The use of digital tools such as Sketchup, Rhino, AutoCAD and others is now commonplace in the architectural design process. These tools have advantages for time management and support the iterative nature of design, while also providing an efficient connection to later stages of design development and construction documentation. However, it could be argued that the use of digital tools during the ideation and concept phases of designing limits the cognitive connection between thought and the hand that is present in freehand sketching. If we accept that this cognitive connection is foundational to the design process, then new digital sketching tools are needed that have features similar to freehand sketching while processing sketches to 2D and 3D representations that are translatable to 3D printing, digital fabrication, and eventually Building Information Modeling. What this new tool might be is currently unclear. The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of a next generation of sketching tools that could support ideation activities in the concept stage of architectural design. The results will help to design a roadmap for the implementation of digital technologies in the architectural design process. This research will contribute to a shift in the implementation of digital tools in the architectural design process. This research relied on multiple data sources. First, a logical argument tactic was used to develop the research design model through a comprehensive review of the scholarly work that addresses the design process in the concept stage and the role of sketching and digital tools throughout these processes. Second, case study observation and interviews were used to explore how architects and architectural students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) use sketching, 3D modeling, and existing digital tools to represent, develop, iterate, and communicate their design ideas in the concept stage and how the tools they used affect their design process. Third, two immersive case studies were conducted to identify and develop the characteristics of a digital sketching tool. The last step was to determine consensus for the appropriateness of the To-Be model through Delphi tactics. / Doctor of Philosophy / The use of digital tools such as Sketchup, Rhino, AutoCAD and others is now commonplace in the architectural design process. These tools have advantages for time management and support the iterative nature of design, while also providing an efficient connection to later stages of design development and construction documentation. However, it could be argued that the use of digital tools during the ideation and concept phases of designing limits the cognitive connection between thought and the hand that is present in freehand sketching. If we accept that this cognitive connection is foundational to the design process, then new digital sketching tools are needed that have features similar to freehand sketching while processing sketches to 2D and 3D representations that are translatable to 3D printing, digital fabrication, and eventually Building Information Modeling. What this new tool might be is currently unclear. The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of a next generation of sketching tools that could support ideation activities in the concept stage of architectural design. The results will help to design a roadmap for the implementation of digital technologies in the architectural design process. This research will contribute to a shift in the implementation of digital tools in the architectural design process. This research relied on multiple data sources. First, a logical argument tactic was used to develop the research design model through a comprehensive review of the scholarly work that addresses the design process in the concept stage and the role of sketching and digital tools throughout these processes. Second, case study observation and interviews were used to explore how architects and architectural students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) use sketching, 3D modeling, and existing digital tools to represent, develop, iterate, and communicate their design ideas in the concept stage and how the tools they used affect their design process. Third, two immersive case studies were conducted to identify and develop the characteristics of a digital sketching tool. The last step was to determine consensus for the appropriateness of the To-Be model through Delphi tactics.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar e compreender a relação entre o arquiteto e o cliente, focado na comunicação, considerando os caminhos que levam aos acertos, ou aos desvios, e que resultarão no nível de qualidade do serviço prestado. Justifica-se este estudo, devido à maioria dos arquitetos e urbanistas, no mercado brasileiro, atuar nas áreas de concepção e projetos, de serviços relacionados à execução de obras, e de arquitetura de interiores e se comprometer, através de suas relações com seus clientes, com o fornecimento desses serviços dentro de prazos, escopos e custos pré-estabelecidos. O método utilizado, aliado a revisão bibliográfica, são estudos de caso múltiplos, constituído de um caso-piloto e nove estudos de caso. A delimitação da pesquisa está no trabalho do profissional de arquitetura autônomo ou microempresário, que trabalha com projetos e obras, de pequeno ou médio porte, e que possui relação direta com o seu