Content: Finished leather is a material purchased by surface measurement. Compared to other goods, which value is defined by a measure, for leather there is no certified reference material able to represent the numerous types of articles present on the market. Moreover, there is not a single type of machine, with the consequent difficulties in comparison of data obtained by different devices on different kind of leather. As far as the devices available are concerned, the pin-wheels machine was the most used device until the sixties, period after which the increasingly massive diffusion of electronic machines began. With regard to the tolerance allowed, in late nineties an agreement between the ICT and ICHSLTA was reached (International Contract N. 7): 2% and 3% for soft and elastic leathers. These limits were fixed without considering the possible deviation of results using different devices and without considering the reproducibility of measures in function of the effective flexibility and physical characteristics of leathers. Over the years, however, the pin-wheel machines have been completely substituted and, due to the high costs of maintenance and management of the pin-wheel machines, only a few of the institutes recognized by ICT, including the SSIP, are equipped with a fully functional pin-wheel machine. Despite this evidence, the Contract continues to consider pin-wheel machine as the reference one for disputes. For the above, an extensive data collection campaign has been carried out involving all the industrial chain of leather: tanneries, brands, users, laboratories, research institutes and devices manufacturers. 16 different kind of leather articles, representative different leather uses (gloves, apparel, footwear, leather goods, furniture, automotive), were measured using all the machines currently available on the market (roller, conveyor, scanner and digital image acquisition devices) and considering ISO 19076 and ISO 11646 measurement procedures as the reference ones. Thousands of data are now available to qualify the behaviour of the leather for each type of machine with its specific characteristics. This was done by statistical robust analysis of the data and by the comparison of the values obtained with the pin machine. The leather used were also mechanically characterized in order to be able to identify any correlations with the reproducibility of the measurements and with the imposed tolerances. Take-Away: The purpose is the possibility to overcome all the restrictions connected with the pin-wheel machine, the improvement of actual EN ISO methods of leather measurement and a better instrument to define tolerances considering the couple leather-machine.

I kallasfalt med hårt basbitumen bryter vattnet ut ur bitumenet och bindemedlet i massan stelnar olika snabbt beroende på vilket stenmaterial asfaltsmassan består av. Om brytningen sker innan utläggning blir massan obearbetbar, målet är att brytningsprocessen ska kunna styras genom att massans brytningsprocess skall vidta när energi tillförs i massan via en vibratorsvält som packar massan. Från tidigare tester är hypotesen att det är stenmjölet som styr brytningsprocessen och bearbetbarheten. Idag är problemet att massan bryter för snabbt och den blir svårbearbetad vid läggning och resultatet blir dåligt. I arbetet undersöks också täckningsgrad och styvhetsmodulen. Arbetet är utfört på NCC:s väglaboratorium i Umeå 4/4 - 15/4 2016. Sex stycken stenmaterial från olika bergtäkter med olika egenskaper testas. Bergtäkterna är belägna från Närke upptill Västerbotten vid namn Dylta, Råsta, Sälgsjön, Stöningsberget, Ljusberget och Supartallen.  Fraktion 0-16 mm från en och varje bergtäkt handblandas, två asfaltsprover tillverkas enligt två olika mix- och bedömningsmetoder. Täckningsgrad, bearbetningsegenskaperna och brytningprocessen bedöms och antecknas i en matris. I nästa steg ersätts ordinarie stenmjöl (0-2 mm) med stenmjöl från en bergtäkt med ett tidigare känt bra stenmaterial. Med resterande makadam (2-16 mm) görs samma process om på nytt och resultatet analyseras och jämförs. En asfaltsmassa med stenmjöl från bergtäkten Supartallen och makadam från bergtäkten Stöningsberget visar förbättrade resultat i jämförelse med fraktion 0-16 mm från bergtäkten Stöningsberget och vidare laborationstester görs på denna blandning av stenmaterial. Dessa bergtäkter ligger geografiskt nära varandra, drygt 25 mil, vilket också motiverar till att välja dessa stenmaterial som i framtiden kanske kommer användas fullskaligt. Från dessa blandningar tillverkas asfaltskroppar genom packning med gyratorisk packare och styvhetmodulen testas. I ekonomisk och miljömässig vinning görs ett försök med en restprodukt från stålindustrin. Ett försök utförs med skänkslagg (0-2 mm). Slaggen blandas med stenmaterial från bergtäkten Supartallen där bearbetningen, brytprocessen och täckningsgraden undersöks. Detta är ett inledande försök för att få en fingervisning hur asfaltsmassan beter sig blandat med skänkslagg. Utvärdering av resultaten gjordes med hjälp av en matriser där varje asfaltsblandning ingår. Asfaltsblandningen betygsätts enligt bearbetbarhet, täckningsgrad och brytningskontroll. Skålen analyserades och slutsatser om brytningen kunde dras. Genom sönderdelning av massan kunde observationer göras om hur brytningen av massan har kommit, även täckningsgraden analyseras. Resultaten pekar på att stenmjölet har en betydande roll i täckningsgrad, brytning vid blandning och brytningsprocessen, dock ingen skillnad på styvhetsmodulen. Att enbart stenmjölet ska vara problemet är inte hela sanningen men har som sagt en betydande roll. Just att stenmaterial från Supartallen är så pass bra för beaktas och använda sig av stenmaterial med liknande egenskaper och inte använda stenmaterial med för höga halter SiO2 då det ger dålig täckningsgrad. Att massan bryter för snabbt kan bero på halten bindemedel, vidare laborationer bör göras med halten bindemedel i fokus. / In cold asphalt with hard base-bitumen the water breaks out from the bitumen and the binder in the mass solidifies at different rates depending on the containing stone material in the asphalt. If the break occurs before laying the mass becomes unworkable. The intention by this examination is control this process by the mass extraction process should take place when energy is supplied into the mass through a vibrator famine. From previous tests the hypothesis is that the rock flour controls the breaking-process and the workability. Today, the problem is that the mass curing process starts too early and it becomes difficult to manage and work with and the results of the paving are bad. The thesis project also examines coverage and stiffness module, it’s performed on the NCC's road laboratory in Umeå 4/4 - 15/4 in 2016. Six stone materials from different quarries with different properties are tested. Fraction 0-16 mm from each rock quarry are handmixed, two asphalt samples produced by two different mixing- and assessment-methods. Coverage, workability and the breaking-process are assessed and recorded in a matrix. Next, replaced ordinary rock flour (0-2 mm) with rock flour from a quarry of a previously known good stone material. With the remaining makadam (2-16 mm) the process are made all over again and the results are analyzed and compared. An asphalt with rock flour from quarry Supartallen and the remaining makadam from quarry Stöningsberget shows improved results compared with fraction 0-16 mm from quarry Stöningsberget and further tests in laboratory are made with this mixture. These quarries are geographically fairly close to each other, 250 km (about 150 miles), which motivates to choose these quarries for a full scale-test in the future. From these mixtures asphalt-bodies are manufactured by gasket with gyratory compactor and stiffness module is examined. In the economic and environmental profit attempts are made with a residue from the steel industry. An attempt carried out with the slag from ladles (0-2 mm). The slag is mixed with stone material from quarry Supartallen where workability, breaking process and coverage is investigated. This is an initial attempt to introduce how the asphalt mixture behaves mixed with the slag. An evaluation was made with matrix where each asphalt mixture included. The asphalt mixture is graded according to machinability, coverage and breaking control. The bowl was analyzed and conclusions about the break could be drawn. Analyzes of the curing process and coverage was made by dismemberment of the mass. The results indicate that the rock flour has a significant role in coverage, extraction at mixing and mining process, however, the stiffness module has the same results in all mixtures. The mere stone flour shouldn’t be the problem but still has a significant role. At the aggregate of Supartallen is so good for the consideration and use of stone materials with similar properties and not rock material with a high amount of SiO2 as it provides poor coverage. The mass harden too quickly may depend on the content of binder, further laboratory work should be done with the binder content in focus.

