Potentialen att tillhandhålla stora mängder information under hela byggprocessen är något BIM(byggnadsinformationsmodellering på svenska) är mest förknippat med. Dock är den praktiskaanvändningen av BIM i förvaltningen minimal vid jämförelse mot projekteringen.Vårdbyggnader är otroligt viktiga och komplicerade byggnader i samhället som konstant behöverunderhållas och detta arbete tar upp BIM och relationsmodellernas potential att fungera som ettkomplement till dagens och framtidens förvaltningssystem.Studien har fokuserat på att ta reda på hur förvaltningen för vårdbyggnader arbetar idag medBIM och hur de önskar arbeta i framtiden. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer ochdokumentanalyser där en litteraturstudie ligger till grund över utformningen av de frågeformulärsom tagits fram. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilken information som en BIM-relationsmodell(även kallat förvaltningsmodell) måste innehålla för att vara användbar och till nytta iförvaltningen.Teorin för arbetet beskriver vad BIM är och hur sambandet med BIM och fastighetsförvaltningenser ut. Teorin tar också upp vikten av hållbar information i öppna filformat.Resultatet av insamlade data visar att BIM är väl känt hos fastighetsförvaltningsorganisationernamen används inte i den utsträckning som önskas. Några anledningar till detta är brist på; kunskapinom organisationen, inflytande i byggprocessen och interna arbetsmetoder. Allaintervjurepresentanter är positiva till BIM och ser potentialen i att använda BIM-modeller somderas digitala verktyg att visualisera och hantera information inom förvaltningen. Dock har,framförallt, representanterna med ansvar för CAD/BIM för fastighetsdokumentationen svårt atttydligt påvisa vilken information som de vill ha och ser mer information som bättre.Slutsatsen visar att organisationerna är beroende av att utvärdera sina behov och hitta nyttor medBIM i förvaltningen för att sedan kunna sätta rätt krav på slutleveransen av BIM-modellen somska användas i förvaltningen. Behovet av att på ett konsekvent sätt lägga till, ta ut, uppdatera ochmodifiera information ser alla intervjurepresentanter som en viktig fråga för framtiden.Under diskussionskapitlet tas bland annat problematiken upp med att många som intervjuats seratt ju mer information den levererade BIM-modellen innehåller desto bättre är det. Författarenspersonliga åsikt är att modellen måste anpassas så att rätt information finns. / The potential for supplying large amounts of information throughout the construction process issomething BIM is mostly associated with. However, the practical use of BIM in facilitymanagement is minimal when compared to the project planning phase.Healthcare buildings are incredibly important and complex buildings in the society thatconstantly need to be maintained and this study addresses the potential of BIM and the use of asbuiltmodels to serve as a complement to today's and future facility management systems.This study has focused on finding out how the management of healthcare facilities uses andworks with BIM today and how they wish to work in the future. This has been done throughinterviews and document analyzes where a literature study forms the basis for the formulation ofthe questionnaires produced. The purpose has been to investigate what information a BIM asbuiltmodel (also called facility management model) must contain to be useable and useful in thefacility management.The theory of this study describes what BIM is and how the relationship with BIM and facilitymanagement looks. It also addresses the importance of sustainable information in open fileformats.The result of the collected data from the interviews shows that BIM is well known to facilitymanagement organizations but is not used to the extent desired. A few reasons for this are lackof; knowledge within the organization, influence in the construction process and workingmethods. All interviewees are positive to BIM and see the potential of using BIM models as theirdigital tools to visualize and manage information within the facility management. However have,in particular, the CAD/BIM representatives of the facility documentation difficulty in clearlyidentifying what information they want and thinks a lot of information in the models is better.The conclusion shows that organizations are dependent on evaluating their needs and findingbenefits with BIM in their facility management and then be able to set the right requirements forthe final delivery of the BIM model to be used in the facility management. The need to add,extract, update and modify information consistently, is something all interviewees sees as animportant question for the future.In the discussion chapter the problem arises about the fact that many interviewed thinks that themore information the BIM model contains, the better it is. The author's opinion is that the modelmust be adapted so that the right information is available.

