e 200 mg.dm-3). O segundo experimento foi conduzido em câmara de crescimento, com o objetivo de avaliar aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da micorrização em resposta ao tratamento de sementes com bioestimulantes, nas fases iniciais de crescimento das plantas. Neste experimento, analisou-se a influência dos tratamentos na estrutura de comunidades de FMA, bactérias e fungos na rizosfera das plantas de soja, através de PCR/T-RFLP. As doses de fósforo aplicadas no solo influenciaram significativamente (P<0,10) nos parâmetros biométricos e fisiológicos das plantas de soja, enquanto os tratamentos de sementes influenciaram significativamente apenas o teor de clorofila e o balanço de nitrogênio. A formononetina aplicada nas sementes de soja aumentou a colonização da raiz por FMA em relação ao controle, independentemente da dose de P aplicada ao solo, enquanto ANE e EME apresentaram valores intermediários para este parâmetro, não diferindo tanto da testemunha como da formononetina. Quando considerados alguns parâmetros qualitativos do estabelecimento de micorrizas, tanto os bioestimulantes sintéticos como os naturais apresentaram melhorias significativas. O estádio fenológico da soja influenciou significativamente as estruturas de comunidades de FMA, bactérias e fungos na rizosfera das plantas de soja, enquanto os tratamentos de sementes com bioestimulantes somente influenciaram significativamente a comunidade bacteriana. No entanto, uma variação relativamente grande nas estruturas da comunidade microbiana pôde ser atribuída à interação entre estádio fenológico das plantas e o tratamento de sementes com bioestimulantes.

Situé au sein de la plaine de la Bekaa au Liban, le fleuve du Litani est sujet à divers rejets agricoles, industriels, domestiques et urbain. Lors de l'irrigation des parcelles agricoles, les eaux du fleuve contaminent le sol et les cultures présentant ainsi un risque pour la santé de l'Homme et l’environnement. Parmi les méthodes de remédiation émergentes et en adéquation avec le développement durable figure la phytoremédiation assistée par les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA). Cependant, la rentabilité de ce mode de gestion constitue l'un des principaux freins à son développement et la valorisation de produits biosourcés, à hautes valeurs ajoutées, issus de la biomasse végétale produite sur ces sols contaminés permettrait d'abaisser les coûts globaux de gestion et de requalification de ces sols pollués. Parmi les filières de valorisation éco-innovantes, la culture de plantes à parfums aromatiques et médicinales (PPAM) productrices d'huiles essentielles (HE) à activités biologiques peut être suggérée comme une option prometteuse. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse a consisté tout d'abord à caractériser le sol d'une parcelle expérimentale située à Marj-Bekaa et directement irriguée par les eaux du Litani, puis à proposer un mode de gestion basé sur la production d'HE pouvant ainsi répondre aux attentes environnementales, économiques et sociales. Nos résultats montrent que la parcelle expérimentale, située à Marj-Bekaa et directement irriguée par les eaux du Litani, est principalement contaminée par des éléments traces métalliques [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) et Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) et des polluants organiques [les alcanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ du sol)]. Cette contamination est à l'origine d'une (1) cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules pulmonaires et hépatiques mise en évidence grâce au dosage de deux activités enzymatiques, la lactate déshydorgénase et la déshydorgénase mithochondriale mais aussi d'une (2) écotoxicité révélée par la réduction (i) des taux de germination des graines (blé, trèfle, luzerne, ray-grass et fétuque), (ii) de la biomasse microbienne du sol [bactéries Gram-positive et Gram-négative, champignons mychoriziens à arbuscules (CMA), champignons saprotrophes et ectomycorhiziens], (iii) de l'abondance et de la diversité des spores de CMA et (iv) de la richesse et de la diversité végétales. Cependant, toutes les plantes indigènes étaient mycorhizées. C'est pourquoi, la faisabilité de la phytoremédiation assistée par les CMA du site expérimental de la Bekaa, a été testée à la fois en microcosmes et in situ en utilisant une plante aromatique productrice d'HE, l'origan (Origanum syriacum L.). Nos résultats ont montré que non seulement l'origan possède un potentiel de dissipation des alcanes mais en plus cette plante ne transfère pas ces polluants dans les HE extraites à partir de sa biomasse aérienne. Par ailleurs, il a été constaté que la mycorhization a une influence sur la composition des HE. En outre, notre étude a permis l'évaluation de diverses activités biologiques (antifongiques, antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire) d'une gamme d'HE extraites de différentes espèces végétales dont l'origan et ce en présence et en absence des cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), oligosaccharides cycliques qui complexent les HE et augmentent leurs biodisponibilités. / Located in the Bekaa valley in Lebanon, The Litani River is exposed to agricultural, industrial, domestic and urban wastewaters. Through the irrigation of agricultural soils, the river's water contributes to soil and culture contamination and represents a risk for human health and environment. Amongst the emergent sustainable remediation methods, there is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) assisted-phytoremediation. However, one of the limitation in using phytoremediation as depollution method is its socio-economic profitability. Among the eco-innovative valorization processes with high profitability, the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants producing essential oils (EO) with biological activities has been suggested as a promising option. Thus, this thesis work aims firstly at characterizing the soil of an experimental site located at Marj-Bekaa and directly irrigated by the Litani's water and secondly at proposing a mode of management of the contaminated soil based on the production of EO that can meet environmental, economic and social expectations. Our findings showed that the soil sampled in Marj-Bekaa is mainly contamined by metal trace elements [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and alkanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ of soil). This contamination is causing (i) cytotoxicity against both bronchial and hepatic human cells revealed by the evaluation of two enzyme activities, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial dehydrogenase, as well as (2) ecotoxicity pointed out by the reduction of (i) seed germination (wheat, clover, alfalfa, ryegrass and tall fescue), (ii) soil microbial biomass [Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF), ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi], (iii) abundance and diversity of AMF spores as well as (iv) the plant diversity and richness. The AMF-assisted phytoremediation of the Bekaa experimental site was evaluated both in microcosms and in situ experiments using an aromatic plant producing EO, oregano (Origanum syriacum L.). Our results revealed that oregano plant possess an alkane's dissipation potential and no polluant transfer is detected in EO. Moreover, the mycorrhization modified the EO composition. On the over hand, our study evaluated several biological (antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) activities of a range of EO extracted from many plant species including oregano, in the presence and the absence of cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), cyclic oligosaccharides that encapsulate EO and enhance their bioavailabilities.

