Considérées comme des menaces pour les écosystèmes marins tropicaux et subtropicaux, les proliférations de macroalgues sont susceptibles de modifier le fonctionnement et la structure des récifs coralliens. Le genre Asparagopsis (Rhodophyta) est connu pour être largement distribué, introduit et parfois invasif dans certaines régions comme en Méditerranée occidentale. Le premier objectif était de corréler le métabolisme spécialisé et la bioactivité de l’algue à son génotype, et éventuellement à son caractère proliférant. Aucune corrélation génétique/métabolomique n’a été démontrée, ce qui laisse entendre que le métabolisme macroalgal serait principalement influencé par l'environnement et/ou sa flore microbienne associée. En milieu tempéré, A. taxiformis et A. armata présentent des signatures métabolomiques globalement similaires et associées à une bioactivité significativement plus importante qu'en milieu tropical. Cependant, même lorsqu’elle a été introduite, une même lignée génétique et un même phénotype chimique peuvent présenter des caractères proliférants opposés. En milieu tropical, les extraits de macroalgues testés in situ sur 4 espèces de coraux n'ont provoqué que de faibles blanchissements. En milieu tempéré, aucun effet biologique de l’algue n’a été enregistré sur le corail Astroides calycularis. Par contre des expériences en aquarium ont permis de montrer qu’A. taxiformis pouvait exprimer un métabolisme spécifique avec une bioactivité augmentée après 10 jours de contact avec ce corail. En conclusion, qu’elle soit indigène ou introduite, A. taxiformis exerce peu d’effets sur la santé des coraux, et le caractère invasif de cette algue reste une source de débat. / Considered as a major threat for sub–tropical and tropical ecosystems, macroalgal proliferations are susceptible to modify the structure and the functioning of coral reefs. The genus Asparagopsis (Rhodophyta) is known to be widespread, introduced and sometimes invasive in certain regions such as the Western Mediterranean Sea. The first objective of this thesis was to correlate the algal specialized metabolism and its bioactivity with its genotype, and eventually with its proliferation trait. No correlation between genetics and metabolomics has been demonstrated, which would suggest the main influence of environmental factors and/or the associated microbial diversity on the algal metabolism. In temperate regions, A. taxiformis and A. armata showed similar metabolomic fingerprints with bioactivities significantly higher than in tropical regions. However, even when it is introduced, a given genetic lineage and a given chemical phenotype can exhibit opposite proliferative traits. In tropical areas, algal extracts tested in situ on 4 coral species did not lead to any coral bleaching. In temperate areas, no biological effect of the alga was recorded on Astroides calycularis. However, some aquarium experiments allowed to show that A. taxiformis can express a specific metabolism, with an increased bioactivity after 10–days of contact with this coral. To conclude, either indigenous or introduced, A. taxiformis poorly affects corals’ health, and thus the invasiveness of this alga remains a matter of debate.