La création d'une maquette numérique d'un bâtiment existant nécessite le relevé du bâtiment. Le scanner laser terrestre est largement utilisé pour atteindre cet objectif. Il permet d'obtenir la géométrie des objets sous forme de nuages de points. Il fournit une grande quantité de données précises de manière très rapide et avec un niveau élevé de détails. Malheureusement, le passage du nuage de points à la maquette numérique reste actuellement largement manuel en raison du volume important de données et des processus qui sont difficiles à automatiser. Cette démarche est chronophage et source d'erreurs. Un défi majeur aujourd'hui est donc d'automatiser le processus menant à la reconstruction 3D de bâtiments existants à partir de nuages de points. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une chaîne de traitements permettant d'extraire automatiquement le maximum d'informations du nuage de points d'un bâtiment en vue d'intégrer le résultat dans un logiciel de BIM. / The creation of an as-built BIM requires the acquisition of the as-is conditions of existing buildings. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is widely used to achieve this goal. Indeed, laser scanners permit to collect information about object geometry in form of point clouds. They provide a large amount of accurate data in a very fast way and with a high level of details. Unfortunately, the scan-to-BIM process remains currently largely a manual process because of the huge amount of data and because of processes, which are difficult to automate. It is time consuming and error-prone. A key challenge today is thus to automate the process leading to 3D reconstruction of existing buildings from point clouds. The aim of this thesis is to develop a processing chain to extract the maximum amount of information from a building point cloud in order to integrate the result in a BIM software.

This diploma thesis focuses on processing and data collecting for the use of creating functional 3D informating model that we call BIM (Building Information Modelling) which is getting more and more attention throughout building industry and it is used by all of the participants in the industry from designers and architects to those who are dealing with building installations. This process is slowly getting into legislations of many countries including Czechia. The thesis is divided into two parts where one of them is describing the Building Information Modeling in general and the other part is describing the work which is behind the colleting good data which is needed when making the 3D documentation in Revit software which is wildly used for designing building constructions. Practical part of the land surveyor´s work is devided here into two parts where one of them is dedicated to collecting data by laser scanning process, GNSS and measuring by total station and levelling machine. Second part focuses on the description of the data processing in order to make 3D model. The example of the output production data is the BIM 3D model of the family house in selected level of detail and besides that we also have the visualization of both interior and exterior and 2D simplified building documentations.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to overtake the conventional production of pipe systems of stainless steel grade 316L intended for bioprocessing applications by utilising powder bed fusion laser beam (PBF-LB) technologies. However, challenges such as high surface roughness need to be overcome and corrosion properties improved to meet industry standards. This can be done by applying surface post-treatments to the printed parts. Therefore, the first aim of this thesis was to investigate the ability of different post-treatments of PBF-LB 316L samples, including tumbling, electropolishing, chemical milling, Hirtisation®, and DryLyte®, to reduce the surface roughness. One set of samples was left untreated, as-built set, and used as reference. The second aim was to try to correlate the surface roughness with the corrosion properties of the various post-treated samples. Analytical techniques used included needle profilometry, light optical microscopy (LOM), critical pitting temperature (CPT), cyclic potentiodynamic polarisation (CPDP) and immersion in 1M NaCl and 1M NaOH for two different durations for each solution. While some results were expected, others were surprising. Even though tumbled samples resulted in the lowest surface roughness, the results for immersion and CPDP curves tests indicated the lowest corrosion resistance compared to the other post-treatments. On the other hand, electropolishing resulted in the lowest surface roughness reduction among the post-treated samples. However, these samples had comparatively high corrosion resistance in the CPT and CPDP tests. The DryLyte® samples were tested using two DryLyte® medias where one of them resulted in the second lowest surface roughness and showed highest corrosion resistance in all three corrosion tests even though the