The liquefaction resistance of a saturated medium sand with varying amount of non-plastic type F fly ash was evaluated by conducting cyclic triaxial tests. The test results were used to evaluate the effect of addition of various percentages of fly ash on the liquefaction resistance of Ottawa sand. The effect of cyclic shear stress and confining pressure on liquefaction resistance of the sand-fly ash mixtures was the main scope of this research. In addition, the Young's Modulus and Damping Ratio for sand-fly ash mixtures were also determined. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted in which 50 stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed on a clean sand, sand containing 25%, 30%, 50% and 70% fly ash at a constant relative density of 50%. The results show that sand containing 25% fly ash has the highest liquefaction resistance under cyclic loading in comparison to clean sand and sand containing 30%, 50% and 70% fly ash. The cyclic resistance goes on decreasing as the fly ash content further increases. The test result also shows that the liquefaction resistance of the clean sand and sand containing 70% fly ii ash is almost same. The test results were also examined in terms of the conceptual framework of Thevanayagam (2000). The effects on liquefaction resistance were also measured in terms of pore water pressure generation and deformation of the sample. As the confining pressure increases, shear stress required to cause initial liquefaction of the sample also increases. Modulus of Elasticity was seen to increase with increase in confining pressure and decrease with increase in axial strain for all cases of sand-fly ash mixtures used in these tests. The damping ratio of the sample increases with the increase in axial strain upto about 1% and then it either decreases or remains constant thereafter. There was no clear correlation of damping ratio with confining pressure.

A combustão do carvão para a produção de energia elétrica tem como consequência a geração de cinzas, que é um dos maiores resíduos gerados no Brasil, em termos de volume (4.109 dm³/ano). Visando a minimização do impacto ambiental causado pelo mau descarte das cinzas, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar zeólitas obtidas a partir de cinza de carvão e aplicar na agricultura como fertilizante potássico. Para isso a cinza utilizada foi obtida no combustor piloto de leito fluidizado operando com carvão da Mina do Leão/RS e empregada para sintetizar material zeolítico a partir do tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais utilizando razão solução/cinzas constante em 6 L mg-1, variando a concentração de hidróxido de potássio (KOH) entre 3 e 5 M, a temperatura entre 100 e 150 ºC e o tempo de reação entre 24 e 72 h. O material sintetizado e a cinza foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, mineralógica, morfologia, área superficial específica e capacidade de troca catiônica. Através da caracterização foi observada a formação de duas fases zeolíticas, a chabazita-K e a merlinoíta. A partir da caracterização do material, foi escolhido um dos produtos zeolíticos obtidos para aplicação em solo, como fertilizante de potássio para o cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). A condição experimental escolhida foi de 5 M a concentração da solução de KOH, temperatura de 150 ºC e tempo de reação de 24 h. Nesta condição obteve-se apenas uma fase zeolítica identificada, a zeólita merlinoíta, com uma área superficial de 23,37 m² g e uma capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de 2,62 meq g 1. Para fins de comparação foi utilizado o fertilizante comercial, cloreto de potássio (KCl), que contém em torno de 60 % de K2O. Foram realizados 35 ensaios experimentais em casa de vegetação da EMBRAPA, utilizando 7 tratamentos (3 doses diferentes de KCl e zeólita 50, 100 e 150 % da dose máxima recomendada e o solo não tratado (testemunha)) em 5 blocos aleatórios. Os experimentos na casa de vegetação foram concluídos com 59 dias de cultivo de trigo e submetidos às análises como determinação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas e análise química do solo e tecido foliar. Verificou-se que a zeólita merlinoíta obtida a partir da cinza de carvão pode ser utilizada como fertilizante, pois teve um desempenho similar ao KCl no crescimento do trigo, não inibindo seu crescimento. Utilizando o tratamento com zeólita 100 % a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi de 1,07 ± 0,09 g e raízes 1,6 ± 0,23 g e na análise do tecido foliar teve uma absorção de 3,39 ± 0,31. / Coal combustion for electricity production results in the generation of ash, which is one of the main waste generated in Brazil in terms of volume. Intending the minimization of the environmental impact caused by poor disposal of ashes, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize zeolites obtained from coal ash and apply in agriculture as potassium fertilizer. For this purpose, coal fly ash was obtained from a fluidized bed pilot combustor operating with coal from Mina do Leão/RS and used to synthesize zeolitic material through the alkaline hydrothermal treatment. Experimental tests were performed using the ratio volume