Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques évaluatives en contexte d’enseignement universitaire. Alors qu’à une certaine époque les études universitaires étaient réservées à l’élite de la population, elles sont dorénavant accessibles à une plus grande proportion de celle-ci. Les pratiques pédagogiques traditionnelles se limitaient souvent à la transmission des savoirs de manière magistrale et à des examens oraux ou écrits. Elles sont maintenant appelées à changer étant donné le contexte mouvant dans les établissements universitaires. En effet, la mission des établissements d’enseignement évolue pour former davantage des personnes « apprenantes pour la vie », des approches par compétences sont de plus en plus adoptées, notamment dans les programmes visant la professionnalisation des personnes apprenantes, l’omniprésence du numérique dans la vie quotidienne comme dans les classes modifie le rapport aux savoirs, et une population étudiante de plus en plus diversifiée fréquente l’université. Pour s’actualiser au regard de ce contexte mouvant, l’évaluation des apprentissages est amenée à se transformer pour soutenir davantage l’apprentissage et le développement des compétences de toutes les personnes étudiantes. En effet, une évaluation intégrée à l’apprentissage optimise le temps passé en classe en permettant aux personnes étudiantes de poursuivre leurs apprentissages tout en étant évaluées. De plus, elle favoriserait un engagement accru des personnes étudiantes, et ce, indépendamment de leurs caractéristiques personnelles soutenant ainsi la réussite d’un plus grand nombre. À cet égard, une évaluation à la fois inclusive et en soutien à l’apprentissage semble placer les personnes apprenantes au centre de la démarche dans laquelle leur formation est priorisée et valorisée. Or, de tels changements au niveau des pratiques enseignantes et évaluatives requièrent de s’intéresser aux façons de soutenir le personnel enseignant universitaire lequel n’a généralement pas ou peu de formation en pédagogie et encore moins en évaluation. Alors que de nombreux dispositifs de formation ou d’accompagnement formel sont mobilisés dans les établissements, plusieurs affirment que le développement professionnel réalisé de manière informelle est tout aussi efficace, voire davantage. Ainsi, l’objectif général de cette thèse est de documenter le développement et la mise en œuvre de pratiques évaluatives inclusives et en soutien à l’apprentissage par des personnes enseignant à l’université, ainsi que la perception qu’en ont les personnes étudiantes. Pour ce faire, les concepts entourant les pratiques évaluatives ainsi que les façons de les mettre en œuvre, d’une approche traditionnelle à une approche inclusive, sont exposés. De plus, le concept de développement professionnel est défini et le modèle de Clarke et Hollingsworth (2002) est mobilisé pour soutenir la compréhension du processus engagé par les personnes enseignantes. La mobilisation de ces concepts nous permettra d’atteindre les trois objectifs spécifiques suivants : O1 – Décrire les pratiques évaluatives déclarées et effectives de personnes enseignant à l’université en lien avec les caractéristiques de l’évaluation-soutien d’apprentissage et de l’évaluation inclusive ; O2 – Rendre compte de la perception des personnes étudiantes des caractéristiques de l’évaluation inclusive et en soutien à l’apprentissage présentes dans les modalités d’évaluation employées lors de leur cours universitaire ; O3 – Déterminer l’apport de la participation des personnes enseignantes au projet de recherche dans leur développement professionnel relatif aux pratiques évaluatives inclusives et en soutien à l’apprentissage. En adoptant une approche qualitative ancrée dans un paradigme participatif, cette recherche offre un regard approfondi et complexe des démarches évaluatives menées dans quatre cours de facultés différentes à l’Université de Montréal. Il en ressort notamment des exemples concrets de mises en œuvre de pratiques inclusives et en soutien à l’apprentissage ce qui avait peu été fait dans la littérature à ce jour. Ainsi, des façons de faire liées à l’intégration de l’évaluation dans l'apprentissage, notamment en adoptant une approche par projet, en constituant différemment les équipes de travail, en favorisant l’autorégulation ou la régulation par les pairs, et en assurant la transparence des tâches évaluatives et des critères d’évaluation sont observées. De plus, des entretiens semi-dirigés et des entretiens de groupe ont permis de comprendre les perceptions de personnes étudiantes (n = 17) sur ces pratiques, lesquelles sont généralement positives. Toutefois, un manque de clarté quant aux façons de réaliser ces mises en œuvre suscite des perceptions nuancées ou mitigées chez les personnes étudiantes, qui remettent également en question la cohérence de certaines pratiques avec les objectifs de la formation. Ainsi, les pratiques évaluatives inclusives et en soutien à l’apprentissage pour lesquelles des perceptions nuancées ou mitigées émergent évoquent davantage le besoin de développer une meilleure compréhension de l’évaluation chez la population étudiante et des compétences du corps enseignant dans le développement de modalités d’évaluations inclusives et en soutien à l’apprentissage que de freiner leur mise en œuvre. Finalement, l’observation de personnes enseignantes (n = 8) et l’interaction avec celles-ci, de la préparation du cours à la remise des notes, sur tout un trimestre a permis de mettre en évidence l’apport des échanges informels transversaux au projet de recherche relativement à leur développement professionnel. Plus précisément, quatre parcours de développement professionnel vécu à travers la participation au projet de recherche ont été dégagés, une version actualisée du modèle interconnecté de Clarke et Hollingsworth (2002) a été proposé prenant en considération les intentions des personnes participantes et leurs besoins de soutien pour mieux comprendre les effets de leurs pratiques, et l’observation directe en classe a été identifiée comme un outil pouvant soutenir une actualisation rapide des pratiques. De surcroit, le fait d’observer le développement professionnel à partir d’échanges informels au cours d’un projet de recherche plutôt qu’à partir d’un dispositif formel de formation apporte un regard inédit sur celui-ci. En conclusion, les données collectées lors de la réalisation de cette thèse campent les pratiques évaluatives inclusives et en soutien à l’apprentissage dans une perspective interactionniste qu’il serait pertinent d’approfondir. En effet, la négociation de l’évaluation, qui passe par