The main goal of my diploma work on the topic "The Riemann integral and its applications" is to create an overview that describes the individual use of the Riemann integral. The first three chapters deal with the history, the definition of the Riemann integral and with the calculation of integration. There is the overview of the individual use in the fourth chapter (area plane region, length plane curve, volume solid of revolution and area lateral surface solid of revolution) that is accompanied by solved examples, the examples are accompanied by graphical representation for a better idea. In the fifth chapter there is a collection of unsolved examples, for practising of the individual use. The collection is complemented by results for the reader to check the accuracy of calculation.

This thesis is divided into three main parts. In the first, we discuss that, although permutation tests can provide exact control of false positives under the reasonable assumption of exchangeability, there are common examples in which global exchangeability does not hold, such as in experiments with repeated measurements or tests in which subjects are related to each other. To allow permutation inference in such cases, we propose an extension of the well known concept of exchangeability blocks, allowing these to be nested in a hierarchical, multi-level definition. This definition allows permutations that retain the original joint distribution unaltered, thus preserving exchangeability. The null hypothesis is tested using only a subset of all otherwise possible permutations. We do not need to explicitly model the degree of dependence between observations; rather the use of such permutation scheme leaves any dependence intact. The strategy is compatible with heteroscedasticity and can be used with permutations, sign flippings, or both combined. In the second part, we exploit properties of test statistics to obtain accelerations irrespective of generic software or hardware improvements. We compare six different approaches using synthetic and real data, assessing the methods in terms of their error rates, power, agreement with a reference result, and the risk of taking a different decision regarding the rejection of the null hypotheses (known as the resampling risk). In the third part, we investigate and compare the different methods for assessment of cortical volume and area from magnetic resonance images using surface-based methods. Using data from young adults born with very low birth weight and coetaneous controls, we show that instead of volume, the permutation-based non-parametric combination (NPC) of thickness and area is a more sensitive option for studying joint effects on these two quantities, giving equal weight to variation in both, and allowing a better characterisation of biological processes that can affect brain morphology.