Submitted by AIRTON DAMASCENO SILVA null (airton.silva@ufv.br) on 2016-04-05T15:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado versão final.pdf: 4535490 bytes, checksum: 8bb674faf58fdd954d9ebfabaecc42b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-07T18:23:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ad_me_araiq.pdf: 4535490 bytes, checksum: 8bb674faf58fdd954d9ebfabaecc42b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T18:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ad_me_araiq.pdf: 4535490 bytes, checksum: 8bb674faf58fdd954d9ebfabaecc42b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O fungo Hypoxylon investiens ocorre em ambientes terrestres e aquáticos, sendo que a maior parte dos estudos já realizados com o gênero Hypoxylon refere-se aos fungos terrestres. Diversas substâncias e atividades biológicas foram determinadas para o gênero e o presente estudo é o primeiro a realizar a bioprospecção de H. investiens associado à alga marinha. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os constituintes químicos produzidos pelo fungo H. investiens e avaliadas algumas atividades biológicas promissoras (antifúngica e citotóxica). O extrato bruto dos metabólitos produzidos em meio líquido de PDB obtido em escala ampliada apresentou forte atividade frente aos fungos fitopatogênicos Cladosporium cladosporioides e Cladosporium sphaerospermum e mostrou-se ativo (75,7% de inibição) frente à linhagem tumoral HCT-116 (carcinoma de cólon). O seu fracionamento por CC em Sephadex LH-20 eluída com metanol resultou em 6 frações (G1 a G6): a fração G4 mostrou forte atividade antifúngica contra linhagens de C. cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum, além de alto potencial de inibição (97,3%) de células tumorais HCT-116. As frações G5 e G6 também se mostraram ativas frente à linhagem tumoral HCT-116 apresentando, respectivamente, 104,8% e 99,4% de inibição dessa linhagem de células tumorais. A fração G5 apresentou ainda atividade (inibição de 84,5%) contra a linhagem MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma de mama metastático). No entanto, as frações G4 e G6 mostraram-se inativas contra esta linhagem, o que evidenciou a seletividade dessas frações frente às linhagens tumorais testadas. Estes resultados indicaram elevado potencial de produção de metabólitos bioativos por H. investiens. Os procedimentos cromatográficos levaram ao isolamento de 14 substâncias da fração G5, 3 substâncias da fração G6 e de outras 2 substâncias da fração inativa G3. A análise estrutural preliminar por RMN das 17 substâncias isoladas das frações bioativas G5 e G6 indica que devam se tratar de compostos inéditos, derivados do BNT (4,4´,5,5’-tetraidroxi-1,1´-binaftila), sendo que três delas, isoladas da fração G5, tiveram seus esqueletos carbônicos completamente caracterizados, utilizando-se experimentos uni e bidimensionais de RMN e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução. Experimentos adicionais estão em andamento para se determinar a estereoquímica dos centros de quiralidade das substâncias elucidadas, e as demais estruturas estão sob processo de investigação estrutural. Uma das substâncias isoladas da fração não-ativa G3 foi o ácido 3-nitropropanóico, uma toxina mitocondrial produzida por fungos para sua defesa e que foi produzido com alto rendimento (304,5 mg a partir de 605,4 mg da fração G3) por H. investiens. Os resultados obtidos foram promissores, evidenciando a destacada quimiodiversidade de fungos obtidos do ambiente marinho e elevado potencial de bioatividade de seus extratos e frações. Sinalizam ainda para a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados da química e das propriedades biológicas do fungo H. investiens contribuindo para a exploração sustentável da biodiversidade marinha brasileira. / The fungus Hypoxylon investiens occurs in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and most studies carried out so far on genus Hypoxylon refer to the terrestrial fungal strains. Many compounds and biological activities were determined for the genus and the present study is the first to carry out the bioprospection of H. investiens associated to marine algae. In this work, the chemical constituents produced by a fungal strain of H. investiens were investigated and some promising biological activities were evaluated (antifungal and cytotoxicity). The crude extract of the metabolites produced in PDB liquid medium by H. investiens was obtained in large scale and showed strong activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. It also showed inhibitory activity (75.7% of inhibition) on colon carcinoma tumor cell line HCT-116. Its fractionation by column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20 eluted with methanol afforded 6 fractions, (G1-G6). Fraction G4 showed strong antifungal activity against C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum strains, in addition to high inibitory potential (97,3%,) towards tumor cells HTC-116. Fractions G5 and G6 were also active against tumor cell line HCT-116, showing 104,8% and 99,4% inhibition, respectively. Additionally, fraction G5 inhibited metastatic breast adenocarcinoma cell line MVF-7 whereas fractions G4 and G6 were inactive, which evidenced selectivity of such fractions towards the tested tumor cells lines. These results evidenced a high potential of production of bioactive metabolites by H. investiens. The chromatographic procedures led to the isolation of 14 compounds from fraction G5, 3 compounds from fraction G6 and 2 compounds from the non-active fraction G3. The preliminary analysis of the 17 isolated compounds from the bioactive fraction G5 and G6 by NMR spectroscopy indicated they are novel compounds structurally related to BNT (4,5,4',5'-tetrahydroxy-1,1'-BiNaphThyl). From those, three compounds were isolated from fraction G5 and had their carbon skeletons fully characterized and consistent with uni and bidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectral data and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additional experiments are being developed to determine the stereochemistry of asymmetric centers in the elucidated structures. Additionally, the non-active fraction G3 afforded high yield (304,5 mg from 605,4 mg of G3 fraction) of 3-nitropropanoic acid, a mitochondrial toxin wide spread among fungi and produced for their own defense. The results obtained were promising, pointing out the need for further in-depth investigations on the chemistry and biological properties of the fungus H. investiens. Such promising results evidence the outstanding chemodiversity of marine-derived fungi and highlight the bioactivity potencial of their extracts and fractions. They also point out the need for further studies of H. investiens chemistry and biological properties, which may contribute for the sustainable exploration of Brazilian marine biodiversity.