la prise en compte des caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes, par la valorisation des interactions entre l’équipe enseignante et les personnes étudiantes, ainsi que par les rétroactions et les communications visant à rendre la démarche évaluative plus transparente, permet d’avancer vers une compréhension commune des attentes tout en plaçant les personnes évaluées dans des conditions d’évaluation les plus optimales possibles. Ces pratiques évaluatives s’inscrivent dans une approche de l’évaluation humaniste et s’insèrent finalement au cœur d’une relation humaine dont il faut prendre soin, ce qui représente une perspective encore non explorée de l’évaluation à l’enseignement universitaire. / This thesis explores assessment practices in the context of university education. While access to university has traditionally been reserved for a certain elite of the population, it is now accessible to a larger part of the population. Traditional practices, in which knowledge was imparted in a lecture-style format and verified by oral or written exams, are bound to change, given the evolving context in which university institutions operate. In fact, the mission of institutions is evolving to form more "lifelong learners", competency-based approaches are increasingly being adopted, particularly in programs aimed at the professionalization of learners, the omnipresence of technology in everyday life as well as in the classroom is changing the relationship to knowledge, and an expanding and diverse student population is attending university. To keep abreast of this changing context, learning assessment needs to evolve to better support the learning and competencies development of all students. In fact, assessment integrated to learning optimizes the time spent in class, enabling students to continue learning while being assessed. It also encourages greater student engagement, regardless of personal characteristics, thereby supporting the success of a greater number of students. In this light, the emergence of so-called "humanistic" assessment, which is both inclusive and supportive of learning, seems to place learners at the center of the process, in which their progress is prioritized and valued. However, such changes in teaching and assessment practices require attention to ways of supporting university teaching staff, who generally have little or no training in pedagogy and even less in assessment. While there are many formal training and support mechanisms in place in institutions, many argue that informal professional development is just as effective, if not more so. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis is to document the development and implementation of more humanistic assessment practices by university lecturers, as well as their perception by students. To this end, the concepts surrounding assessment practices and the ways in which they are implemented, from a traditional to a humanistic approach, are outlined. Professional development is also defined, and Clarke and Hollingsworth’s (2002) model is mobilized to support understanding of the processes engaged by teachers. The mobilization of these concepts will enable us to achieve the following three specific objectives: O1 - Identify the humanistic characteristics of the declared and effective assessment practices of university teachers; O2 - Report on students’ perceptions of the humanistic criteria of the assessment methods used in their university courses; O3 - Distinguish the contribution of teachers' participation in the research project to their professional development in relation to humanistic assessment practices. Adopting a qualitative approach grounded in a participatory paradigm, this research offers an intimate and complex look at assessment practices in four different faculty courses at the Université de Montréal. Concrete examples of the implementation of humanistic practices emerge, which have been little documented in the literature so far, such as ways of integrating assessment into learning, notably by adopting a project-based approach, different ways of forming work teams, ways of encouraging self-regulation or peer regulation, and multiple ways of ensuring the transparency of assessment tasks and criteria. In addition, semi-structured interviews and group interviews were used to understand 17 students’ perceptions of these practices, which were generally positive. However, a lack of consistency or clarity in the practices experienced led to nuanced or mixed perceptions among the students, who also questioned the alignment of certain practices with the program’s objectives. Thus, the humanistic practices for which nuanced or shared perceptions emerge more evoke the need to develop a better understanding of assessment among the student population and the skills of teaching staff in the development of humanistic assessment modalities than to slow down the implementation of these practices. Finally, this research, which enabled us to observe and interact with 8 teachers over the course of a whole term, from lesson preparation to grading, highlighted the contribution of informal exchanges across the research project to their professional development. In this way, the project was able to identify four paths of professional development experienced through participation in the research project, to propose an updated version of Clarke and Hollingsworth’s (2002) interconnected model, taking into account the intentions of the participants and their needs for support to better understand the effects of their practices, and to highlight the fact that direct observation in the classroom can lead to rapid updating of practices. Moreover, observing professional development from informal exchanges during a research project, rather than from a formal training device, provides a new perspective on it. In conclusion, this thesis places humanist assessment practices in an interactionist perspective that could be explored in further study. Indeed, the negotiation of assessment, which involves acknowledging the characteristics of individual students, valuing the interactions between the teaching team and the students, and providing feedback and communication to make the assessment process more transparent, enables progress to be made towards a shared understanding of expectations, while placing those being assessed in the best possible assessment conditions for them. In the final analysis, these more humanist assessment practices are central to a human relationship that needs to be cultivated, which represents an unexplored aspect of assessment in university teaching.

