The activities of the Department of National Defence (DND) account for more than half of the Government of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions. This research examines a clean energy propulsion solution to DND’s carbon footprint using a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) battery hybrid powertrain for military armoured vehicles as a means of meeting Canada's Greening Defence initiatives. Real-world military vehicle operational data is used to create the operation profile for military vehicle powertrain design requirements. Following the model-based design (MBD) approach, the vehicle dynamics, fuel cell system and powertrain system models implemented in MATLAB/Simulink are used to predict the vehicle's performance, emissions, and operational costs. This research examines the feasibility of using a fuel cell-battery electric powertrain for a military armoured vehicle and produces a feasible design solution to meet the identified vehicle operation and performance requirements. The fuel cost and powertrain component performance degradations are modelled to predict the operation costs of the clean vehicle with the benefits of reduced emissions, noise and thermal profiles. The results of this research suggest there are viable, clean propulsion system and energy storage system (ESS) configurations that satisfy the requirements of the operational profile of military armoured vehicles. This research serves as a foundation for the use of clean military vehicle propulsion in Canada. / Graduate

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Armoured vehicles in current military service are requiring ever more protection to enable them to carry out their mission in a safe, effective manner. This requirement is driving vehicle weight up to such an extent that the logistics of vehicle transport is becoming increasingly difficult. Composite materials are an important material group whose high specific properties can enable structures to be manufactured for a far lower weight than might otherwise be possible. Composite materials in an armoured vehicle will require structural performance as well as ballistic performance. The mechanical and ballistic performance of tl-kk armour and structural composites has been investigated against dcformable and armour-piercing ammunitions, over a range of impact velocities. Testing has indicated that heavy/coarse reinforcement weaves perform well against deformable ammunition and light/fine weaves well against armour piercing ammunition. The effect of individual mechanical properties on ballistic performance has been investigated as has the damage morphology of impacted materials. High tensile strength combined with low fracture toughness has been identified as an important requirement. Failure mechanisms have been identified from sections of ballistic impacts and through the use of mechanical test data the energy absorbed by each mechanism has been calculated. An energy audit has been carried out of all materials tested and a modelling procedure developed based on mechanical characteristics, damage morphology and failure mechanisms. This model has been tested against literature results and found to give very satisfactory performance.

Armoured vehicles in current military service are requiring ever more protection to enable them to carry out their mission in a safe, effective manner. This requirement is driving vehicle weight up to such an extent that the logistics of vehicle transport is becoming increasingly difficult. Composite materials are an important material group whose high specific properties can enable structures to be manufactured for a far lower weight than might otherwise be possible. Composite materials in an armoured vehicle will require structural performance as well as ballistic performance. The mechanical and ballistic performance of tl-kk armour and structural composites has been investigated against dcformable and armour-piercing ammunitions, over a range of impact velocities. Testing has indicated that heavy/coarse reinforcement weaves perform well against deformable ammunition and light/fine weaves well against armour piercing ammunition. The effect of individual mechanical properties on ballistic performance has been investigated as has the damage morphology of impacted materials. High tensile strength combined with low fracture toughness has been identified as an important requirement. Failure mechanisms have been identified from sections of ballistic impacts and through the use of mechanical test data the energy absorbed by each mechanism has been calculated. An energy audit has been carried out of all materials tested and a modelling procedure developed based on mechanical characteristics, damage morphology and failure mechanisms. This model has been tested against literature results and found to give very satisfactory performance.