Submitted by CAMILA SOUZA SANTOS null (cssantos12@gmail.com) on 2016-03-26T15:11:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final camila.pdf: 6327362 bytes, checksum: be4f63024f7b4a50aa4f8f1e10987053 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-28T14:44:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cs_me_araiq_par.pdf: 796529 bytes, checksum: 5e16538a32b063bcef781b76b10382c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T14:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cs_me_araiq_par.pdf: 796529 bytes, checksum: 5e16538a32b063bcef781b76b10382c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos sobre o estudo químico e biológico dos fungos endolíticos Nodulisporium sp. e Microascus sp. associados à alga vermelha Asparagopsis taxiformis. Para tanto, fez-se uso das técnicas cromatográficas de separação CLAE (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência), CG-EM (cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas) e cromatografia em coluna (CC), além da avaliação dos potenciais antifúngico, anticolinesterásico e citotóxico dos extratos brutos, frações e subfrações de Nodulisporium sp. e Microascus sp. O estudo químico levou ao isolamento de quatro substâncias pertencentes à classe das diidroisocumarinas (substâncias S1, S2, S10 e S11), duas dicetopiperazinas (substâncias S3 e S4), um composto fenólico (S12), uma isoflavona (S8), um derivado hidroxiimino (S9), uma mistura contendo uma amida (S5) e um diol vicinal (S6), além do isolamento de um composto aromático (substância S7), ainda em fase de identificação. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram identificadas com base nos dados espectroscópicos de ressonância magnética nuclear uni e bidimensional (RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C, TOCSY-1D, HSQC, HMBC, COSY e HSQC-TOCSY), UV-Vis e espectrometria de massas (EM). Comporta ressaltar que o diol vicinal (S6) está sendo descrito pela primeira vez na literatura e que as demais substâncias isoladas não haviam sido relatadas para os gêneros Nodulisporium ou Microascus. A avaliação das atividades antifúngica e anticolinesterásica evidenciaram o potencial de bioatividade de extratos e frações de Nodulisporium sp. e Microascus sp, sendo reveladas atividades forte e moderada frente às enzimas acetilcolinesterase humana e de enguia elétrica. Este é o primeiro estudo químico e biológico relatado na literatura para os endófitos Nodulisporium sp. e Microascus sp. associados à alga vermelha Asparagopsis taxiformis e seus resultados promissores destacam a elevada quimiodiversidade dos extratos e frações dos fungos endofíticos obtidos do ambiente marinho, bem como seu potencial de bioatividade. Evidenciam ainda a importância de se aprofundar os estudos destas linhagens fúngicas visando contribuições relevantes na busca de protótipos para novos agentes terapêuticos através da exploração sustentável da biodiversidade marinha brasileira. / This work presents results from the chemical and biological study of endophytic fungal strains of Nodulisporium sp and Microascus sp associated to the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis. Chromatographic separation techniques as HPLC, GC-MS and CC have been used in addition to bioassays for evaluation of the antifungal, anticholinesterasic and cytotoxic potential of crude extracts, fractions and subfractions of Nodulisporium sp and Microascus sp fungal strains. The chemical study led to the isolation of four dihydroisocoumarins (compounds S1, S2, S10 and S11), two diketopiperazines (compounds S3 and S4), one phenolic compound (S12), one isoflavone (S8), one hydroxyl-imino derivative (S9), a mixture containing one amide (S5) and one novel vicinal diol (S6), in addition to one aromatic compound (compounds S7) still under structural investigation. Their structures were identified based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR, TOCSY-1D, HSQC, HMBC, COSY and HSQC-TOCSY), UV-Vis and mass spectrometry (MS). Compound S6 is an aliphatic vicinal diol and is herein described as a novel compound whereas the remaining compounds had not been described before neither for Nodulisporium nor Microascus genera. Antifungal and anticholinesterase activities evaluation