Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1959. Bibliography: leaves 78-82.

O amido é um polissacarídeo distribuído em diversas espécies vegetais como reserva de energia, fornecendo de 80% a 90% das calorias consumidas pelo homem. Dentre as espécies de fontes de amido, está a araruta, uma planta herbácea comum nas florestas tropicais brasileiras que tem sua importância relacionada ao rendimento e as características do seu amido. Como ingrediente principal, o amido confere estrutura, textura, consistência e atratividade a uma série de alimentos. No entanto, algumas propriedades do amido nativo não são de interesse para a indústria alimentícia. A irradiação gama é um tratamento físico em que o amido é exposto a uma dose de radiação controlada, modificando as macromoléculas e alterando suas propriedades. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o amido de araruta tratado com radiação ionizante em fonte de cobalto-60 Gammacell 220, com doses de 5 kGy, 10 kGy e 15 kGy, a uma taxa de 1 kGyh-1, e compará-las com a amostra controle. Para tanto, as amostras foram submetidas à difração de raios-X, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, ensaio de textura, análise instrumental de cor, análise térmica (TG e DSC) e análise de imagem. Após os ensaios, constatou-se que a radiação não alterou o espectro de FTIR e a termogravimetria. Apesar de ter afetado o tamanho do grânulo, a radiação não o danificou. A difração de raios-X e a análise térmica evidenciaram uma degradação da parte amorfa do grânulo (cristalinidade e entalpia aumentaram) após a irradiação. No estudo das propriedades de pasta, por ensaio viscográfico no Rapid Visco Analyser, houve uma queda da viscosidade com o aumento da dose de radiação e os hidrogéis se mostraram mais duros e mais claros. / Starch is a polysaccharide distributed in several plant species as a reserve of energy, providing 80-90% of the calories consumed by man. Among the species of starch sources is arrowroot, a tropical herb plant, probably native to South American rainforest habitats, which has its importance related to the yield and characteristics of its starch. As a major ingredient, starch confers structure, texture, consistency and attractiveness to a number of food products. However, some properties of native are of no interest to the food industry. Gamma irradiation is a physical treatment in which the starch is exposed to a dose of controlled radiation, modifying its macromolecules and altering its properties. The objective of the present work was to study the arrowroot starch treated with ionizing radiation in a cobalt- 60 Gammacell 220 source at doses of 5 kGy, 10 kGy and 15 kGy, at a rate of 1 kGyh-1, and to compare with the control sample. To do so, the samples were submitted to X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, texture testing, color instrumental analysis, thermal analysis (TG and DSC) and image analysis. After the tests, it was found that the radiation did not alter the FTIR spectrum and thermogravimetry. Although it affected the granule size, the radiation did not damage it. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis showed a degradation of the amorphous part of the granule (crystallinity and enthalpy increased) after irradiation. In the study of pasting properties in a Rapid Visco Analyser, there was a decrease in viscosity with increasing radiation dose and the hydrogels appeared to be harder and lighter.

