No

At archaeological sites around the world, architectural interventions utilizing distinctly modern materials and designs have provided solutions for protection from environmental impacts, control of visitors’ access to ruins and presentation of historic remains to the public. In various contexts, reliance on the modern has resulted in educational opportunities and emotional experiences for visitors that would not have been possible using traditional modes of reconstruction. The incorporation of in situ archaeological remains into a modern building often enhances the phenomenological potential of the ruins while sacrificing positivist presentations of them. Many European countries have seen different examples of creative applications of modern architecture for the presentation of excavated sites. My thesis focuses on several European prototypes of the modern architecture–archaeological remains hybrid type, surveying how contrast in materials and stylistic breaks between new and old enhance visitor’s experiences. The prevalence and promise of modern architectural design at archaeological sites calls for the clear identification of the emerging type in order to promote it as a bona fide option for meeting preservation challenges. The classification requires the intervention rely on distinctly modern materials and construction methods, offer a stark contrast between new and old fabric, enhance the archaeology and foster understanding of the remains. The prototype studies point to the following benefits of enveloping ruins in a modern structure: nontraditional materials often lead to less literal, more open-ended presentations that promote discovery, transparency and spanning potential provide a broad range of possibilities for protection and interpretation, a dialogue between past and present allows for creative expressions about temporal relationships, and the appearance of decay enhances the phenomenological impact of the site. / text

No / Cannibals, burials, vampires, human sacrifice, bog people ¿ throughout history our ancestors have responded to death in numerous ways. The past has left us numerous relics of these encounters between the dead and those they leave behind: accounts of sacrifices in early histories, rituals that have stood the test of time, bodies discovered in caves and bogs, remains revealed by archaeological digs. Through these insights into the past, Tim Taylor pieces together evidence of how our ancestors created their universe and asks how we have dealt with the idea of the end and slowly come to create not only a sense of the afterlife but also the soul.

The library was one of the most important institutions in the Hellenistic and Roman city, as evidenced in the writings of ancient authors, and the building remains of libraries found throughout the Greco-Roman world, from Asia Minor to France and from Africa to Northern Greece. Yet, the library remains one of the least easily identifiable building forms and one of the most difficult to reconstruct, because unlike architectural types such as the temple, stoa, or theater, the library exhibits significant variety in design, scale and monumentality and the use of different component elements. In reconstructing libraries, scholars often rely on a prescribed set of assumptions about components and their arrangement that limit our ability to identify libraries and understand their diversity of arrangement. This dissertation proposes shape grammars as an effective computational methodology to identify, understand, and reconstruct ancient libraries of diverse and variant scale, design and monumentality. The work presents a comprehensive documentation of known and identified libraries, reviews the design principles of the architectural form of ancient libraries, and on the basis of this historical analysis proposes a shape grammar for the formal specification of ancient Greek and Roman libraries. The library grammar encodes the design principles of ancient libraries in ninety-one rules that are grouped in two major parts: the first generates the main hall of the library and its interior design, and the second generates the complete layout of the library including additional porticoes, peristyles, exedras, gardens and propylon. The application of the rules generates libraries of diverse scales and monumentality: libraries known in the corpus and as well as hypothetical libraries. The dissertation presents grammatical derivations for the seventeen known and identified libraries. These derivations, depending