of extracts and fractions of Nodulisporium sp e Microascus sp evidenced their strong and moderate potential against human and electric eel acetylcholinesterase enzymes. This is the first report on the chemical and biological studies of endophytic fungi Nodulisporium sp and Microascus sp, associated to the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis. Their promising results highlight the outstanding chemodiversity of extracts and fractions from such fungal strains from marine environment as well as their bioactivity potential. They also evidence the importance of further investigating such fungal strains aiming at relevant contributions in the search for novel therapeutic agents through sustainable exploration of Brazilian marine biodiversity.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique des proliférations algales, mené sur le genre d'algues rouges Asparagopsis en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Pour répondre aux questions concernant la nature des proliférations récentes de ces algues sur les récifs calédoniens, l'étude a été réalisée en deux temps. Premièrement, l'identification des espèces et des lignées présentes sur le territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ont été réalisées en regard de la diversité du genre à une échelle mondiale. Grâce à un échantillonnage élargi et à un effort plus conséquent par localité, une nouvelle lignée pour A. taxiformis, et un nouveau clade pour A. armata ont été mis en évidence. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, seule la lignée nouvellement décrite a été identifiée. La distribution et la diversité génétique de cette lignée soutient fortement l'hypothèse qu'elle est dans son aire de distribution naturelle en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Puis, dans une seconde partie l'attention a été portée sur la diversité et la structure génétique des populations d'Asparagopsis en Nouvelle-Calédonie en lien avec un suivi terrain saisonnier de quatre populations sur trois années successives permettant de caractériser les variations d'abondance de ces algues. Ces études sur le terrain ainsi que la structure génétique des populations démontrent que les blooms précédemment décrits correspondent à des variations naturelles d'un cycle de vie saisonnier, d'une espèce qui peut ponctuellement se reproduire de façon clonale. L'ensemble de ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives de recherche futures concernant la taxonomie intégrative, l'étude des processus de spéciation et l'écologie de la reproduction. / Seaweeds proliferations may cause major issues to the ecosystems health, and especially in tropical coral reefs. The nature of theses proliferations and the species involved are two essential points to identify before taking environmental management measures. In this context, this study focused on the red algal genus Asparagopsis in New Caledonia. This work comprises two parts that aim to answer to the origins of the recent proliferations observed on Caledonian reefs. First, species and lineage identification occurring in New Caledonia were performed together with a study of the diversity at a worldwide scale. To achieve this, the sampling was extended to overlooked regions. Thanks to this enlarged sampling together with a higher sampling effort per site, a new lineage for A. taxiformis, that are now five and a new clade for A. armata were highlighted. In New Caledonia, only one lineage that has never been described was identified. Distribution and genetic diversity of this lineage highly support the hypothesis of a natural distribution area in New Caledonia. In a second part, attention was made on diversity and genetic structure of Asparagopsis populations in New Caledonia in relation with a seasonal monitoring of four populations for three consecutive years, allowing the characterization of abundance fluctuations of the algae. Field studies with population genetics revealed that blooms previously described were in fact natural fluctuation of a seasonal life cycle of a species that may occasionally reproduce clonally. All of these results revealed many research perspectives, in particular on integrative taxonomy, speciation process study and reproduction ecology.