Idag finns 165 Pansarterrängbil 203 (Patgb203) med varianter i tjänst för Sverige. De är framförallt trupptransportörer, men vid behov ska de även kunna ge svarseld. Därför är 203 beväpnad med automatkanonen Hispano-Suiza HS.404, som ursprungligen användes i flygplan. År 1998 upphörde tillverkningen av den tillhörande 20 mm ammunitionen till automatkanonen. Detta innebär att alla Pansarterrängbil 203 med varianter som är bestyckade med 20 mm automatkanonen behöver en ny beväpning innan ammunitionen tar slut. I föregående rapporter av Svensk Konstruktionstjänst AB har utvärderingar till problemet tagits upp där slutsatsen har resulterat att ombeväpna Patgb203 med 12,7 mm Tung kulspruta och behålla den befintliga vapenhuven. Denna rapport avser en konceptstudie vid en ombeväpning av vapenhuven till 20 mm automatkanonen. Rapporten tar systematiskt upp utvecklingen av ett koncept som är väl underbyggt av problemidentifieringar, analys av gränsytor, användarstudie och resultat. Rapporten fokuserar på vapenhållaren i vapenhuven, där låsningen av vapnet, att befintliga funktioner kan bevaras. Även ammunitionsinmatning och tomhyls- och krutgashantering är delsystem av problemet. Pansarterrängbil 203A (Patgb203) är ett 6-hjuligt trupptransportfordon som används av den svenska försvarsmakten för trupptransport, sjuktransport eller reparationsgrupp. En ombeväpning till Tungkulspruta kommer att kunna återge likvärdiga prestanda och ger tillgång till en mer tillgänglig ammunition. Även en större mängd ammunition kan tas med i vagnen vid övning eller strid. En analys av projektilbanan påvisar att det bestrukna området ökar vid en ombeväpning med 34%. Fästhål och fria zoner på grund av in- och utmatning identifieras och lokaliseras. En mängd koncept konstrueras och utvärderas med hjälp av de krav som förstudien har genererat. Delsystem kartläggs och poängsätts för att slutligen rendera i ett slutkoncept. Under konceptutvecklingen var utrymmesbristen i vapenhuven uppenbar. För att kunna få plats med en ny beväpning krävdes att avancerade vinklar togs ut för att undvika de befintliga funktionerna. Att ha en hängande ammunition under vapnet och som följer med i elevationen visades vara den bästa lösningen för att undvika eldavbrott. Slutkonceptet blev Vapenhållare 12.7 för Vapenhuv m/47D. Den kan enkelt integreras i huven med dess befintliga funktioner. Ammunitonen placeras precis under vapnet där en ammunitionshållare är monterad på vapenhållaren. Den kommer på så vis följa med under elevationen och därav minska risken för eldavbrott. Ammunitionshållaren kan vridas i 60 grader för att underlätta hantering av befintliga ammunitionslådor som kan användas i sitt orginalutförande. Tiltningen gör också att de befintliga gränsytorna kan undvikas. Bandlänk tillsammans med tomhylsorna leds ner till hylsuppsamlingslådan med hjälp av en flexibel hylspåse där krutgaserna sugs ut ur Patgb203. Resultatet av den slutliga konceptet är en likvärdig beväpning som ger en mer tillgänglig ammunition. En förbättring är mängden laddad ammunition i vagnen och den mängd ammunition som nu kan medföras. De nya funktionerna är intuitiva och enkla att förstå. Denna konceptstudie är en vidareutvecklings plattform för delsystemen. Med fullskaliga försök och användartester kan trovärdigheten öka för konceptet. / Today there are 165 armored personnel carrier, Patgb 203 with variants, in service for Sweden. They are primarily used as troop carriers, but when required they should be able to return fire. Hence the 203’s have been armed with the automatic gun Hispano-Suiza HS.404, originally used in aircrafts. At the end of the 20th century the production of the special 20 mm ammunition for this weapon was decommissioned. This meant that all the 203’s armed with the 20 mm automatic gun require a new armament. During the last years alternative solution to the problem have been presented while the ammunition slowly starting to run out. In previous reports, from Svensk Konstruktionstjänst AB, a conclusion of the alternatives is to rearming the 203’s with aheavy machine gun (HMG) and keep the existing weapon hood. This report includes a concept study regarding rearmament of the weapon hood for the 20 mm autocannon. This report covers a systematically development process with concepts that are well substantiated with interface and user studies to suggest a final concept for a rearmament of 203’s. The focus of the report is primarily on the weapon holder, which will fasten the weapon to preserve existing features and also subsystems such as ammunition feed, handling of the empty cases and propellant gases. Also fixation holes and free zones on the HMG are located and constructed for the new ammunition feed and ejection. Armored personnel carrier 203A (Patgb203) is a 6-wheeled truck used by the Swedish military for troop transportation, ambulance or repair transportation. The rearmament to a heavy machine gun allows equivalent performance and offers more accessible ammunition. Even a larger amount of ammunition can be included during the exercise/combat in the vehicle. Analyses of the trajectory demonstrate that the coated area increases at a rearmament with 34%. A variety of concepts is developed and evaluated using the requirements that the conducted information retrieval has generated. Subsystems are identified and scored aid a generating final concept. One of the biggest challenges during the concept phase wasthe lack of space. A lot of complicated angles has to be found to avoid all the original features. A hanging ammo concept was shown to be the best solution that prevents unforced firing breaks. The final concept is weapon holder 12.7, which allows a HMG be adapted to a Patgb203. It can easily be integrated into the hood with its existing features. The ammunition can be placed just below the armament where ammunition holder is mounted on the weapon holder. It will thus follow the elevation and reduce the risk for misfiring. The ammunition holder can be rotated 60 degrees to facilitate the ammunition change and let the ammoboxes be used in its original condition. To avoid the existing interfaces the ammo holder can be tilted up. The tilt process also prevents the holder interfering with the existing interface. The empty cases after firing are directed down by a chute to a collector box where the propellant gases are blown outfrom the 203. The result of the final concept is an equivalent armament that allows more available ammunition. The 203’s is now able to return more fire to targets before reloading compared to the existing armament. Also the amount ammunition carried by the vehicle is increased. The new functions are intuitive and easy to understand. This concept study forms a firm base for a further development of the rearmaments subsystems. The concepts credibility can be enhanced with full scale tests and user trials.