Vietnam has about 2,000 trade villages locating mainly in the north. Duong Lieu village in Hoai Duc, Hanoi, is one of the key areas of agricultural production and food processing. However, this area is affected by serious environmental pollution, particularly caused by solid waste and wastewater. Solid wastes of the starch production process from arrowroot are disposed in large amounts and represent the main reason for environmental pollution in Duong Lieu village. These wastes are present anywhere in this village, for example on the main road, in gardens, event fill in ponds and ditches. The components of the dried arrowroot waste are mainly carbon-rich substances such as starch (5%), cellulose (90%) and N, P, K (0.5%; 0.11%; 0.16%, respectively). The fresh arrowroot waste has humidity of up to 80%. This substrate is suitable for culture of straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The mushrooms use cellulose as carbon source for their growth. Therefore, waste from arrowroot that can be recycled efficiently by the biological method for culturing mushrooms. This treatment method is suitable to the conditions of Vietnam because it does not only reduce waste residues but also is environmentally friendly. / Việt nam có khoảng 2000 làng nghề và tập trung chủ yếu ở miền Bắc. Dương Liễu là một trong những vùng trọng điểm chế biến nông sản thực phẩm. Song hiện tại khu vực này đang bị ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng,đặc biệt ô nhiễm rác thải và nước thải. Chất thải rắn của quá trình chế biến tinh bột từ củ dong là rất lớn. Nó có mặt khắp nơi từ trong nhà ra ngoài ngõ thậm chí lấp đầy cống rãnh, ao hồ. Đây chính là nguyên nhân gây nên ô nhiễm môi trường vùng làng nghề. Thành phần của bã dong rất giàu cellulose (90%), tinh bột (5%) và có cả nitơ, photpho, kali tương với 0,5%, 0,11% và 0,16%; độ ẩm của bã dong tươi lên tới 80%. Cơ chất này thích hợp để trồng nấm rơm và nấm sò. Bởi các loại nấm này sử dụng cellulose là nguồn cung cấp cacbon chính để sinh trưởng. Do vậy, bã thải từ củ dong có thể được tái sử dụng hiệu quả bằng phương pháp sinh học như là dùng trồng nấm. Đây là một sự lựa chọn phù hợp với điều kiện Việt Nam, vừa giảm thiểu chất thải dư thừa vừa thân thiện với môi trường.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Pharmacology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Vietnam has about 2,000 trade villages locating mainly in the north. Duong Lieu village in Hoai Duc, Hanoi, is one of the key areas of agricultural production and food processing. However, this area is affected by serious environmental pollution, particularly caused by solid waste and wastewater. Solid wastes of the starch production process from arrowroot are disposed in large amounts and represent the main reason for environmental pollution in Duong Lieu village. These wastes are present anywhere in this village, for example on the main road, in gardens, event fill in ponds and ditches. The components of the dried arrowroot waste are mainly carbon-rich substances such as starch (5%), cellulose (90%) and N, P, K (0.5%; 0.11%; 0.16%, respectively). The fresh arrowroot waste has humidity of up to 80%. This substrate is suitable for culture of straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The mushrooms use cellulose as carbon source for their growth. Therefore, waste from arrowroot that can be recycled efficiently by the biological method for culturing mushrooms. This treatment method is suitable to the conditions of Vietnam because it does not only reduce waste residues but also is environmentally friendly. / Việt nam có khoảng 2000 làng nghề và tập trung chủ yếu ở miền Bắc. Dương Liễu là một trong những vùng trọng điểm chế biến nông sản thực phẩm. Song hiện tại khu vực này đang bị ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng,đặc biệt ô nhiễm rác thải và nước thải. Chất thải rắn của quá trình chế biến tinh bột từ củ dong là rất lớn. Nó có mặt khắp nơi từ trong nhà ra ngoài ngõ thậm chí lấp đầy cống rãnh, ao hồ. Đây chính là nguyên nhân gây nên ô nhiễm môi trường vùng làng nghề. Thành phần của bã dong rất giàu cellulose (90%), tinh bột (5%) và có cả nitơ, photpho, kali tương với 0,5%, 0,11% và 0,16%; độ ẩm của bã dong tươi lên tới 80%. Cơ chất này thích hợp để trồng nấm rơm và nấm sò. Bởi các loại nấm này sử dụng cellulose là nguồn cung cấp cacbon chính để sinh trưởng. Do vậy, bã thải từ củ dong có thể được tái sử dụng hiệu quả bằng phương pháp sinh học như là dùng trồng nấm. Đây là một sự lựa chọn phù hợp với điều kiện Việt Nam, vừa giảm thiểu chất thải dư thừa vừa thân thiện với môi trường.

Single Desk Seller (SDS) firm structures dominate the agribusiness sector in many developing countries, and were created to resolve export market failure and achieve performance efficiency and effectiveness. Many of these SDSs are also state owned enterprises and have been perceived to be inefficient and a drain on the public purse, as well as no longer having a raison d'être in the face of the World Trade Organization’s anti-competition open markets policies. However, unlike in developed countries, SDSs are likely to remain a significant feature in small developing countries due to their inherent problem of small scale and undeveloped equity markets. It therefore beholds researchers and practitioners to correct inefficiencies of these structures in order to achieve optimal performance. The Arrowroot Industry Association, with a record of disastrous performance makes an ideal case to explore this governance-performance relationship. A holistic case study research methodology was used to carry out this study The main finding was that the governance structure of the Arrowroot Industry Association (AIA) was unresponsive to and did not co-evolve with its environment over the last (20) twenty years. As a result it increasingly became an inefficient mechanism for solving governance according to the normative prescriptions of property rights, transactions cost, agency, resource based view, resource dependency theories, stakeholder, and stewardship theories. Consequently, and despite having a rare and valuable starch product, the AIA was unable to meet demand or secure sufficient rents from the value chain to meet the revenue objectives of itself or of its members. The most significant causes of inertia in the AIA’s strategy and structure were caused by two exogenous variables (a fixed legislation and significant politically influence in the strategic process), and two endogenous variables (poor cognitive ability of management and directors and the limiting effects of its eroded resource base). The combination of poor performance and inertia of the AIA over the years resulted in various forms of escalating commitments, debt accumulation and a shrinking supply base upstream as producers sought alternative means of income. Furthermore, the absence of markets for managerial talents, corporate control and arrowroot production, harvesting and processing technologies restricted alternatives available to the AIA of Government in resolving the perceived problems. Research implications and recommendations for the AIA are subsequently discussed. The major recommendations proposed to reverse the performance problem of the AIA were (1) tighter vertical integration of the AIA to internalise of downstream inefficiencies, (2) efficient allocation of property rights along the entire value chain, (3) clearly defined roles and boundaries for key stakeholders, (4) increasing managerial, technological and financial capacity, and (5) reducing Government control by making influence-cost significantly prohibitive.