of solution/mass of coal fly ash constant at 6 mL mg -1, varying the concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) between 3 and 5 M, temperature between 100 and 150 °C and reaction time between 24 and 72 h. The synthesized and coal fly ash material was characterized by their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. With the characterization, it was observed the formation of two phases zeolite K-chabazite and merlinoite. By the characterization of the material, it was chosen one of the zeolitic products obtained for application to soil as a potassium fertilizer for the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The chosen experimental condition was 5 M KOH solution, temperature of 150 °C and 24 h time of reaction. At this condition, only one zeolitic phase was identified, zeolite merlinoite, with a surface area of 23.37 m² g a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.62 meq g-1. For purposes of comparison, the tests in the soil were performed using also a commercial fertilizer, potassium chloride (KCl), containing about 60 % of K2O. A total of 35 experimental trials were carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA, using 7 treatments in 5 random blocks: 50, 100 and 150 % of the maximum recommended dose for KCl and for zeolite and untreated soil (witness). The experiments in the greenhouse were concluded with 59 days of wheat cultivation. The plants were submitted to analysis for dry matter in aerial parts and roots determination. Likewise, soil and foliar tissue were submitted to chemical analysis. It was found that the zeolite Merlinoite obtained from the coal fly ash can be used as a fertilizer because it had a similar performance to KCl in the wheat growth. The treatment with 100% zeolite presented a dry matter production of 1.07 ± 0.09 g for aerial parts and 1.6 ± 0.23 g for roots. Also, the leaf tissue analysis showed a potassium absorption of 3.39 ± 0.31 % m/m in this treatment.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowable self-consolidating concrete which can fill formwork without any external vibration. A self-compacting concrete mix requires the addition of superplasticiser (SP), which allows it to become more workable without the addition of excessive water to the mixture. The effect of different CEM I 52.5N cements produced by one company at different factories on self-compacting concrete was investigated. The properties of SCC are highly sensitive to changes in material properties, water content and addition of admixtures. For self-compacting concrete to be more accepted in South Africa, the effect that locally sourced materials have on SCC, partially replaced with extenders, needs to be investigated. The European guidelines for SCC (2005) determined the standard, through an extensive study, for the design and testing of self-compacting concrete. Using these guidelines, the properties of self-compacting concrete with the usage of local materials were investigated. The effect on SCC mixes was studied by using four cements; two types of SPs – partially replaced with two types of fly ash; and one type of slag. Mix design and tests were done according to the European Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete (2005). Using locally sourced materials (different cements, sand, coarse aggregate, fly ashes and slag), mixes were optimised with different SPs. Optimisation was achieved when self-compacting criteria, as found in the European guidelines, were adhered to, and the binders in these required mixes were then partially replaced with fly ash and slag at different concentrations. Tests done were the slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, sieve segregation resistance as well as the compressive strength tests. The results obtained were then compared with the properties prescribed by the European guidelines. The cements reacted differently when adding the SPs, and partially replacing fly ash and slag. According to the tests, replacing cement with extenders – in order to get a sufficient SCC – seemed to depend on the chemical and physical properties of each cement type, including the soluble alkali in the mixture, C3A, C3S and the surface area. The range, in which the concentration of these chemical and physical cement compounds should vary – in order to produce an acceptable SCC partially replaced by extenders – was determined and suggested to the cement producer. The main conclusion of this project is that cement properties vary sufficiently from factory to factory so as to influence the performance of an SCC mix. The problem becomes even bigger when such cements are extended with fly ash or slag, and when different SPs are used. When designing a stable SCC mix, these factors should be taken into account.