The thesis seeks to understand, first and foremost, what the members of the 6th South African Armoured Division in Italy during the Second World War experienced in their day-to-day lives on campaign. It is therefore primarily a social history. Although an exhaustive analysis of the demographics of the division is beyond the scope of this study, an attempt was made in Chapter 2 to identify some of the characteristics of the volunteers and their motivations for enlisting. Recruitment statistics and other sources show that in the final stage of the war, volunteers were most likely to be school-leavers and university students. Chapters three to eight detail the daily life in camp and on the road as the division progressed up the length of Italy. The main themes revolve around the necessities of life, recreation, leisure and ways of dealing with long periods of inactivity. The more controversial topics of sexuality, alcohol use, and battle fatigue are not avoided. Regardless of the capacity in which they served, all those attached to the 6th South African Armoured Division experienced the country and its people. Homesickness, discomfort and the fulfilling of basic needs was the common bond. Chapter nine examines the topic of casualties and what it reveals about the men and their experience. At first glance, it would appear that the casualty rate was exceptionally low for a front line division. However, on closer examination, the casualty rate was found to be in line with that experienced by other nations involved in the Italian campaign. As expected, it was found that casualties occurred mainly in infantry units, although accidents accounted for 25 per cent of injuries. In the final chapter, the conclusions are presented and discussed in a theoretical context. Memory is used as a category of analysis. Scholars are in agreement that distortion and cleansing occurred due to the tendency of contemporary accounts to accentuate the positive. The needs of post-war society also helped to ensure that the language and experience of the front line soldier was overwhelmed / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Historical and Heritage Studies / DPhil / Unrestricted

The use of heavy weaponry - such as tanks - in recent and current military conflicts has been overlooked, as were the principles of conventional warfare in general. With relation to armed conflict, attention has been given especially to the questions of conflict prevention and deconfliction. The thesis focuses on the ongoing conventional conflict in Syria, with the emphasis on the tactics of use of heavy armoured vehicles by non-state actors. The thesis takes advantage of volume of accessible primary sources concerning the topic to establish distinct modes of use of heavy weapons - the patterns of deployment, to analyse how the heavy weapons itself and the environment affecting their usage. On the two chosen case studies, these patterns of deployment are operationalised into an independent variable to assess whether the use of heavy armoured vehicles by insurgents in north-western Syria could be causally link with the outcome of military operations.

In my thesis I deal with the personality and life of Bohumil Snížek. He was one of those who did not reconcile themselves to the fascist Germany occupation of Czechoslovakia. Bohumil Snížek decided to take part actively in the restoration of his motherland. The circumstances compelled him to undertake a long journey through all Europe whose final destination was Great Britain. After a dramatic stay in Switzerland at Dr. Kopecky´s place and imprisonment in the concentration camp Miranda de Ebro he really managed to achieve his final destination via Gibraltar. It took him nearly one and half years. He joined there the newly being born Czechoslovak Foreign Army. He went to the Czechoslovak brigade which was trained for the fight with the enemy from its very establishment. Yet, the Czechoslovak brigade was not provided with the possibility of at least a little intervention in fighting for the liberation of Europe. Bohumil Snížek was detached to Europe by the end of the September 1944 together with the 2nd Armoured Regiment Czechoslovak Brigade. It was the time of the siege of a French port Dunkerque which was considered the battlefield of the second rank by the Czech soldiers. There was an attack on 28th October 1944 planned for the anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia which became the greatest success of the Czech Army in combat. Bohumil Snížek also took part in this battle and was awarded the Czechoslovak Military Cross for his personal bravery. The Czechoslovaks would not mind that they did not manifest themselves in combat after this great success anymore but what they did mind was to connive helplessly at the events happening in Prag in May 1945. Along with the others, Bohumil Snížek came to the liberated Czechoslovakia in the middle of May 1945. His postwar destiny was quite similar to the destiny of the rest of "those from the West". The regime condemned him "only" to be rolled over by the waters of oblivion. Essentially, only his withdrawal from the Army and departure for the West borderland might have rescued him from even severer sanctions. Bohumil Snížek died of the sequel of injuries from Dunkerque in Aš 1959.

The constructive – technological project of elementary school in town district Brno – Žebětín, contains the technical report, the assessment of the wider transport relations, the time and financial plan of buildings, technological project of the site equipment, the main construction machines and mechanisms, the technological prescription for the underground construction, the inspection and test plan for the underground construction, the calculation of buildings for the objects, the safety report and the contract for work.

The goal of this thesis is to do research , as wide as possible, in the most popular part of hobby named reenacting or reenacting (Napoleonic era, Austro-Prussian Wars, American Civil War, Second World War and some new topic - Czechoslovak Peoples Army, Royal Air Force and Czechoslovak Policemen before WW2). Thats mean commemoration and re-enactment of military history and military units in whole its history from time before 1989 to the future. I tried to find grounds of this hobby and describe development of it. As I expected, progress of this hobby or movement is larger, but this hobby existed before 1989 too. Reenactors reenacted and portrayed older conflicts as Napoleonic and Austro-Prussian war. Future reenactors were mainly fencers and tramps. Year 1989 was turning point for all reenactors. Theirs hobby is legal, it is possible to travel, to unite, to ground living history groups, own weapons, speak about all part of our history. It was possible to share and search information, regulation with and in foreign countries, foreigners and archives and museums. Main goal of reenactors is to portray theirs archetypes as good as possible. Public can see not only reconstruction of battles, but open air exhibition - "very interactive museums". This thesis can't be described as "Complete, all history of...