process parameters are still to be developed. The results for samples post-treated by Hirtisation® and chemical milling were inconsistent and need further investigations. The reference as-built set showed high corrosion resistance in its untreated state, indicating post-treatments having minor impact on its performance from a corrosion perspective. / Additiv tillverkning (AM) har möjlighet att konkurrera ut konventionell produktion av rörsystem i rostfritt stål typ 316L avsett för bioprocessapplikationer genom att använda pulverbäddsinfusionslaserstråleteknik (PBF-LB). För tekniken kvarstår dock utmaningar för att uppfylla branschstandarder då tillverkningen medför material med hög ytråhet och sämre korrosionsegenskaper än traditionella metoder. Detta kan åstadkommas genom olika typer av efterbearbetning av de printade ytorna. Ett syfte med denna studie var att utvärdera hur olika typer av efterbehandling av PBF-LB 316L (trumling, elektropolering, kemisk etsning, Hirtisation® och DryLyte®) påverkar ytråheten. Som referensmaterial användes obearbetade printade ytor. Studiens andra huvudmål var att undersöka möjligheten för korrelation mellan ytråhet efter behandling och korrosionsegenskaperna. Analyser gjordes med hjälp av nålprofilometri, ljusoptisk mikroskopi (LOM), bestämning av kritisk gropfrätningstemperatur (CPT), framtagning av cykliska potentiodynamiska polarisationskurvor (CPDP) samt nedsänkning i 1M NaCl och 1M NaOH under två olika tidsperioder per lösning. Resultaten var delvis väntade och delvis överraskande. Trots att de trumlade proverna resulterade i lägst ytråhet, visade de elektrokemiska studierna (CPDP) i de olika lösningarna på att lägre korrosionsbeständighet jämfört med övriga efterbehandlingar. Å andra sidan resulterade elektropolering resulterade i den lägsta minskningen i ytråhet bland de efterbehandlade proverna. Dessa prover visade dock på en jämförelsevis hög korrosionsbeständighet i både CPT och CPDP testerna. DryLyte®-proverna studerades med två olika DryLyte®-medier, varav en av dem gav näst lägst ytråhet samt visade högst korrosionsbeständighet i samtliga korrosionstester trots att processparametrarna inte ännu är optimerade för denna nya teknik. Resultaten för prover som efterbehandlats med Hirtisation® och kemisk etsning var tvetydiga och behöver studeras vidare. De obehandlade referensproverna indikerade hög korrosionsbeständighet, vilket tyder på att efterbehandlingar hade minimal påverkan ur ett korrosionsperspektiv.

The work describes an air conditioning and circulation system of a clean room environment in of a semiconductor production site. It is based on given requirements for air cleanness, temperature preasure and relative moisture. The first half of the work describes the way the system should work, classification of construction and operation of the site. The second half describes the calculations of the given parameters on which the system is designed. The calculations deal with - Air exchange and maintaining the required parameters - Designing the muti stage air filtration system - Designing the air flow speed, intake and outlet parameters of the air conditiong distribution system - Desingning the air conditioning units and their possitioning in the utility room

Microstructure and micro-mechanical characterization of as-built and heat-treated samples of Hastelloy X produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process has been carried out in this study. As-built LPBF blocks were solution heat-treated at 1177°C and 1220°C followed by fast cooling. The microstructure of as-built and heat-treated samples were studied by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction. Instrumented indentation micro Vickers testing was performed to obtain microhardness and elastic modulus of asbuilt and heat-treated samples. Microtensile samples from as-built and heat-treated blocks were prepared and polished for mechanical characterization. Microtensile testing inside the scanning electron microscope was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties and to get information about the microstructural changes during plastic deformation. Microstructure characterization revealed disrupted epitaxial grain growth for the as-built samples whereas the two heated-treated Hastelloy X samples exhibited equiaxed grains with varying twin fractions. As-built Hastelloy X samples exhibited higher mean hardness than heat-treated samples. The yield strength of as-built samples reveals higher values as compared to conventional wrought Hastelloy X samples, whereas lower yield strength and higher elongation were observed for heat-treated samples as compared to as-built samples. Higher elongation and lower yield strength values were observed for the samples solution heat-treated at 1220°C compared to the solution heat-treated at 1177°C. Microstructural evaluation at different plastic strains during in-situ microtensile testing reveals a clear difference in dislocation density for as-built and heat-treated samples.