Submitted by REBECA PREVIATE MEDINA null (rebecapm_2@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-12T01:22:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese completa final.pdf: 17929997 bytes, checksum: 2ca69cdbb8845123f617feff1388a3eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-12T20:30:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medina_rp_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1819041 bytes, checksum: 6a9b96f8294269d0ff2fc5f05f6dd74b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T20:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medina_rp_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1819041 bytes, checksum: 6a9b96f8294269d0ff2fc5f05f6dd74b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os Produtos Naturais desempenham um papel dominante na descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento de diversas doenças. Com isso, a busca por novas fontes de substâncias bioativas tem se intensificado, com destaque para estudos realizados com organismos e micro-organismos marinhos. As algas vermelhas marinhas (Rhodophyta) são as principais produtoras de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos dentre as algas e produzem principalmente substâncias halogenadas. Dentre os micro-organismos, podemos destacar os fungos endofíticos de algas marinhas, pois apresentam alta diversidade de espécies e diversidade estrutural dos metabólitos secundários, os quais têm mostrado potencial antitumoral, antimicrobiano e antifúngico. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo explorar o potencial das algas vermelhas Asparagopsis taxiformis (estágio Falkenbergia) e Pyropia spiralis, bem como de seus fungos endofíticos, como fontes de substâncias bioativas. O estudo de A. taxiformis e de P. spiralis levou à identificação de dezesseis substâncias por CG-EM, como os ácidos eicosapentaenóico e araquidônico, além de nucleosídeos, como a uridina e a timidina, obtidos de A. taxiformis, e a uridina e a inosina, obtidas de P. spiralis. Os extratos brutos e frações das algas estudadas foram avaliados frente ao fungo fitopatogênico Cladosporium sphaerospermum, frente à enzima acetilcolinesterase e frente a linhagens tumorais de carcinoma de ovário (OVCAR-8), adenocarcinoma de cólon humano (HCT-116) e glioblastoma - humano (SF-295), sendo que os mesmos não apresentaram atividades antifúngica e anticolinesterásica significativas e apenas as frações hexânicas e butanólicas de ambas as algas apresentaram atividade citotóxica moderada frente à linhagem SF-295. Em relação ao estudo dos micro-organismos associados às algas, foi possível isolar sete linhagens de fungos endofíticos da alga A. taxiformis e três linhagens de P. spiralis, que foram cultivadas em meio de batata e dextrose (MBD) preparado com água do mar ou água ultra pura. Após o período de incubação, foram obtidos os extratos brutos em acetato de etila, que foram avaliados quanto ao perfil químico por CLAE e RMN, e perfil biológico por meio dos bioensaios in vitro. Após a prospecção inicial, Nemania bipapillata (AT-05), Sarocladium strictum (PS-01), Annulohypoxylon stygium (AT-03) e Hypoxylon sp. (AT-06) foram selecionados para investigação. O estudo de N. bipapillata, cultivado em água do mar e MBD, levou ao isolamento da dicetopiperazina ciclo(Pro-Tir), tirosol e das isocumarinas, (3R)-5-hidroximetil-meleína e (3R)-5-carbóxi-meleína. Ao cultivar essa linhagem fúngica em água ultra pura e MDB, foram isolados dois norsesquiterpenos e três sesquiterpenos do tipo botriano inéditos na literatura e um conhecido, 4β-acetoxi-9β,10β,15α-triidroxiprobotridial. A análise do extrato bruto de S. strictum, cultivado em água ultra pura e MDB, levou à identificação em mistura de duas dicetopiperazinas e ao isolamento da isoflavona daidzeína e de seis ftalatos naturais, dos quais dois ainda não foram descritos na literatura e nem sintetizados. A. stygium e Hypoxylon sp. foram cultivados em água do mar e MDB, sendo que A. stygium forneceu o pirogalol, que apresentou atividade contra Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, além do tirosol e (˗)-(3R,4R)-3,4,5-triidróxi-tetralona, enquanto