cliente. Como resultado, verificou-se que as documentações analisadas, como normas técnicas e resoluções pertinentes, nem sempre apresentam orientações e parâmetros compatíveis com o processo da execução dos serviços para obras de pequeno porte e sugestões são apresentadas, com o objetivo de contribuir e aprimorar a qualidade do serviço do profissional arquiteto e urbanista. Também neste estudo, foi possível identificar novas formas de aprimorar um conjunto de parâmetros, que unidos ao embasamento teórico científico, possibilitarão, no futuro, a proposição de uma estrutura de abordagem de todo o processo, orientado ao gerenciamento de prazos, custos e escopo, em projetos de pequeno porte. / This research aims at investigating and understanding the relationship between architects and clients, focused on communication, considering the paths that lead to the success or divergence, and that will result in the effective quality of the service provided. This study is based on the fact that the majority of architects in the Brazilian market, work with design conception, services related to the building construction and interior design and who commit themselves to supplying services within pre-established deadlines, scopes and costs, through their relations with the clients. The applied method combined with literature review, are multiple case studies, carried out with a pilot-case and nine case studies. The range of the research is the small-size firms or freelancer architects, working with small or medium-sized buildings designs, and has a direct relationship with their clients. As a result, it was found that the documentation reviewed, such as technical standards and other relevant resolutions, not always provide guidelines and parameters consistent with small buildings process of service execution. Suggestions are presented in order to contribute and improve the quality of service of the professional architect. In this study, it was also possible to identify new ways to improve a set of parameters, which attached to the theoretical scientific basis, will enable, in future, the propose a structured process approach, oriented towards success and divergence of management of cost, scope, and deadline, to the small buildings design.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar e compreender a relação entre o arquiteto e o cliente, focado na comunicação, considerando os caminhos que levam aos acertos, ou aos desvios, e que resultarão no nível de qualidade do serviço prestado. Justifica-se este estudo, devido à maioria dos arquitetos e urbanistas, no mercado brasileiro, atuar nas áreas de concepção e projetos, de serviços relacionados à execução de obras, e de arquitetura de interiores e se comprometer, através de suas relações com seus clientes, com o fornecimento desses serviços dentro de prazos, escopos e custos pré-estabelecidos. O método utilizado, aliado a revisão bibliográfica, são estudos de caso múltiplos, constituído de um caso-piloto e nove estudos de caso. A delimitação da pesquisa está no trabalho do profissional de arquitetura autônomo ou microempresário, que trabalha com projetos e obras, de pequeno ou médio porte, e que possui relação direta com o seu cliente. Como resultado, verificou-se que as documentações analisadas, como normas técnicas e resoluções pertinentes, nem sempre apresentam orientações e parâmetros compatíveis com o processo da execução dos serviços para obras de pequeno porte e sugestões são apresentadas, com o objetivo de contribuir e aprimorar a qualidade do serviço do profissional arquiteto e urbanista. Também neste estudo, foi possível identificar novas formas de aprimorar um conjunto de parâmetros, que unidos ao embasamento teórico científico, possibilitarão, no futuro, a proposição de uma estrutura de abordagem de todo o processo, orientado ao gerenciamento de prazos, custos e escopo, em projetos de pequeno porte. / This research aims at investigating and understanding the relationship between architects and clients, focused on communication, considering the paths that lead to the success or divergence, and that will result in the effective quality of the service provided. This study is based on the fact that the majority of architects in the Brazilian market, work with design conception, services related to the building construction and interior design and who commit themselves to supplying services within pre-established deadlines, scopes and costs, through their relations with the clients. The applied method combined with literature review, are multiple case studies, carried out with a pilot-case and nine case studies. The range of the research is the small-size firms or freelancer architects, working with small or medium-sized buildings designs, and has a direct relationship with their clients. As a result, it was found that the documentation reviewed, such as technical standards and other relevant resolutions, not always provide guidelines and parameters consistent with small buildings process of service execution. Suggestions are presented in order to contribute and improve the quality of service of the professional architect. In this study, it was also possible to identify new ways to improve a set of parameters, which attached to the theoretical scientific basis, will enable, in future, the propose a structured process approach, oriented towards success and divergence of management of cost, scope, and deadline, to the small buildings design.