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Population growth in South Africa has led to a direct increase in electricity demand. Due to the abundance of coal in the country, most of the energy requirement is met through coal combustion. Although there is a vast coal resource, the natural high grade coal is mainly exported, while the low grade coal is exploited for electricity generation. The combustion of low grade coal during electricity production results in huge quantities of coal fly ash (CFA) that require careful disposal, due to its toxicity. Poor management of this waste constitutes serious human and environmental problems, such as respiratory diseases, contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. This is in part due to the fact that only a small percentage of fly ash is utilised efficiently in the construction industry. Several studies have recently been conducted into the use of CFA as a starting material for the synthesis of zeolites and geopolymers, due to its high silicon and aluminium content. However, the synthesis of zeolites from CFA has been subject to criticism, because the synthesis of zeolites from the bulk CFA results in zeolite products that are mixed with non-reacted fly ash and toxic elements. On the other hand, pure phase zeolites can only be synthesised from CFA extracts, which results in a small yield of the zeolite products and a huge amount of solid waste. Therefore, this does not facilitate either the use of fly ash-based zeolites as catalysts in advanced chemical processes or scaling up of the synthesis process. This study seeks to make optimal use of CFA by developing a method for optimal extraction of Si and Al for the synthesis of ZSM-5 and faujasite zeolites, and use the resulting solid waste for the synthesis of geopolymers such that the resultant waste is minimised or completely eliminated. Two distinct processes are employed in this study to synthesise ZSM-5 or faujasite zeolite from CFA extracts, while the solid residue is transformed into a geopolymer. In the first process, an alkaline leaching method is employed for extraction of Si from CFA using 8 M NaOH at 150 0C for 24 h. It was found that the Si extract contained a certain amount of Al, enough for the synthesis of a high silica zeolite such as ZSM-5. However, the Si extract had to be treated with oxalic acid in order to remove the excess Na in the extract, since this could prevent the formation of ZSM-5. The obtained Si extract was then used as a feedstock for the synthesis of Zeolite ZSM-5 with NaOH and tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as mineralising and structure directing agents respectively. The obtained gel underwent hydrothermal synthesis at 160 °C for 72 h, while the solid residue obtained after Si extraction was used in the synthesis of geopolymer at 70 °C for 5 days. The obtained ZSM-5 and geopolymer products were characterised using ICP, XRD, SEM, FTIR and NMR techniques.

Orientador: Jorge Luís Akasaki / Banca: Haroldo de Mayo Bernardes / Banca: Malik Cheriaf / Resumo: O setor sucro-alcooleiro vem se expandindo nos últimos tempos, alavancado principalmente pelo advento da bioenergia. No Brasil, a produção de cana-de-açúcar vem avançando em áreas destinadas à pecuária extensiva e a outras culturas importantes como a soja, o milho e a laranja e concerne à geração de energia elétrica pela queima do bagaço (cogeração) e ao uso de etanol como combustível de veículos automotores. Contudo, a produção de açúcar, álcool e energia a partir da cana-de-açúcar pode causar problemas ambientais em decorrência da geração de resíduos como a cinza do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Diante do panorama mundial de crescimento do setor sucro-alcooleiro aliado ao desenvolvimento sustentável, é de grande importância a realização de estudos que visem o aproveitamento destes resíduos. Deste modo, este trabalho mostra a viabilidade técnica da utilização da cinza resultante do processo de queima do bagaço para a geração de energia como adição mineral, em argamassas. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização química, difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e atividade pozolânica da cinza do bagaço de cana-deaçúcar. Além disto, um estudo da moagem do material foi realizado, juntamente com a composição de argamassas contendo a cinza em diversos teores de substituição ao agregado miúdo. Através da resistência à compressão e à tração por compressão diametral e módulo de elasticidade, foram analisadas suas propriedades mecânicas. Também foram verificadas algumas propriedades relacionadas com a durabilidade do material, como a retração por secagem, absorção por capilaridade e reatividade acelerada pelo método acelerado de expansão em barras de argamassa / Abstract: The sugar-alcohol sector has expanding in the last years, mainly due to advent of the renewable energy sources and bioenergy. In Brazil, the sugarcane production has advancing towards areas of cattle creation and agriculture, such as soya bean, corn and orange and concerning to electrical energy production through the burning bagasse and alcohol used like vehicle fuel. However, sugar, alcohol and energy production from sugarcane could cause other environmental problems in result to the wastes production such as sugarcane bagasse ash. In the presence of worldwide growth of sugar and alcohol industry and the sustainable development, it is very important the achievement of studies that reuse these wastes. Thus, this work shows technical viability on using sugar-cane bagasse ash (SCBA) obtained from sugar-cane bagasse burnt, as mineral addition, in mortars. It was made some tests on the SCBA, such as the chemical characterization, X-ray diffraction, pozzolanic activity, and also, images obtained by scanning electron microscope. Moreover, grinding of SCBA was carried out, and mortars were prepared with some different amounts of SBCA as replacement of fine aggregate by mass. Through the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity its mechanical properties were verified, and also some properties related to material durability as drying shrinkage, water absorption by capillarity, potential alkali reactivity of aggregates by mortar-bar method / Mestre

