Many historians have failed to consider seriously the role of the Brooks-Baxter War of 1874 in ending Reconstruction in Arkansas. Of those who have, they have not examined participants in the conflict nor attempted a robust study to determine who fought in the conflict. This thesis examines the soldiers and officers of the rival armies of Joseph Brooks and Elisha Baxter. It surveys the participants' class, race, professions, places of birth, and especially places of residence at the time of the conflict. This analysis of the Brooks-Baxter War reaffirms other historians' work on the fall of Reconstruction, while finding unique characteristics to Arkansas's redemption, like substantial support from white Arkansans for upholding Reconstruction and instances of black Arkansans supporting the redeemer army of Elisha Baxter. It concludes that Arkansas redemption was typical of other redemptions in the South in the mid-1870s, insofar as the powerful role that the state Democratic Party and Democratic elites played in ending Reconstruction in the state. The Brooks-Baxter War shows, however, that redemption in Arkansas had a more moderate face in that explicit, naked white supremacist rhetoric was not as apparent in the overthrow of Reconstruction there as in some other Deep Southern states.

Medicaid is a complicated system for educators to access. LEAs can access Medicaid funds by: billing through a contracted service, establishing their own billing system, or may choose not billing Medicaid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Medicaid billing processes used in Arkansas public schools. The study considers processes some LEAs use to bill Medicaid for related services, and reasons why other LEAs do not access Medicaid. All LEA supervisors of special education in the state of Arkansas were sent a survey regarding Medicaid billing practices. A total of 87 supervisors responded to all or part of the survey (80%). The survey included three major parts. All supervisors were asked to complete the first section, which asked demographic information. Supervisors who currently bill Medicaid were asked to respond to the second section of the questionnaire, which sought information about the billing process. The third section of the survey was completed by supervisors of nonbilling LEAs. These supervisors were asked to rate a series of possible reasons LEAs do not bill as each pertained to their decision. They were also asked to list and rate any other reasons why they do not bill Medicaid. The respondents worked in systems where attendances usually ranged between 500 and 5,000 students with 106-525 of those students receiving special education. Most school systems in the sample have participated in Medicaid billing (80%). Most (76%) prefer billing Medicaid directly rather than using a billing service. Ninety-seven percent bill Medicaid for speech therapy, 72% for occupational therapy, and 79% for physical therapy. In addition, 31% bill Medicaid for Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT). The data suggest that the billing procedures can be incorporated with relative ease into a clerical/secretarial assignment, taking less than four hours per week to transact. Various technologies were utilized for processing, but the most popular was the AEVCS machine. Almost half of the supervisors billing Medicaid experienced problems with other agencies. Suggestions for improvements fell into four categories. These were providing ongoing training for billing districts, simplifying billing requirements and paperwork, improving the software used to submit information, and dealing with DHS and Medicaid agency representatives. For the LEAs responding to the survey, total Medicaid reimbursement was $2,237,006.55. This is 78% of the statewide total. Nonbilling districts indicated that the complexity of the billing process, and personnel factors were reasons they decided against seeking Medicaid reimbursement. The findings of the study lead to recommendations for access to billing information, training, and communication with others involved in the process. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a curriculum guide to be made available to junior high schools in the state of Arkansas. A study of the amount of health knowledge possessed by eighth grade students in Arkansas was made to assist the investigator in the construction of the curriculum guide. The objective of the study was to determine the quality of the health education possessed by the eight grade students in Arkansas, in terms of teacher qualifications and number of hours heath education is taught per year, and compare it with students across the nation to build a suggested curriculum guide in health education. The following conclusions were reached: 1) Arkansas eight grade students are one school year behind national norms, relative through the AAHPER Cooperative Health Test results. 2) Female students scored higher than male students. 3) There is little variance between the different sizes of schools and the knowledge possessed by students in the several content areas on the AAHPER Cooperative Health Test. 5) The instruction of health education varied greatly in quality among Arkansas schools in the study. 6) Instructors teaching health education to eighth grade students in Arkansas were usually teachers not prepared to teach health education.The culminating activity of this investigation was the development of a curriculum guide from the data in the study of Arkansas students. The most widely accepted model in health education was chosen, the School Health Education Study Model. The nature of the model is such that new findings in health education do not invalidate the model.

In intermittent streams, hydrological variation is probably the single-most important factor affecting fish assemblage structure. While the response of aquatic assemblages to seasonal or annual variation in hydrology is well-known, less attention has been devoted to how assemblages respond to natural, intraseasonal drought. To explore this question, I conducted summer surveys of fish and aquatic insect assemblages occupying pool refugia in first to third order, intermittent streams in the Saline river drainage in the Ouachita highlands (central Arkansas, U.S.A.)(2001?2003). The goals of this project were: 1) to relate assemblage variability of fishes and aquatic insects to environmental gradients during summer drying of streams; 2) to characterize the variability of fish assemblages occupying pool refugia, which differed in quality along a spatial gradient; and, 3) to determine the population genetic structure of five fish species across the intermittent landscape. Hydrological variables explained significant variation in assemblage variability for fishes. In contrast, variability in aquatic insect assemblages was related to water quality variables. These patterns are similar to those observed at larger scales of space and time. As pools dried, neither fish species richness nor the slope of the species-area relationship changed. However, the structure of many assemblages was variable over time. Pools with a relatively stable hydrology were sources of reproduction and high population growth, low extinction and high immigration. Sites that exhibited a more variable hydrology (drying completely or nearly-so) were sinks characterized by population declines. The majority of sites had minimal population growth, and intermediate immigration and extinction rates, and were dubbed metapopulations. Immigration and extinction dynamics had important effects on population genetics for common fish species. Two common species had relatively high immigration rates and showed no population differentiation. Populations of three species showed differentiation that was not related to geographic distance among sites. Instead, local extinction of rare haplotypes and evidence of recent bottlenecks suggested that ecological attributes associated with summer drought affected population differentiation. It is clear that retaining the natural hydrology of stream systems contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity, and the conservation of complex demographic processes and genetic patterns.