This study puts forward two complementary evolutionary models and explores the potential of the proposed models and the related theses by employing two case studies. The theoretical/conceptual framework of the study refers to architectural theory, design research, and evolutionary epistemology. The study mainly involves application of some key ideas from evolutionary epistemology, Popper&amp / #8217 / s three-world ontology, and the theory of evolution to the field of architecture. The first model is about the nature of the architectural ideas or thought contents and it introduces the idea of conceptual inheritance and an evolutionary conception of architectural ideas. The model proposes a framework that offers an understanding of the life and existence of architectural ideas and their inheritance. It also puts forward an expanded view of architectural ideas that conceives all the thought contents, which architectural designs (or works) and the architectural design process might concern, as architectural ideas. In order to illustrate and discuss the model, some of the architectural ideas carried by Mario Botta&amp / #8217 / s single-family house in Breganzona are selected and the evolutionary lineage of these ideas have been identified and examined in their instances in some of Botta&amp / #8217 / s own designs and in some designs from architectural tradition. The second model is an evolutionary model of the architectural design process. While emphasizing the evolutionary or selectionist character of architectural design in terms of process and inner dynamics, the model conceives architectural design as a process consisting of the two stages of forming/making, and evaluation/selection where in the first stage formative ideas, in the second, selective conditions are operational. In order to illustrate the potentialities of the model, the sketches and the drawings produced during the design process of Mario Botta&amp / #8217 / s single-family house in Breganzona are examined.

This thesis suggests the concept of layering as a &ldquo / generative&rdquo / operation in architectural design process. To understand generation of architectural forms and trace their transformations in this process, this study proposes layering as an integrative and intellectual operation embracing analysis, design and representation phases of architecture. In order to do that, the operation of layering is discussed under three titles: Layering as an analytical tool, as a design tool and as a representational tool. This means that, &ldquo / layering&rdquo / can operate to understand complex forms (to analyze), to generate space (to design), and to communicate in design process (to represent). In this context, for a deeper inquiry into the operation of layering, House II designed by Peter Eisenman is analyzed. The complex and layered form of House II addresses an extensive formal analysis that attempts to reveal the formations and transformations of layers constituting the building. Considering the building as a formal system, &ldquo / layers&rdquo / are defined as the fragments of the whole, and &ldquo / layering&rdquo / is conceptualized as the main operation that organizes relationships between these fragments. These analyses reveal the multi-layered formation of House II. Creating an architectural system, the operation of layering has the capacity to organize varied architectural elements by defining relationships in-between them.

This thesis assumes the architectural design process as a systematic study, in which knowledge is stored, organized and operated on by computational methods. From this perspective, the study explores the efforts for systemizing the architectural design process. Firstly, the focus is on the early approaches of systemizing design in the Design Methods Movement. The thesis identifies and evaluates the use of a number of critical concepts in this movement and in recent architecture practice, in order to see the development and transformation of design methods in terms of computing knowledge in a systematic way. The thesis evaluates the features that make design systematic within the Design Methods Movement and inquires whether such features like complexity, hierarchy, feedback loops and selection are influential in recent computational design methods of architecture. The thesis looks into two generative design methods, namely evolutionary design and shape grammars, which have been studied by designers since the 1960s, the start of the Design Methods Movement. These two methods exemplify current systematic approaches to design and according to the thesis these are the instances of how recent architecture employs the features discussed as characteristic in the Design Methods Movement.

THE THESIS STUDY AIMS TO UNDERSTAND AND INVESTIGATE THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS BY UTILIZING THE CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES OF ANOTHER FIELD, GAME. THE STEPS TAKEN IN ORDER TO ACCOMPLISH THIS AIM ARE &#039 / ANALYZING GAME, ITS PROPERTIES, AND TYPES&#039 / , &#039 / RE-READING AND UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS BY INVESTIGATING THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES WITH GAME TYPES IN ORDER TO END UP WITH INFORMATIVE, UNDERSTANDABLE TABULAR RESULTS&#039 / , RESPECTIVELY.