Hypoxylon sp. forneceu (3R)-scytalona, (3R,4R)-4-hidróxi-scytalona e daidzeína. Portanto, esses resultados ressaltam a importância da investigação dos organismos marinhos, bem como de seus micro-organismos associados, e contribuem para o conhecimento da quimiodiversidade de organismos de origem marinha da costa brasileira, ainda sub-explorada do ponto de vista químico. / Natural Products have a major role in the discovery and development of new drugs used for diseases treatments. Thus, the search for new sources of bioactive compounds has been intensified and studies have increasingly focused on marine organisms and microorganisms. Marine red algae (Rhodophyta) are the major producers of biologically active secondary metabolites among algae, and biosynthesize mainly halogenated compounds. Among microorganisms, we highlight endophytic fungi from marine algae, as they present marked species diversity as well as structural diversity of secondary metabolites. Such metabolites have shown interesting potential as antitumor, antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Therefore, this project aimed to explore the potential of red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis (Falkenbergia stage) and Pyropia spiralis and their endophytic fungi, as novel sources of bioactive compounds. The study of A. taxiformis and P. spiralis led to identification of sixteen compounds by GC-MS, as eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids, in addition to nucleosides uridine and thymidine, obtained from A. taxiformis, and uridine and inosine, obtained from P. spiralis. The crude extracts and fractions from the studied algae were evaluated against phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum, against acetylcholinesterase enzyme and against tumor cell lines of ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-8), human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) and human glioblastoma (SF-295). No significant antifungal or acetylcholinesterase activities were observed, whereas the hexane and butanol fractions from both algae showed moderate cytotoxicity against SF-295 cell line. As for the study on the microorganisms associated to algae, seven endophytic fungi strains were isolated from A. taxiformis and three strains from P. spiralis, which were cultivated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) prepared with either sea water or ultra pure water. After incubation, the ethyl acetate crude extracts were obtained and evaluated for their chemical and biological profiles, by HPLC, NMR and in vitro bioassays, respectively. After the preliminary prospection, Nemania bipapillata (AT-05), Sarocladium strictum (PS-01), Annulohypoxylon stygium (AT-03) and Hypoxylon sp. (AT-06) were selected for further investigation. The study of N. bipapillata, cultivated in sea water and PDB, led to isolation of diketopiperazine cyclo(Pro-Tyr), tyrosol and isocoumarins, (3R)-5-hydroxymethylmellein and (3R)-5-carboxymellein. Cultivation of this fungal strain in ultra pure water and PDB afforded two botryane-type norsesquiterpenes and three sesquiterpenes, unprecedent compounds in the literature and one known, 4β-acetoxy-9β,10β,15α-trihydroxyprobotrydial. Analysis of the crude extract from S. strictum, cultivated in ultra pure water and PDB, afforded a mixture of two diketopiperazines, in addition to isoflavone daidzein and six natural phthalates, including two novel ones which had been neither described in the literature nor synthesized. A. stygium and Hypoxylon sp. were cultivated in sea water and PDB, and A. stygium afforded pyrogallol, which was active against Escherichia coli and methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in addition to tyrosol and (˗)-(3R,4R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-tetralone. Hypoxylon sp. afforded (3R)-scytalone, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-scytalone and daidzein. Such results highlight the importance of research on marine organisms and their associated microorganisms, and contribute to the knowledge of chemodiversity of marine organisms from the still chemically underexplored Brazilian coast.