on the degree of preservation of the building remains of libraries, function as an evaluative tool for the validity of the grammar or for the reconstructions proposed by traditional research. In many cases, they point to different possibilities in the identification of the building remains related to libraries among remains of different phases or remains belonging to neighboring buildings, and suggest variant scenarios of reconstruction that might not stand out using traditional techniques of reconstruction. The metadata of the rules in the grammar and the derivations are used in a frequency analysis that provides a probabilistic model as an effective and systematic guide in identifying, evaluating and predicting the architectural form of libraries: the main hall and the threshold are identified as mandatory architectural components, the niches and focal point as most likely, and the podium with a colonnade as less likely to occur in a library. Less frequently, the library is a whole complex with exedras, a monumental entry and additional rooms that function as auditoria, banquet halls or offices. Moreover, the work presents the derivations of possible libraries and evaluates the rules applied to generate them based on the frequency analysis. In the end, the work concludes whether these buildings are libraries, non-libraries or exceptional libraries. Lastly, this dissertation assesses the opportunities and challenges that emerge in using shape grammars to identify and reconstruct libraries and also the value and impact of using formal computational methods in the systematic exploration of variations in reconstruction of the archaeological record.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-14T13:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO ANDRÉIA MACEDO.pdf: 14642972 bytes, checksum: 83c5e27682e0c794cdc2fdfbc0065ad7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T13:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO ANDRÉIA MACEDO.pdf: 14642972 bytes, checksum: 83c5e27682e0c794cdc2fdfbc0065ad7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / CAPES / A presente pesquisa constitui uma investigação geoarqueológica sobre a Lagoa Uri de Cima, localizada no município de Salgueiro-PE, abordando três escalas de análise: a escala macro, representada pelo ambiente da Lagoa, a escala meso, pela sequência estratigrafia dos sedimentos que preencheram a Lagoa, com cronologias LOE de 34.600±690 anos AP até 3.500±360 anos AP e a escala micro formada especificamente pelos dois níveis mais profundos da Lagoa, o de cascalheira cimentada por concreção carbonática, que constitui um calcrete e, pelo nível arenoso sobreposto a cascalheira. O nível de cascalheira foi estudado de forma amostral, através de microescavações de detalhe associadas às análises tafonômicas, granulométricas, de difratometria e fluorescência de raios X, datação por C-14 e isótopos do carbono da matéria orgânica do solo, enquanto para o nível arenoso foram realizadas análises granulométricas e a difratometria de raios X. Os resultados das análises do presente estudo, integrados aos dados de pesquisas anteriores, permitiram contextualizar os vestígios arqueológicos e paleontológicos encontrados nos níveis mais antigos da Lagoa, verificar os tipos de fossilização, demonstrar a coexistência dos grupos humanos com a paleofauna, há pelos menos 18 mil anos AP no Nordeste do Brasil e obter dados sobre o processo de instalação de um clima semiárido na região. / This research is a geoarchaeologycal study about Lagoa Uri de Cima, situated in Salgueiro county, state of Pernambuco. The methodological approach was built through three scales of analysis: the macro scale, represented by the lagoon environment, the meso scale composed by the stratigraphy sequence of the sediments that filled the pond, with ages since 34,600 ± 690 years BP until 3500 ± 360 years BP and, the micro scale formed specifically by the two deepest layers of the lagoon, the gravel layer cemented by carbonate concretion, which formed a calcrete and the sandy layer deposited above the gravel. The gravel layer was studied through the microdetailed excavation in laboratory of the concretion samples associated with taphonomical analysis, granolometric analysis of the sediments, diffraction and fluorescence of X- rays, C-14 dating and carbon isotopes of the soil organic material analysis, while for the sandy layer were conducted granolometric analysis of the sediments and the diffraction and fluorescence of X- rays. The results of this