published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Psychiatry / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

The consolidation of Taiwanese identity in recent years has been accompanied by two interrelated paradoxes: a continued language shift from local Taiwanese languages to Mandarin Chinese, and the increasing subordination of the Hoklo majority culture in ethnic policy and public identity discourses. While the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) gradually relaxed its Mandarin-only policy following democratization in the late 1980s, the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) made little change to Taiwan’s language regime during its two-term presidency (2000-2008). Rejecting proposals for the co-officialization of the Hoklo majority language (generally referred to as Taiwanese), the DPP government instead vainly put forward proposals for the recognition of all of Taiwan’s languages (Mandarin, Hoklo, Hakka, as well as the languages of 12 Aboriginal groups) as equal national languages. What explains the limited success of Taiwanese language normalization and the marginalization of the Hoklo majority culture in the process of Taiwanese identity consolidation? This dissertation tries to answer this question through an analysis of the Taiwanese linguistic normalization movement, with a focus on local language education, standardization, and official recognition. This research is based on extensive fieldwork including in-depth elite interviews, analysis of legislative records and official documents, and quantitative analysis of large-N survey data. This dissertation is framed as a response to David Laitin’s work on linguistic normalization, which regards language and identity shifts as overlapping phenomena and posits that nationalist leaders have an incentive to promote a shift to local culture so as to create a cultural basis for political autonomy claims. In contrast, this dissertation argues that Taiwan’s counterintuitive ethnolinguistic outcomes are largely attributable to the ethnic structure of the party cleavage, itself based on national identity. In fact, the ethnolinguistic distribution of the electorate across cleavage categories has led parties to adopt distinctive strategies in an attempt to broaden their ethnic support bases. On the one hand, the DPP and KMT have strived to play down their respective de-Sinicization and Sinicization ideologies as well as their Hoklo and Chinese ethnocultural cores, a strategy I refer to as ethnonationalist underbidding. On the other hand, parties have competed to portray themselves as the legitimate protectors of minority interests by promoting Hakka and Aboriginal cultures, a strategy I term minority-oriented outbidding. The concomitant logics of underbidding and outbidding have discouraged parties from appealing to ethnonationalist rhetoric, prompting them to express their antagonistic ideologies of Taiwanese and Chinese nationalism through typically liberal conceptions of language rights. The fact that Taiwanese nationalism has been centred on the democratic institutions of the Republic of China rather than Taiwanese ethnocultural distinctiveness has further legitimated the continuation of Mandarin as common language. In addition to providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the Taiwanese language normalization movement, this dissertation proposes a reassessment of the relationship between national culture and identity by expounding the fundaments of a simple model of cultural regime creation based on cross-cleavage ethnolinguistic distributions, variables that are largely absent in Laitin’s work. / published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This study develops an improved method for understanding economic production relationships in small scale fisheries. This method postulates that gross revenue is a function of physical input quantities, and is based upon the transcendental logarithmic function to derive factor share equations for each of the five inputs in the model. The translog form was selected because of its flexibility, non-constant elasticity of substitution, and input interaction to give a more realistic representation of production relationships in small scale fisheries. The model was tested using cross-sectional data from a cost and earning survey on the Florida reef fishery. The joint generalized least squares procedure for seemingly uncorrelated equations was used for the parameters estimation. A total of 68 observations were used. The estimation results were not very encouraging because of the poor response of the model. This may in part be attributable to inconsistencies shown by the data. The translog gross revenue function, was also estimated. The result showed good response. However, the model was characterized by multicollinearity and sensitivity of parameters to variable substitution. Similar results and characteristics were obtained when the Cobb- Douglas function was estimated. These results were also influenced by the size and the characteristics of the data set. The method presented here for estimating economic production relationships in small scale fisheries is attractive because (1) factor share and output elasticities are a function of the inputs and (2) it allows varying the inputs in bundles instead of individually, which is more realistic for policy analysis. Further testing of this model is encouraged using a larger and more accurate data set. / Graduation date: 1987

