Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Berlin.

Zugl.: Stuttgart, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Der Bericht informiert über den Versuch, Umweltziele für Arsen über den ökologischen Zustand nach EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie zu definieren. Die Artengemeinschaft reagiert auf erhöhte Arsenbelastungen mit nachweisbaren Veränderungen. Doch bilden die gültigen biologischen Verfahren die Belastung nicht adäquat ab. Umso wichtiger sind belastbare Umweltqualitätsnormen für die Ableitung realistischer Umweltziele. Für die Wasserphase wird eine Jahresdurchschnittskonzentration von 1,3 µg/l als plausibel eingeschätzt. Der ökologische Zustand kann dann „maximal mäßig“ sein. Diese wissenschaftliche Grundlagenarbeit unterstützt die Ableitung weniger strenger Umweltziele im Altbergbau.

University, Diss., 2005--Heidelberg.

Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid and the remediation of soils and waters from this contaminant as well as the prevention of future contamination are still pending tasks in Chile. There are bacteria able to live in environments polluted with arsenic, as they have tolerance mechanisms for this metalloid, or even can use it for energy metabolism. The potential tolerance mechanisms include the production of siderophores, metabolites with chelating activity that can decrease the toxicity of metals and metalloids. Although a correlation between siderophore production and metalloid tolerance has been described, the structure of arsenic-binding siderophores and their implications in tolerance have not been elucidated yet. In this work, it is proposed that bacteria isolated from contaminated environments produce arsenic-binding siderophores. The main aims of this work are to study the production of the siderophores by arsenic-tolerant bacteria, to characterize these compounds and to determine their relation with tolerance to arsenic. Fourteen arsenic-tolerant bacteria were isolated from contaminated water, From these, four strains belonging to the species Rhodococcus erythropolis, Arthrobacter oxydans and Kocuria rosea were selected, in addition to the previously isolated Rhodococcus erythropolis S43, for a more detailed study. The isolates were used to produce siderophore extracts, which were then evaluated for their iron- and arsenic-binding activity. To detect the latter, a new method (As-mCAS) was set up, based on the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) test, an assay to detect iron-chelating activity of siderophores. After testing the extracts, R. erythropolis S43 was selected as the strain with the best arsenic-binding activity. For the subsequent chemical characterization, siderophores were produced under control conditions (iron-free M9 medium) and under stress conditions with arsenic (iron-free M9 medium with sodium arsenite). HPLC analysis of the extracts for both culture conditions showed the presence of a single compound with both an iron-chelating and an arsenic-binding activity. Analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) for both culture conditions suggested the main presence of the siderophore heterobactin B. In addition, the genome of strain S43 was sequenced. A cluster of ars-genes was predicted, probably responsible for the arsenic-tolerance of the strain. In addition, a complete gene cluster for heterobactin production was found. However, no significant difference was obtained in the expression of these determinants in the presence or absence of arsenic, suggesting that the production of this siderophore in strain S43 is not responsible for the tolerance to the metalloid.