Les démarches environnementales s’accompagnent de plus en plus d’approches et d’outils d’aide à la conception. Toutefois, ces savoir-faire techniques s’avèrent peu exploités dans les projets architecturaux. Partant de ce constat, notre recherche porte sur la qualité environnementale des matériaux et procédés de mise en œuvre. Elle vise à alimenter, par la mise au jour de savoirs et de méthodes innovantes, les pratiques opérationnelles en architecture. La mise au jour d'outils d'aide à la conception simplifiée informant un public non spécialiste sur différents champs d'études explicites et relatifs à la qualité des matériaux, est une évolution importante dans le domaine de l’architecture.Nous avançons différentes propositions innovantes pour l’intelligibilité et la cohérence de futurs outils d’aide à la conception. Nous les illustrons par la mise en place d’un prototype d’outil MaTerre’iO renseignant globalement les concepteurs en architecture sur les savoirs liés aux matériaux et plus spécifiquement sur les connaissances de l’ingénierie environnementale.La principale retombée de notre travail de recherche est de contribuer à édifier une passerelle innovante entre les disciplines / Nowadays, environmental proceedings can use more and more methods and design tools to start with the conception. However, these technical methods turn out to be untapped into architectural projects. This question orientated our research towards environmental quality of materials and processes of implementation. Through the update of the knowledge and innovative methods, our work tends to increase the capacity of operational practice in architecture. The implementation of a design assistance tool - easy to use for non experts and providing several clearly configuration fields, based on caseworks and linked to quality of materials - is a significant evolution in architectural communities. We point up several innovative propositions for future design assistance tools. We illustrate it by the setting up of a prototype named MaTerre’iO. This mock up informs architectural designers about the knowledge upon materials, and more specifically on the environmental engineering knowledge.The main repercussion of our researched work is to contribute to initiate an innovating interface between environmental engineering topics and expectations of architectural design

La thèse interroge les processus de conception développés par l'architecte français Henry Jacques Le Même (1897-1997). Nous nous donnons à comprendre le savoir-faire qu'il a mis en œuvre par la pratique du projet afin de répondre à des commandes variées tant au niveau de leurs programmes que de leurs échelles de conception, et ceci dans des contextes historiques multiples. L'objectif est de déconstruire intellectuellement une partie de son œuvre par l'analyse architecturale et en inscrivant les projets étudiés dans leurs contextes de production afin de saisir les outils et méthodes de conception du projet qui lui sont spécifiques. Afin de mener des analyses précises, nous convoquons un corpus constitué d'un nombre de projets restreints et qui ont été conçus à des moments d'articulations dans la carrière de Henry Jacques Le Même ou à des époques historiques charnières, révélatrices des transformations du métier de l'architecte. Une première partie de la recherche vise à comprendre en quoi la déclinaison du type architectural du chalet du skieur, qu'il invente à la fin des années 1920 et sur lequel il travaille pendant près de 60 ans, permet à Henry Jacques Le Même de se constituer des outils de projet pour rendre sa pratique efficiente et répondre de manière ajustée à ses commandes. L'analyse architecturale d'un échantillon de projets de 19 chalets du skieur a pour objectif de repérer les principes du type architectural et les raisons de leurs évolutions. Pour comprendre comment la préfabrication, l'industrialisation de la construction ainsi que la transformation du statut de la commande influent sur la pratique architecturale de Henry Jacques Le Même, nous analysons les premiers projets où il doit intégrer ces nouvelles modalités dans l'exercice de conception. À partir de l'étude d'une demi-douzaine de projets expérimentaux que l'architecte conçoit dans les années 1940-1950, notre objectif est de saisir la démarche qu'il développe pour penser l'idée de prototype, la transformation des processus de construction, et l'architecture destinée au grand nombre. L'analyse des processus de conception des projets étudiés permet de révéler une recherche conduite par Henry Jacques Le Même sur la pratique de projet en vue de réduire la complexité au moment de la projection de l'espace. Elle s'établit à partir d'un renouvellement de ses outils intellectuels issus de sa culture architecturale et se traduit par un travail sur la composition, la définition d'un parti architectural