Orientador: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Mario Barreto Figueiredo / Banca: Sandra Farto Botelho Turfem / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho visou avaliar a influência dos FMA Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. e Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck, no desenvolvimento de plantas de alecrim e manjericão, bem como verificar a capacidade destas plantas micorrizadas em superar os danos causados pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum Schecht. Plantas de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) e de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) foram inoculadas, separadamente, com G. etunicatum e G. clarum, em casa de vegetação, com temperatura de 26 l 20C e luminosidade de 3000 Lux. Utilizou-se substrato autoclavado composto por uma parte de areia e uma de terra; o inóculo constou de esporos [500 esporos de G.etunicatum (50 mL-1) de solo e 700 esporos de G.clarum (50 mL-1) de solo] e ainda fragmentos de raízes infectadas e micélio. Em cada tipo de planta inoculada foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura das plantas (AP), peso da matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), peso da matéria fresca das raízes (MFR), esporulação (E), colonização radicular (CR) e teor de macro e micronutrientes no substrato e nas plantas (TMm). Foi avaliada também a influência de G. etunicatum e G. clarum no controle de F. oxysporum em plantas de alecrim e manjericão. A inoculação do patógeno (concentração de 5 x 103 esporos mL-1) foi realizada, separadamente, em plantas de alecrim e de manjericão com 90 dias de micorrização (5 vasos com G. etunicatum e 5 vasos com G. clarum) e ainda plantas testemunhas, não micorrizadas (5 vasos). No alecrim, G. clarum mostrou-se significativamente mais eficiente do que G. etunicatum em AP, MSPA e E; por outro lado, G. clarum apresentou CR menor do que G. etunicatum. Em relação às plantas testemunha, G. clarum diferiu significativamente destas em 2 todos as variáveis analisadas, porém G. etunicatum não diferiu estatisticamente das plantas testemunha em AP e MSPA. No manjericão, em relação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The purpose of the present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of AMF Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. and Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck on the rosemary and basil plants development and also concerning the capacity of the mycorrhizal plants in resisting the wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schecht. For that, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants were previously inoculated with G. etunicatum and G. clarum in greenhouse under the temperature of 26 l 20C and luminosity of 3000 Lux. The soil was sterilized and composed by one part of sand and one part of earth. The inoculum was composed by the fungi spores [500 spores of G. etunicatum in (50 mL-1) soil and 700 spores of G. clarum in (50 mL-1) soil] and micelium and roots fragments infected by the AMF. In each plant inoculated the following variables were evaluated: plant height (PH), plant dry weigt (PDW), roots fresh weight (RFW), sporulation rate (SR), root mycorrhizal percentage (RMP) and macro and micronutrients level (MmL) present in the plants and in the soil. The G. clarum and G. etunicatum influence in the control of F. oxysporum wilt in both plants was also evaluated. The inoculation of the pathogen (5x103 spores mL-1) was separatety realized in the rosemary and basil plants after 90 days of the mycorrhization (5 pots of G. clarum and 5 pots of G. etunicatum); the control was also composed by 5 pots without mycorrhization. In the rosemary, G. clarum was significantely more efficient than G. etunicatum in the variables PH, RFW and SR; although G. clarum 4 presented RMP smaller than G. etunicatum. In relation to the control, G. clarum was significably better to the plants in all the variables, although G. etunicatum do not differed statistically for the control plants in PH and PDW. For basil in all the analised variables G. clarum differed statistically from G. etunicatum and was similar to the control treatment in all the variables. / Doutor