A combustão do carvão para a produção de energia elétrica tem como consequência a geração de cinzas, que é um dos maiores resíduos gerados no Brasil, em termos de volume (4.109 dm³/ano). Visando a minimização do impacto ambiental causado pelo mau descarte das cinzas, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar zeólitas obtidas a partir de cinza de carvão e aplicar na agricultura como fertilizante potássico. Para isso a cinza utilizada foi obtida no combustor piloto de leito fluidizado operando com carvão da Mina do Leão/RS e empregada para sintetizar material zeolítico a partir do tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais utilizando razão solução/cinzas constante em 6 L mg-1, variando a concentração de hidróxido de potássio (KOH) entre 3 e 5 M, a temperatura entre 100 e 150 ºC e o tempo de reação entre 24 e 72 h. O material sintetizado e a cinza foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, mineralógica, morfologia, área superficial específica e capacidade de troca catiônica. Através da caracterização foi observada a formação de duas fases zeolíticas, a chabazita-K e a merlinoíta. A partir da caracterização do material, foi escolhido um dos produtos zeolíticos obtidos para aplicação em solo, como fertilizante de potássio para o cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). A condição experimental escolhida foi de 5 M a concentração da solução de KOH, temperatura de 150 ºC e tempo de reação de 24 h. Nesta condição obteve-se apenas uma fase zeolítica identificada, a zeólita merlinoíta, com uma área superficial de 23,37 m² g e uma capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de 2,62 meq g 1. Para fins de comparação foi utilizado o fertilizante comercial, cloreto de potássio (KCl), que contém em torno de 60 % de K2O. Foram realizados 35 ensaios experimentais em casa de vegetação da EMBRAPA, utilizando 7 tratamentos (3 doses diferentes de KCl e zeólita 50, 100 e 150 % da dose máxima recomendada e o solo não tratado (testemunha)) em 5 blocos aleatórios. Os experimentos na casa de vegetação foram concluídos com 59 dias de cultivo de trigo e submetidos às análises como determinação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas e análise química do solo e tecido foliar. Verificou-se que a zeólita merlinoíta obtida a partir da cinza de carvão pode ser utilizada como fertilizante, pois teve um desempenho similar ao KCl no crescimento do trigo, não inibindo seu crescimento. Utilizando o tratamento com zeólita 100 % a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi de 1,07 ± 0,09 g e raízes 1,6 ± 0,23 g e na análise do tecido foliar teve uma absorção de 3,39 ± 0,31. / Coal combustion for electricity production results in the generation of ash, which is one of the main waste generated in Brazil in terms of volume. Intending the minimization of the environmental impact caused by poor disposal of ashes, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize zeolites obtained from coal ash and apply in agriculture as potassium fertilizer. For this purpose, coal fly ash was obtained from a fluidized bed pilot combustor operating with coal from Mina do Leão/RS and used to synthesize zeolitic material through the alkaline hydrothermal treatment. Experimental tests were performed using the ratio volume of solution/mass of coal fly ash constant at 6 mL mg -1, varying the concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) between 3 and 5 M, temperature between 100 and 150 °C and reaction time between 24 and 72 h. The synthesized and coal fly ash material was characterized by their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. With the characterization, it was observed the formation of two phases zeolite K-chabazite and merlinoite. By the characterization of the material, it was chosen one of the zeolitic products obtained for application to soil as a potassium fertilizer for the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The chosen experimental condition was 5 M KOH solution, temperature of 150 °C and 24 h time of reaction. At this condition, only one zeolitic phase was identified, zeolite merlinoite, with a surface area of 23.37 m² g a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.62 meq g-1. For purposes of comparison, the tests in the soil were performed using also a commercial fertilizer, potassium chloride (KCl), containing about 60 % of K2O. A total of 35 experimental trials were carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA, using 7 treatments in 5 random blocks: 50, 100 and 150 % of the maximum recommended dose for KCl and for zeolite and