ou sur la conception modulaire. D'autre part, l'architecte développe une méthodologie qui consiste à produire des ensembles sériels graphiques qui lui permettent de noter ses idées et intentions afin de progresser dans la pensée du projet. Pour mener à bien notre recherche, nous nous appuyons essentiellement sur l'étude de documents provenant du fonds d'archives de Henry Jacques Le Même, conservé aux Archives Départementales de la Haute-Savoie. Ces sources premières témoignent de la pensée en acte de l'architecte au moment de l'élaboration de ses projets et nous ont permis d'élaborer le contenu de notre recherche par une analyse croisée de la documentation écrite et graphique. Parallèlement nous avons entrepris un travail de re-dessin de plans originaux associé à des analyses graphiques. Cette méthode de recherche qui utilise les outils de l'architecte a permis d'opérer un procédé de déconstruction-reconstruction des projets analysés pour rendre lisibles et intelligibles leurs organisations et spécificités spatiales. La compréhension des architectures analysées a été précisée par un travail de documentation historique et théorique. La thèse a été menée au sein du laboratoire les Métiers de l'Histoire de l'Architecture, édifices-villes-territoires, ENSA Grenoble, et dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE avec le CAUE de Haute-Savoie. / This thesis questions the design process developed by architect Henry Jacques Le Même (1897-1997). Our goal is to understand the know-how he implemented by project practice to realize various commands both by their programs and their scales, in multiple historical contexts. The objective is to intellectually deconstruct part of his work by the architectural analysis, and considering the studied projects in their production context to capture the design tools of the project that are specific to it. To conduct detailed analyzes we consider a small number of projects that have been designed at key times during Henry Jacques Le Même career, or at pivotal historical moments for the transformation of the profession of the architect. The first part of the research is to understand how the variation of the architectural style of the skier's cottage - that he invented in the late 1920s and on which he worked for nearly 60 years - allows Henry Jacques Le Même to create project tools to make his practice efficient and to provide adequate responses to his orders. The architectural analysis of a sample of 19 skier's cottage projects aims to identify the principles of architectural type and the reasons of their evolution. The architectural practice of Henry Jacques Le Même has been influenced by prefabrication, industrialization of construction, and the transformation of the architectural command. To understand this we analyze the first projects in which he must integrate these new modalities in the design exercise. Based on the study of half a dozen experimental projects – that the architect designed in the years 1940-1950 -, our goal is to understand the process he developed to think the idea of prototype, the transformation of construction process, and the architecture destined for the masses. The analysis of the design process of studied projects reveals a research conducted by Henry Jacques Le Même on the project practice to reduce its complexity for spatial organization. This research is issued from a renewal of his intellectual tools from his architectural culture, and results in a work on the composition, the definition of an architectural style or modular design. Moreover, the architect develops a methodology which is based on producing serial graphics sets that allow him to record his ideas and intentions in order to bring forward the project thinking. To carry out our research, we first rely on the study of documents from the archives of Henry Jacques Le Même, preserved in the Departmental Archives of Haute-Savoie. These primary sources reflect the thinking of the architect during the development of his projects and helped us to develop the content of our research by a cross-analysis of the written and graphic documentation. In addition we have undertaken a re-drawing of the original plans associated with graphical analyzes. This research method uses the tools of the architect and allow us to operate a process of deconstruction and reconstruction of the analyzed projects to make readable and intelligible their organization and spatial characteristics. The understanding of the analyzed architectures has been specified by a work of historical and theoretical documentation. The thesis was conducted in the laboratory les Métiers de l'Histoire de l'Architecture, édifices-villes-territoires, ENSA Grenoble, and within a CIFRE agreement with the CAUE Haute-Savoie.