In this thesis, the issue which is discussed applies to effects of Business Intelligence (BI). They are described in more detail the benefits and potential use of BI in various application areas, namely finance, marketing, manufacturing, logistics, supply chain management, human resources, CI, web analytics, informatics, and CPM. There are a lot of effects which BI brings. They are divided into different categories, which are the effects of economic, customer, personnel and increasing the analytical process and performance. BI provides many benefits to all of mentioned application areas. But in each of them it may occurs some problems which may involves the introduction of BI into different areas. The main goal is to review the possibilities of planning and analysis of BI effects. I would like to make the readers acquainted with effects which are brought together with BI applications, with the structure based on the application areas and based on the categories mentioned here. All of the effects are collected from the case studies and others sources mentioned in the end. The main contribution is the unified view to the effects which brings the implementation of BI to the enterprise. At each of the effects are mentioned the main dimensions needed to monitor during analysis, and importance to the enterprise during its planning. This thesis can be used as a basis for the next topics connected with the effects of BI or with the application areas.

<p>Semi-natural grasslands, which are a declining and fragmented habitat in Europe, contain a high biodiversity, and are therefore of interest to conservation. This thesis examines how plant diversity is influenced by the landscape context, and how plant and fungal diversity can be targeted by practical conservation using indicator species and congruence between species groups. Reproduction and recruitment of the dioecious herb <i>Antennaria dioica </i>was also investigated, providing a case study on how fragmentation and habitat degradation may affect grassland plants.</p><p>Grassland size and heterogeneity were of greater importance for plant diversity in semi-natural grassland, than present or historical connectivity to other grasslands, or landscape characteristics. Larger grasslands were more heterogeneous than smaller grasslands, being the likely reason for the species-area relationship.</p><p>A detailed study on <i>A. dioica </i>discovered that sexual reproduction and recruitment may be hampered due to skewed sex-ratios. Sex-ratios were more skewed in small populations, suggesting that dioecious plants are likely to be particularly sensitive to reduced grassland size and fragmentation.</p><p>A study on indicators of plant species richness, used in a recent survey of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Sweden, revealed several problems. A high percentage of all indicator species were missed by the survey, removing an otherwise significant correlation between indicator species and plant species richness. Also, a null model showed that the chosen indicator species did not perform significantly better than species chosen at random from the available species pool, questioning the selection of the indicators in the survey. Diversity patterns of the threatened fungal genus <i>Hygrocybe</i> were not congruent with plant species richness or composition. Plants are thus a poor surrogate group for Hygrocybe fungi, and probably also for other grassland fungi. Implications from this thesis are that conservation of semi-natural grasslands should target several species groups, and that an appropriate scale for plant conservation may be local rather than regional.</p>

Semi-natural grasslands, which are a declining and fragmented habitat in Europe, contain a high biodiversity, and are therefore of interest to conservation. This thesis examines how plant diversity is influenced by the landscape context, and how plant and fungal diversity can be targeted by practical conservation using indicator species and congruence between species groups. Reproduction and recruitment of the dioecious herb Antennaria dioica was also investigated, providing a case study on how fragmentation and habitat degradation may affect grassland plants. Grassland size and heterogeneity were of greater importance for plant diversity in semi-natural grassland, than present or historical connectivity to other grasslands, or landscape characteristics. Larger grasslands were more heterogeneous than smaller grasslands, being the likely reason for the species-area relationship. A detailed study on A. dioica discovered that sexual reproduction and recruitment may be hampered due to skewed sex-ratios. Sex-ratios were more skewed in small populations, suggesting that dioecious plants are likely to be particularly sensitive to reduced grassland size and fragmentation. A study on indicators of plant species richness, used in a recent survey of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Sweden, revealed several problems. A high percentage of all indicator species were missed by the survey, removing an otherwise significant correlation between indicator species and plant species richness. Also, a null model showed that the chosen indicator species did not perform significantly better than species chosen at random from the available species pool, questioning the selection of the indicators in the survey. Diversity patterns of the threatened fungal genus Hygrocybe were not congruent with plant species richness or composition. Plants are thus a poor surrogate group for Hygrocybe fungi, and probably also for other grassland fungi. Implications from this thesis are that conservation of semi-natural grasslands should target several species groups, and that an appropriate scale for plant conservation may be local rather than regional.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Konzept der Quartierseffekte und überprüft im Rahmen eines deutsch-französischen Vergleichs sowohl dessen Nützlichkeit für die Stadtforschung, als auch sein Potential für die Ausrichtung integrierter Quartierspolitik. Unter Quartierseffekten werden unabhängige Effekte des Wohngebiets verstanden, die sich auf die Lebensqualität und die Perspektiven seiner Bewohner auswirken. Wenngleich Quartierseffekte auf der Ebene der Individuen oft nur schwer zu messen sind, wird hier davon ausgegangen, dass sie durchaus Aufschluss über soziale Entwicklungen und Dynamiken des Gebiets selbst geben können. Auf der Grundlage von vier qualitativen Fallstudien in Quartieren in Berlin, Erlangen, Ile-de-France und Lille, werden der lokale Kontext der Entstehung von Quartierseffekten erörtert, deren Bedeutung für die Lebensqualität der Bewohner vor Ort diskutiert, sowie zentrale Wirkungszusammenhänge analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit unterstreichen, dass das Konzept der Quartierseffekte ein umfassendes Instrumentarium zur Analyse lokaler Wirkungszusammenhänge sozialer Ungleichheit liefert und dazu geeignet ist, politische Interventionen auf Effekte des Quartiers und deren Wirkungszusammenhänge vor Ort abzustimmen / This paper deals with the concept of area effects and screens within the frame of a German-French comparison both its utility as far as urban research is concerned, as well as its potential for the development of area-based policies. Area effects are independent effects of neighborhood which influence the life quality and the perspectives of their inhabitants. Even though area effects on individuals are often quite difficult to measure, the paper assumes that they offer valuable clues about social development and dynamics of the area itself. The local context of the development of area effects is then illustrated on the base of four qualitative case studies in areas in Berlin, Erlangen, Ile-de-France and Lille. Their importance for the life quality of the inhabitants, and their central interdependency is also addressed. The outcome of the survey makes the pertinence of both positive and negative area effects in every researched area clear, as well as it illustrates the central connections for their development and impacts within the areas. The findings of the current paper emphasize that the concept of area effects provides with a comprehensive conceptual instrument meant to analyze the local interdependency of social disparity and that it is appropriate to attune locally political intervention to the area effects and their interdependency.