studies were integrated with previous survey data, that allowed contextualize the archaeological and paleontological remains that were found in the earliest sediments layers of the pond and also know the fossilization process, demonstrate coexistence between the human groups with paleofauna, at least 18,000 years BP and obtain data about the process of semi-arid climate installation in the region northeastern of Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS.pdf: 6433104 bytes, checksum: c269a5ce6bf2c1b8559af8c5010a08eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / This work was carried out in the community falls into the water in Manaquiri AM. The aim was to study the dynamics of land use where there are traces of human occupation or fragments Amerindian preterit. The path in search results was the implementation of open interviews and hiking along a 7.5 km. After the phases of the field reached the standards of how it is done using the soil as the calendar, whose determination is defined and organized by the rise, full, descent and siltation of rivers, lakes and streams. Therefore, there are three patterns of land use dynamics. The first is in practices of family farms and plantations of several species that are used in diet and in folk medicine. The second is the use of pasture for livestock. The cattle stays for six months in the area of terraces or in the area of land during the flood season the rivers; in the dry season, it is transported to the wetland. The third is used in the leisure area, shipbuilding and in residential buildings and social services. Thus, 40% are used in food production, 36% in the pasture area and 14% in other service activities in the community. The introduction of livestock by households in the community area occurred around the 60´s of the last century and that process works as savings, because, if there is a need for resources to family, this resorts to the animals. And, in the region, there is a line in space-time of techniques for production of ceramics which permits to consider that the area would be one of the centers of the suppliers for model or tradition of potters / O presente trabalho foi realizado junto à comunidade Cai N água, em Manaquiri AM. O objetivo era de estudar a dinâmica do uso de solo onde há vestígios ou fragmentos de ocupações humanas ameríndias pretéritas. O caminho percorrido em busca de resultados incluiu a realização de entrevistas abertas e caminhadas ao longo de 7,5 km. Após as etapas de campo, chegou-se aos padrões de como é realizado o uso do solo, conforme o calendário, cuja determinação é definida e organizada pelas subidas, pela cheia, pela descida e pela seca dos rios, dos lagos e dos igarapés. Por isso, há três padrões de dinâmica do uso do solo. O primeiro em práticas de agricultura familiar e em plantações de diversas espécies que servem na dieta alimentar e na medicina popular. O segundo na utilização em pasto para o gado, o qual fica por seis meses na área de terraços, ou seja, na área de terra firme, na época das cheias dos rios; no período da seca, o gado é transportado para a área de várzea. O terceiro é utilizado em área de lazer, na construção naval e nas edificações residenciais e serviços sociais. Assim, 40% estão em uso na produção de alimentos; 36%, em área de pasto; e 14%, nas outras atividades de serviços na comunidade. A introdução do gado pelas famílias na área da comunidade ocorreu por volta dos anos 60 do século passado, e essa criação funciona como uma poupança, pois, se existe a necessidade de recursos, a família recorre a ele. E, na região, há uma linha no tempo-espaço de técnicas de produções de cerâmicas a qual permite considerar que, no passado, a área seria um doscentros fornecedores de modelos ou da tradição de ceramistas.

Abstract The subject of this study is ancient stone structures found in Middle and Northern Ostrobothnia. Their shape, distribution, topography and relation to the ancient shorelines of different ages are the main themes of the research. The sites are classified into different categories according to those attributes. The function and the cultural context of the stone structures are also discussed in the study. The dating of the stone structures is based solely on shoreline chronology. A model is proposed for the of social organization of Stone Age and Early Metal Age hunter-gatherer societies in Ostrobothnia. Spatial data relating to the sites was gathered both from the field and archives. The data is discussed on two levels. The cairns, dwelling