untreated soil (witness). The experiments in the greenhouse were concluded with 59 days of wheat cultivation. The plants were submitted to analysis for dry matter in aerial parts and roots determination. Likewise, soil and foliar tissue were submitted to chemical analysis. It was found that the zeolite Merlinoite obtained from the coal fly ash can be used as a fertilizer because it had a similar performance to KCl in the wheat growth. The treatment with 100% zeolite presented a dry matter production of 1.07 ± 0.09 g for aerial parts and 1.6 ± 0.23 g for roots. Also, the leaf tissue analysis showed a potassium absorption of 3.39 ± 0.31 % m/m in this treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os experimentos de adsorção descontínuos foram realizados para remover azul de metileno de solução aquosa usando zeólitas sintetizadas a partir de cinza leve de carvão como adsorvente. Os estudos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos do tempo de contato, concentração inicial do corante, parâmetros de ativação hidrotérmica, composição da cinza leve, quantidade do adsorvente, pH e temperatura sobre a adsorção. Um tempo de contato de aproximadamente 10 minutos foi suficiente para a adsorção do corante alcançar o equilíbrio. Os dados de equilíbrio foram analisados usando as isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich e os resultados se ajustaram melhor à equação da isoterma de Freundlich. A eficiência de adsorção estava entre 72 a 98% sob as condições estudadas. O valor da constante de Freundlich para a capacidade de adsorção (KF) do azul de metileno no adsorvente foi 0,738 (mg/g) (L/mg)1/n. Os dados de adsorção foram ajustados aos modelos cinéticos de pseudoprimeira- ordem de Lagergren e pseudo-segunda-ordem e seguiram as cinéticas de pseudosegunda- ordem. As constantes de velocidade foram estimadas em diferentes concentrações iniciais. O mecanismo do processo de adsorção encontrado mostrou-se complexo, consistindo de adsorção superficial e difusão intrapartícula. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos foram avaliados indicando que o processo de adsorção do azul de metileno sobre a zeólita é espontâneo e exotérmico. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Elementos tóxicos podem provocar impacto na qualidade ambiental dos solos e representar risco à saúde humana. As cinzas leves de carvão são uma fonte de elementos tóxicos e são comumente dispostas de maneira inadequada sobre o solo nas proximidades das usinas termelétricas, onde esses elementos podem ser lixiviados pela chuva, transportados para as fontes de águas naturais e absorvidos pela fauna e flora do solo, podendo assim, entrar na cadeia alimentar humana. Neste estudo foi avaliada a mobilidade dos elementos As, Cd, Zn, Pb e Mo em colunas de solo franco arenoso com cinza de carvão da usina termelétrica de Figueira, Paraná. Para tanto, colunas de cinza de carvão, solo e solo coberto com cinza foram lixiviadas com uma solução ácida ao longo de 336 dias e as amostras de cinza, solo e percolado das colunas foram caracterizadas quanto à concentração dos elementos e propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Pb não foi lixiviado da cinza de carvão, indicando que a lixiviação de Pb da cinza de carvão não representa risco ambiental. O Cd foi o elemento mais retido pelo solo franco arenoso, seguido de As. O Mo foi lixiviado da cinza de carvão, mas não foi detectado no solo e nos percolados das colunas de solo+cinza. Nas condições de estudo, o Zn não representou risco ambiental. Observou-se também que a concentração de As no solo excedeu o valor de intervenção para área de proteção máxima estabelecido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) e a concentração de Cd no solo excedeu o valor de qualidade de referência estabelecido pela mesma companhia ambiental. / Toxic elements can cause impact on soil environmental quality and represent risks to human life. Coal ashes, considered as a source of toxic elements, are commonly disposed inadequately on the soil surface around thermoelectric plants, from where these elements can be transported to natural water sources or to be absorbed by plants, soil fauna and flora and consequently impact on food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of a sandy loam soil and the mobility of As, Cd, Mo Pb and Zn from coal fly ash of Figueira Power Plant. Experiments with columns of coal fly ash, soil and soil covered with ash were carried out to simulate contamination by acid leaching during 336 days and samples of ash, soil and leachate were characterized by the determination of elements concentration and chemical, mineralogical and physical properties. Results indicate that Pb was not was not released from fly ash on study conditions, providing evidence that Pb leaching does not pose a risk to the environment. Mo was leached from fly ash, but was not detected on soil and on leachate of soil+ash columns. In study conditions, Zn did not represent environmental concern. As exceeded the intervention value for maximum protection area established by the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB) and Cd did not exceed the quality reference value established by the same agency.