The purposes of the research presented in this thesis were to: (l) assess the nutritional status of vegetarian and nonvegetarian Seventh-day Adventists (SDA), non-SDA non-vegetarians, and non-vegetarian hormone dependent cancer subjects; (2) determine the relationship of various blood and urinary biochemical parameters to dietary intake; (3) determine hormonal status in these populations; (4) correlate hormonal status with nutrient intake; and (5) suggest alterations in the diet which may deter the incidence of breast cancer. Adult males and females were recruited from the Corvallis area, and the group was comprised of 51 SDA vegetarians (SV), 16 SDA non-vegetarians (SNV), 53 non-vegetarians (NV), and 18 hormone dependent cancer subjects (HDCS). A fasting blood sample, 24-hour urine collection, and 3-day dietary intake information were obtained from each subject. The nutrient intake parameters measured were: food energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, ascorbic acid, saturated fat, linoleic and oleic acids, and cholesterol. The blood and urine parameters measured were: plasma estrone, estradiol, estriol, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cholesterol, triglyceride, pyridoxal phosphate, and whole blood selenium; urinary urea nitrogen, 4- pyridoxic acid, vitamin B-6, and creatinine. Three-day diet records were analyzed from a computerized nutrient data base. High levels of protein, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin were consumed by males and females alike. Similar levels of vitamin A and linoleic acid were consumed by all groups. Overall, the SV were consuming significantly more carbohydrate, thiamin and ascorbic acid than non-vegetarian groups; while, the non-vegetarians were consuming significantly more energy, protein, fat, saturated fat, oleic acid, cholesterol, calcium, riboflavin, and niacin than SV. In 2$% and 26% of all women, iron and vitamin B-6 intakes were below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Approximately 50% of the SDA population consume vegetarian diets, which may contain higher amounts of fiber than NV diets and may adversely affect their vitamin B-6 (B-6) and selenium (Se) status. Groups of male and female SV, SNV, NV, and HDCS were subdivided into vitamin users and non-users for B-6 comparisons. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) was determined by an enzymatic method. Urinary B-6 (UB6), 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) and whole blood Se were determined by microbiological and fluorometric methods. No significant differences were found for PLP, 4PA, UB6, dietary B-6 (DB6), B-6:protein ratios, or % of DB6 intake excreted as 4PA between male or female SV, SNV, and NV groups. Male PLP, 4PA, UB6 and DB6 intake mean values were higher than female levels. Hormone dependent cancer subjects currently receiving chemotherapy had significantly lower PLP levels than non-therapeutic HDCS. An extensive evaluation of the interrelationships among urine and blood B-6 metabolites was done to assess B-6 nutritional status. Vitamin B-6 status of SV, SNV, and NV did not differ. Selenium levels of the SV, SNV, NV, and HDCS were low and well below values reported elsewhere in the United States, but similar in all groups. Seventh-day Adventists endocrine related cancer rates are lower than the general population. Investigation of the relationships between diet and plasma estrone (El), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and prolactin (PRL) levels for SV, SNV, NV, and HDCS was done. Also, estimation of dietary fat (F) intake from 32 F containing foods was determined from a questionnaire reflecting the dietary intakes of 14 SV and 9 NV premenopausal women during the past year. All hormone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. The premenopausal SV were consuming approximately 25% less F than NV, and used significantly less fried foods (P [less than or equal to] 0.01). Premenopausal NV plasma levels of El and E2, but not E3, were significantly greater than that of SV (P [less than or equal to] 0.02; P [less than or equal to] 0.05). Comparisons of the other male or female SV and NV groups El, E2, E3, DHEA-S, and PRL levels were not different. Regression analysis of the questionnaire data revealed no significant positive correlations between F intake and SV or NV premenopausal levels of any of the three estrogens. However, according to regression analysis involving 3-day dietary intake averages, premenopausal SV E2 and E3 levels were positively correlated with intakes of linoleic acid and protein (P [less than or equal to] 0.05; P [less than or equal to] 0.01); also, premenopausal NV prolactin levels were correlated with intakes of oleic and linoleic acids, and total fat (P [less than or equal to] 0.005; P [less than or equal to] 0.02; P [less than or equal to] O.Ol). Therefore, based on these findings and other current evidence, it may be wise for premenopausal women to reduce meat intake and other products of high fat content. / Graduation date: 1981

Recently, high carbohydrate diets were recommended for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. All aspects of these diets, however, have not been fully tested — particularly in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of high carbohydrate, low fat diets (HCLFD) on blood glucose regulation, lipoprotein and apoprotein concentrations and nutritional status in IDDM. Six women with IDDM were studied in the Clinical Research Center for ten weeks. The study was divided into a control diet (CD) with 45% CHO, 40% fat, and 15% protein for four weeks, and a HCLFD with 65% CHO, 20% fat, and 15% protein for six weeks. Subjects were allowed free selection of their carbohydrate and fiber sources during both diet periods. The resulting selections produced diets with approximately equal proportions of complex and simple carbohydrates (49% and 51%, respectively) and moderate quantities of dietary fiber (50 g) during the HCLFD. Weekly fasting and pre-prandial serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, and daily 24 hr. urine glucose excretion and insulin dose were not significantly different between the two periods. Total plasma, LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations (p<.05). and apopproteins AI (p<.001), B (p<.01) and CIII (p<.05) were significantly lower, VLDL cholesterol (p<.05), total plasma (p<.01) and VLDL (p<.001) triglycerides were significantly higher, and apoproteins AII and E were unchanged during the HCLFD. Lipoprotein and apoprotein concentrations were independent of glycemic control. There were no significant changes in any of the nutritional parameters tested. All except vitamin B₆ were within their respective normal ranges. Whole blood and plasma vitamin B₆, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate fell below the lower limits, even though dietary intakes were adequate. The present study suggest that HCLFD did not adversely affect glycemic control in IDDM, and demonstrated a potentially beneficial lowering of total and LDL cholesterol concentrations independent of glycemic control. Finally, nutritional status appeared unaltered as a result of HCLFD. The lower levels of the B₆ vitamers in IDDM demonstrated in this study suggest that the relationship between diabetes and vitamin B₆ status needs to be investigated further. / Graduation date: 1982