sites and Giants' Churches have been studied in the larger Ostrobothnian study area. Other stone structures i.e. dwelling depressions in stone field, pits with walls and pits in stone fields, were studied in two limited research areas in Middle and Northern Ostrobothnia. The research database contains location and attribute data from 444 cairn sites with altogether 1133 cairns. There is also data from 34 Giants' Churches and 1191 other archaeological remains. The relations between the sites and ancient shorelines were analysed with GIS applications and digital elevation models. The hypothesis is put forward that the first cairn building tradition originated in the study area by 3000-2500 cal BC. This Stone Age cairn tradition is related to the middle Neolithic "Giants? Church culture". This Cairn building tradition continued most likely without chronological gaps and gave rise to the Early Metal Age cairn tradition. The large number of cairns at the 2500 cal BC shoreline zone is clearly connected to its higher number of dwelling depressions. The explanation for the increasing number of dwelling depressions and dwelling planes of the period around 3000 and 2500 cal BC is the growth of population. Giants? Churches and cairns appear around the same time. These new features and changes in the archaeological record reflect developments which took place within the hunter-gatherer societies of Ostrobothnia. This development led to more complex social structures. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimukseni aiheena ovat Keski- ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan rannikon esihistorialliset kiinteiksi muinaisjäännöksiksi luokiteltavat kivirakennelmat. Kohteissa olevien rakennelmien muoto, sijoittuminen ympäristöön ja suhde eri muinaisrantapintoihin ovat työn keskeisiä teemoja. Kohteita ryhmitellään rakennelmien muodon, kombinaation ja topografisten piirteiden perusteella. Tarkastelussa ovat sekä rakennelmien käyttötarkoitus että kulttuurinen konteksti. Röykkiöiden ja kivirakennelmien ajoitusta hahmotellaan rannansiirtymiskronologialla. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa esitetään tulkinta tutkimusalueen kivikauden ja varhaismetallikauden yhteisöjen sosiaalisesta rakenteesta. Kohteiden paikkatiedot on koottu sekä maastokäynneillä että arkistolähteistä. Kerätyn aineiston tarkastelu tapahtuu kahdella tasolla. Röykkiöitä, asuinpaikkoja ja jätinkirkkoja tarkastellaan laajan osan Pohjanmaata kattavalla tutkimusalueella. Toinen taso on maantieteellisesti suppeampi, mutta aineistoltaan laajempi. Siinä tarkastellaan kaikkia kivirakennelmatyyppejä kahdella rajatulla tutkimusalueella Keski- ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. Pohjanmaan tutkimusalueen aineisto koostuu 444:stä röykkiökohteesta, joissa on yhteensä 1133 röykkiötä. Tämän lisäksi tutkimusta varten kerättiin sijainti- ja ominaisuustiedot 34:stä jätinkirkosta ja 1191:stä muusta kiinteästä muinaisjäännöksestä. Aineiston topografisessa analyysissä tarkastellaan röykkiökohteiden sijaintikorkeutta ja sijoittumista eri muinaisrantavyöhykkeille. Kohteiden suhdetta toisiinsa ja muihin muinaisjäännöskohteisiin käsitellään lähimpään naapuruuteen perustuvassa analyysissä. Lisäksi kohteiden hierarkiaa selvitetään arvo-koko-analyysillä. Muinaisjäännöskohteiden tarkasteleminen suhteessa eri muinaisrantoihin toteutettiin GIS-paikkatietosovelluksen ja korjatun yleistetyn korkeusmallin avulla hahmottelemalla yhdeksän muinaista rantavyöhykettä. Oletuksena on, että vyöhykkeillä sijaitsevat kohteet ovat olleet merenrantasidonnaisia. Röykkiöiden rakentaminen Pohjanmaalla alkaa noin 3000-2500 eKr., ja traditio liittyy keskineoliittiseen "jättiläiskirkkokulttuuriin", kuten Aarne Europaeus vuonna 1925 kirjoittamassaan artikkelissa otaksui. Röykkiöiden määrän nousu kivikauden muinaisrantavyöhykkeillä näyttäisi liittyvän asumuspainanteiden, asuinpaikkapintojen ja jätinkirkkojen määrän nousuun. Kehityksen taustalla on rannikon metsästäjä-keräilijä-yhteisöjen sosiaalisten rakenteiden muutos. Kivikauden loppu ja varhaismetallikausi merkitsevät muutosta kohti yksinkertaisempia sosiaalisia rakenteita. Röykkiöiden rakentamisen perinne jatkui Pohjanmaalla kivikaudelta varhaismetallikaudelle, mutta rakentamisen takana ollut ideologia muuttui. Röykkiöiden määrä nousee yhdessä keittokuoppien määrän kanssa rautakauden alussa 500 eKr. tienoilla uudestaan. Mutta huippukausi jää lyhyeksi, sillä röykkiökohteiden ja muidenkin muinaisjäännösten määrät laskevat tämän jälkeen nopeasti ja lopullisesti.