Hunter satisfaction has received extensive attention in the literature, but the role of expectations on satisfaction has been neglected. Consumer satisfaction researchers often use the expectancy disconfirmation paradigm (i.e., differences between expectations and reality) to address relationships between expectations and satisfaction. I used this paradigm to examine the relationship between expectations and satisfaction for waterfowl hunters in Arkansas and Mississippi. I found hunter satisfaction was a partial function of fulfilled expectations in both studies. Performance-only measures generally correlated more strongly with overall satisfaction than disconfirmations measured by a difference score. Conversely, disconfirmation of expectations for a season measured on a single item scale, had the greatest relationship with overall satisfaction for a season. Knowledge of congruence between hunter expectations and outcomes offers managers an avenue to effectively focus management efforts to improve satisfaction levels.

Three populations of Southern flying squirrels were studied in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas to assess the impact of population subdivision-due to island formation--on the population genetics of Glaucomys volans. One island, one mainland, and one open population were investigated. A 367 nucleotide hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA was sequenced in individuals from each population. Individuals and populations were compared to assess relatedness. Higher sequence diversity was detected in the open and island populations. One island individual shared characters with both the island and mainland populations. Results support the hypothesis that the mainland population may have reduced gene flow. Also, the island population may have been originally founded by at least two maternal lineages.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1961. / Extension Repository Collection. Typescript (carbon copy). Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [105]-108).

The problem of this study is to present a complete historical record of Henderson State College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, from 1890 to 1970. The sources of data included public records, legislative acts, court decisions, reports, catalogues, bulletins, periodicals, newspapers, letters, minutes, yearbooks, files, official records, interviews, and histories of public education and higher education in the United States. Standard methods of historical research were employed in examining 'materials.. pertinent to the study.

Ordovician through Pennsylvanian strata of the Ouachita and Marathon sedimentary sequences show correlated Nd-Sr isotopic relations, Th/Sc ratios and REE patterns typical of evolved upper crustal sources, indicating that the 2000 km long Ouachita-Marathon fold belt consists primarily of recycled crustal materials. wi thin this sequence, Nd isotopes distinguish three distinct provenance groups: 1) Lower to Middle Ordovician hemipelagites and quartzose turbidites with ε(Nd)(t) = -13 to -16 (T(DM) = 1.8 to 2.1 Ga); 2) Upper Ordovician through Pennsylvanian hemipelagites and quartzolithic turbidites with ε(Nd)(t) = -6 to -10 (TOM = 1.4 to 1.7 Ga); 3) Mississippian tuffs with ε(Nd)(t) = -2 (TOM = 1.1 Ga). These data record a rapid Ordovician (ca. 450 Ma) shift in sedimentary sources within the off-shelf passive-margin sequence of deep-marine cherts and shales. Ouachita Silurian turbidites (ε(Nd) = -7 to -8) are isotopically identical to Middle Ordovician Taconic turbidites of the Sevier basin (Tellico Formation) in eastern Tennessee (ε(Nd) = -7 to -8), suggesting that Appalachian clastic wedges supplied Ouachita deep-sea turbidites beginning in the Late Ordovician. Pennsylvanian non-marine sandstones and shales from the Arkoma, Illinois, and Black Warrior basins have ε(Nd) = -7.5 to -10.0, similar to the thick (>10-12 km) Ouachita Carboniferous turbidite flysch sequence (ε(Nd) -7.5 to -9.6). The remarkable isotopic homogeneity of sediments delivered to the Ouachita-Appalachian region over this period implies extremely effective mixing and dispersal processes on a large (continent-wide) scale, consistent with a collisional belt provenance. A long-lived (ca. 150 Ma) tectonic link between the Appalachians and Ouachitas is thus implied by these data. Mississippian silicic ash-flow tuffs have trace-element and Nd isotopic compositions consistent with a continental-margin arc source. The active volcanic arc which erupted these tuffs apparently extended at least 1000 km from the Ouachita region to south of the Marathon region, but did not supply a significant component of the flysch. The data are consistent with submarine fan models of Ouachita flysch sedimentation demonstrating dominantly longitudinal transport down the axis of a Carboniferous remnant ocean basin from sources to the east. A model is proposed for the evolving Ouachita-Marathon suture between Laurentia and Gondwana, expanding upon Graham et a1. (1975), whereby dominantly Appalachian-derived seafloor detritus was swept up along the flanks of an approaching arc-trench system into sUbduction complexes and recycled incrementally along the length of the collision zone into the Marathon region.

The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between dropout rates of the high schools of Arkansas and certain school practices.