Growing demand for limited quantities of fish has led to systematic planning for the conservation and management of U.S. fishery resources. There is a need for better understanding of the complex biological and social environment on which regulation for conservation, social, and economic purposes is imposed. The behavior of commercial fishermen, who in many instances use multi-purpose vessels to exploit multi-species fisheries, is difficult to assess and predict. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze selected aspects of Oregon commercial fishing fleets. The focus of this study is on the short-run decision-making behavior of Oregon trawl fishermen for the period 1974-1979. A general review of the activities of Oregon's multi-purpose fishing fleets is followed by an attempt to measure the responses of trawl vessel operators to varying economic and biological conditions. Several models of the short-run allocation of fishing time by a multi-purpose vessel operator are developed. The limited amount of economic literature on multi-purpose fleet behavior is briefly reviewed. An important feature not explicitly recognized in the theoretical models is that fishermen operate in an uncertain environment. Fishermen are hypothesized to react to expectations about economic returns in the fisheries which they can exploit. Simple Nerlovian agricultural supply response models were adapted for statistical analysis of the allocation of fishing time. Fishermen's short-run behavior was hypothesized to depend on expectations of current rather than normal returns to fishing time. Four versions of models which explain allocation of fishing time for a stable subfleet of trawl vessels were estimated using ordinary least squares regression. Monthly days of fishing by fishery were significantly explained by variables representing expected gross revenues per unit of effort, weather conditions and seasonal regulations. The analysis also indicates that fishermen are able to respond rapidly to perceived variations in gross returns. In the shrimp and crab fisheries, elasticities of days fished with respect to expected gross returns were estimated to be in the range of 0.45 to 0.40. Regulatory implications are that: (1) fisheries managers need to monitor the effects of regulation with little delay and (2) the use of taxes and subsidies to shift significant amounts of effort among fisheries is not likely to be successful. Additional research effort could profitably be spent to refine measurement of the explanatory variables, or to measure the response of individual fishermen to suitable explanatory variables. / Graduation date: 1982

The federal government has spent considerable sums of money to rehabilitate range lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). These investments have had varying effects on the production and utilization of forage on these lands. One of the most surprising results, according to BLM officials, of the investments undertaken during the Vale Project has been the increased productivity of native lands in the Vale District of the BLM. This study was initiated to examine these effects and to evaluate the investments that have been undertaken during the project. The theoretical relationships that exist between the production, utilization, and administration of resources were developed to explain how various range improvements may affect forage production. This body of theory was also used to develop two hypotheses. The first hypothesis stated that increased forage production on native lands in the Vale District have resulted from increased forage production on improved areas. The second hypothesis stated that increased forage on improved areas have resulted from increased production of native areas in the Vale District. Parameters of a system of simultaneous equations were estimated by least squares using cost and forage response data obtained from BLM officials at the Vale District. Statistical tests, based on the preceding parameter estimates, indicated that forage production on native lands has been significantly affected by forage production on improved areas (first hypothesis). These tests also indicated that increased forage production on native areas has increased the production of forage on improved areas. Parameter estimates were also used to evaluate the returns necessary to earn a five percent return on the investments undertaken during the Vale Project. This evaluation indicated that an Animal Unit Month (AUM) of federal forage must be worth more than $6.00 for spray and seed areas, $5.00 for spray areas, $2.50 for native areas, $2.00 for plow and seed areas, and $1.00 for Old Rehab areas. Three major conclusions were derived from the results of this study. First, utilization rates have significant bearing on the returns that may be expected from an investment for range improvement. Second, investments that increase the production of forage in one area can affect the production of forage in other areas if utilization practices (management of the forage resource) such as those used by the BLM are followed. Third, many of the rehabilitation projects that have been undertaken by the BLM during the Vale Project have yielded less than a five percent return on the investments. / Graduation date: 1971