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-14T12:53:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRRP.pdf: 3465607 bytes, checksum: deab8698703924f483f149c7a9daad86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:46:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRRP.pdf: 3465607 bytes, checksum: deab8698703924f483f149c7a9daad86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:46:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRRP.pdf: 3465607 bytes, checksum: deab8698703924f483f149c7a9daad86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T18:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRRP.pdf: 3465607 bytes, checksum: deab8698703924f483f149c7a9daad86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Não recebi financiamento / It is noticed in the last years a prominent growth in the national construction industry which has driven to an increase in competitiveness among its professionals. These new levels of competitiveness have led professionals to study possible innovations in the design process to create more efficient and cost effective planning methods. In general, architectural designers choose to develop their products using 2D design software. These tools are often able to meet the minimum representational requirements. However, technological breakthroughs have brought up new methods that are capable of adding quality to the final product, namely the executive project. Therefore, this study sought the theoretical background to present a review about concepts in 2D design process and the context of its coordination. As complement of that, the study aims to reveal possible qualitative increments to the project phases through the use of performance flowcharts of the existing steps inside the studied company, which takes into consideration the current scenario surrounding technologies in Brazil. This approach required the development of case studies to assess the coordination of architectural design process typology adopted in small office. Three projects of different sizes, based on the most commonly found typology in the studied company, were chosen in order to conceptualize the development of the design process. Based on that, the case studies were produced and evaluated to yield proposals for new studies regarding coordinative improvements in the design process. These studies focus an ideal performance model for design project management. Thus, the noticeable outcome of this study is that the target company must incorporate new methods to refine the design process once it presents noncompliant quality and excessive rework due to the lack of compatibility among projects. In addition, another evident fact affecting the product quality is that employees of this company deal with a high demand of parallel activities which reduces their productivity and consequently decreases the quality of the final product. / O forte crescimento do setor da construção civil nacional, observado nos últimos anos, tem elevado a competitividade, levando profissionais a estudarem possíveis inovações no processo de projeto, buscando um planejamento mais eficiente e rentável. De modo geral, observa-se que projetistas optam pelo desenvolvimento de seus produtos em softwares de representação em 2D, geralmente capazes de atender às necessidades representativas e executivas mínimas. Porém, avanços tecnológicos disponibilizam novos métodos e parâmetros, capazes de agregar qualidade ao objeto final, no caso, o projeto executivo. Para tanto, a pesquisa procurou no embasamento teórico apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre conceitos de processos de projetos executado de maneira 2D, o contexto de coordenação do projeto, expondo possíveis incrementos qualitativos à fases de projeto, através de fluxograma de desempenho das etapas da empresa estudo e o atual cenário do Brasil sobre tecnologias. Para tal abordagem, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos de casos relativos à coordenação do processo de projetos de tipologia arquitetônica, executados por escritório de pequeno porte. Para conceituar o desenvolvimento do processo de projeto, foram selecionados três projetos de diferentes portes, baseado nas tipologias mais usualmente encontradas na empresa em estudo. Partindo de tais premissas, o desenvolvimento de estudos de caso foi aprofundado e avaliado, indicando propostas de estudos com melhorias coordenativas, com vista no desempenho ideal do projeto. Desse modo, o resultado perceptível é que a empresa estudada deve incluir diversos fatores para melhorar o processo de projeto, devido ter sua qualidade inadequada por excessos de retrabalhos justamente pela falta de compatibilização dos projetos. Conclui-se que os profissionais da empresa estudada possuem alta demanda paralela de atividades em curto intervalo de tempo, o que resulta na diminuição da produtividade dos mesmos e, consequentemente, da qualidade do produto final.