Yes

This paper is a partial replication study of research to investigate an aspect of English articles: the acquisition of 4 nongeneric uses of the definite article in English. Analysis of article use in these four categories (i.e. cultural, situational, structural, and textual) was investigated by Liu and Gleason (2002), and a hierarchy of difficulty and acquisition was proposed based upon the initial results. This partial replication used the same testing instrument as Liu and Gleason (2002) with additional items included to further investigate the category, cultural use of the article. The participants, 17 low-intermediate, 20 high-intermediate, and 34 advanced ESL learners completed a 100 item test with sentences containing deleted obligatory uses of the as well as distractor items. The results partially supported Liu and Gleason‟s original study, and raised many concerns with the test instrument.

This paper is a partial replication study of research to investigate an aspect of English articles: the acquisition of 4 nongeneric uses of the definite article in English. Analysis of article use in these four categories (i.e. cultural, situational, structural, and textual) was investigated by Liu and Gleason (2002), and a hierarchy of difficulty and acquisition was proposed based upon the initial results. This partial replication used the same testing instrument as Liu and Gleason (2002) with additional items included to further investigate the category, cultural use of the article. The participants, 17 low-intermediate, 20 high-intermediate, and 34 advanced ESL learners completed a 100 item test with sentences containing deleted obligatory uses of the as well as distractor items. The results partially supported Liu and Gleason‟s original study, and raised many concerns with the test instrument.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Cartas al editor / Revisión por pares

Yes / The Ad Hoc Group (AHG) of the States Parties to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) has the consideration of measures to implement Article X of the Convention as an element of its mandate agreed by the Special Conference in September 1994. The AHG has considered how to address this at each of its substantive meetings with a Friend of the Chair, initially Ambassador Jorge Berguno of Chile and subsequently, Carlos Duarte of Brazil carrying out this responsibility. As progress is being made on the development of the rolling text for the Protocol to strengthen the Convention, it is timely to consider how the implementation of Article X might contribute to the strengthening of the effectiveness of the Convention. This Briefing Paper considers some of the developments that have occurred nationally, regionally and internationally in respect of the use of bacteriological (biological) agents and toxins for peaceful purposes. It has become apparent that there is increasing awareness world-wide because of public health and environmental concerns of the need to control the handling, use, storage and transfer of such biological agents. This paper examines some of the current controls and regulations for biological agents and the international initiatives that are ongoing to strengthen biosafety around the world. These are seen as building blocks which might be considered from a point of view of strengthening the BTWC as well as contributing to the implementation of Article X although care will need to be taken in the Protocol for the AHG to avoid unnecessary duplication with other international activities. The challenging goal is to identify how these other national, regional and international activities can be utilised to contribute to the strengthening of the BTWC.

In his book¡uFuture Favors the Bold ¡V What we must Do to Build a New and Lasting Global Prosperity¡v, Lester C. Thurwo mentioned that the Value Added Business Tax¡]VABT¡^ will be the best way which national tax revenue comes from under the worldwide economic system. Currently, Taiwan business taxation system has been applied both VABT and Gross Business Receipt Tax¡]GBRT¡^,and the former plays major rule. Moreover, both of the two systems are multiple-step sales taxation under which tax ratio can be categorized into 0%, 1¢M,2%, 5%, 15% and 25%, etc. Due to the feature of island economy, enterprises in Taiwan are always encouraged to do Export and Import trade. The benefits which export trade could bring, such as earning foreign currency and reducing the international trading cost and risk are seriously taken into government's policy consideration. For instance, legal business tax article 7 has listed the business tax rates shall be zero for the sales of goods or service. The Zero Tax also called Total Tax Free which means sales of goods and labors generates zero tax in the business tax category. According to the VABT that out-put tax deduct input-tax during certain period of time and in the certain amount which 5% tax can be refund under the Business Tax Regulation 39 ACT. Recently, some companies take this advantage to do some illegal acts, which cause considerable national tax income loss. For example, some company pretend export goods, but those exporting good are actually sold domestically. Thus, these illegal acts might successfully result in unlawful 5% sales tax refund. The skills of tax evasion are getting improved and better than before, and this problem has made the national taxation department put more labor to verify those zero tax cases. Even though having went through several specific steps to verify those abnormal zero tax case, some cases are still inevitably missed because of the variety of experience, understanding of regulation, and talent among different tax officers. Are current factors enough to verify those tax evasion cases, or are there other relevant factors also should be taken into consideration? In the project will go through statistic method to find out more relevant factors to solve this problem.

In international trade agreements the term 'hardship' is often used to describe the position when an unexpected event occurs, after a contract has been entered into, which would cause one party to be placed at a severe disadvantage should it perform. Hardship could serve as an impediment which prevents (albeit not objectively) the party from performing. The disadvantaged party might be excused from liability, based on that hardship, for its non–performance. The performance has in that situation become excessively onerous but not impossible in an objective sense. The above situation is also of importance in the application of the CISG. If article 79 of the CISG was designed to deal with cases of impossibility then what are the potential effects of including hardship as an impediment which results in excusing non–performance? The question leads to the interpretation of what the term 'impediment' means and how it was intended to be interpreted in terms of the CISG. The discretion as to the interpretation of article 79 and the inclusion of hardship in its scope of application is left entirely to the courts. The courts usually take into consideration the drafting history of article 79 and other international instruments to guide their discretion. There hasn't been anonymous acceptance of either including or excluding hardship in article 79's sphere of application. This uncertainty does not provide the unification which the CISG seeks to achieve as it creates skepticism as to the ability of the CISG to ensure certainty and to both protect and enforce parties' rights and duties. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

In international trade agreements the term 'hardship' is often used to describe the position when an unexpected event occurs, after a contract has been entered into, which would cause one party to be placed at a severe disadvantage should it perform. Hardship could serve as an impediment which prevents (albeit not objectively) the party from performing. The disadvantaged party might be excused from liability, based on that hardship, for its non–performance. The performance has in that situation become excessively onerous but not impossible in an objective sense. The above situation is also of importance in the application of the CISG. If article 79 of the CISG was designed to deal with cases of impossibility then what are the potential effects of including hardship as an impediment which results in excusing non–performance? The question leads to the interpretation of what the term 'impediment' means and how it was intended to be interpreted in terms of the CISG. The discretion as to the interpretation of article 79 and the inclusion of hardship in its scope of application is left entirely to the courts. The courts usually take into consideration the drafting history of article 79 and other international instruments to guide their discretion. There hasn't been anonymous acceptance of either including or excluding hardship in article 79's sphere of application. This uncertainty does not provide the unification which the CISG seeks to achieve as it creates skepticism as to the ability of the CISG to ensure certainty and to both protect and enforce parties' rights and duties. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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