This study focused on learners’ assessment practices in overcrowded classes in Kamwenge District, Uganda. Apart from a literature review, an empirical investigation based on qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data by the researcher at 4 primary schools in Kamwenge district so as to find answers to the research questions. The empirical findings elicited that all teachers agreed that assessment was useful to them and had a clear idea of what classroom assessment was all about. An interpretive paradigm made it possible for the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of learners’ assessment practices within their school contexts. There was a mismatch between what teachers said they do and what they practiced and this follows that the majority of teachers may have the theoretical knowledge of methods and tools used to assess learners but fail to translate it to classroom practice. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

This study focused on learners’ assessment practices in overcrowded classes in Kamwenge District, Uganda. Apart from a literature review, an empirical investigation based on qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data by the researcher at 4 primary schools in Kamwenge district so as to find answers to the research questions. The empirical findings elicited that all teachers agreed that assessment was useful to them and had a clear idea of what classroom assessment was all about. An interpretive paradigm made it possible for the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of learners’ assessment practices within their school contexts. There was a mismatch between what teachers said they do and what they practiced and this follows that the majority of teachers may have the theoretical knowledge of methods and tools used to assess learners but fail to translate it to classroom practice. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

This study examines discursive assessment practices in a special school for girls identified with a disability in an Arabian-Gulf country. The study is driven by a notable absence of research on girls with disability in the Arab world, and the need for analysing practices that shape their identities and future trajectories. To disclose the mechanisms, processes, and tools influencing the coconstruction of girls' identities by members of a multidisciplinary team, I developed an analytic framework that draws on three theories: systemic functional linguistics, critical genre analysis and sociocultural theory of discourse and identity production. The main data source is the audio-record of conversations that took place at case-conference meetings (CCMs). To describe the genre of a CCM and to disclose what went on, who was involved, and what outcomes were achieved, I constructed three narratives: 'The most relevant thing about us', 'Much ado about everything', and 'Not so great expectations'. These narratives revealed the object, goals, and the outcomes of talk. With respect to the object of talk, or the knowledge underpinning assessment practices, there was much focus on girls' diagnostic histories and scores in IQ tests; they were given a high priority and perceived as key to understanding the girls. Analysis also revealed a resistance to move beyond dichotomous thinking (i.e. girls are either trainable or educable). The goals of talk were to pass on information, to share assessment results, and to list objectives for intervention, each practitioner within her domain of expertise. This mode of passing on - rather than - discussing information and assessment results limited the prospect to benefit from the distributed knowledge of practitioners. The outcomes of talk were mediated by the two preceding discursive actions. A preoccupation with girls' medical diagnosis, and a focus on passing on rather than discussing assessment reinforced deficit thinking. Further, categories assigned to girls stood as self-fulfilling prophesies, and as predictors of girls' future performance. The space to create more positive identities was evident, however, where practitioners knew little about girls' genetic or developmental disabilities. The implications of these objectifying practices are serious with respect to Gulf-Arabian countries and to similar Muslim sociocultural contexts. Perceiving diagnosis as the absolute truth feeds fatalistic beliefs further and results in inactivity and invisibility. Implications are offered for policy and practice and for future research.

The role of the principal can no longer be viewed as merely being a manager and administrator but rather as learning-expert and lifelong learner. Principals are expected to establish appropriate preconditions for effective teaching, learning and assessment, and flow through with interactions aimed at improving teaching and leaning. The problem statement for this study was based on the researcher’s opinion that the lack of knowledge of effective assessment practices by principals as instructional leaders seemed to have a negative influence on teacher’s perceptions of the implementation of quality assessment practices in their respective classrooms. The reason for this challenge is because principals are not involved in the classroom assessment practices, to revise, support and manage the quality of assessment by indentifying teacher’s assessment to them. The purpose of this study was to design a proposed instructional leadership model/ framework to ensure effective and quality assessment practices at school level. This ILQA framework/model was designed from the literature review, findings and personal experience as a principal. The aim of this ILQA framework/model was to support principals understand their roles in the teaching and learning environment in ensuring quality assessment practices at school level. This study investigates how principals execute their roles as instructional leaders in ensuring effective and the implementation of quality assessment practices using structured questionnaire from a sample of 250 respondents and semi structured interviews with five primary school principals in the Free State Department of Basic Education. It was found that to ensure quality assessment practices, principals should understand their role in assessment for learning, assessment of learning and assessment as learning and integrate them into classroom instruction as an important component of quality teaching and learning. In summary the researcher further hopes that when the findings and the recommendations of this study are implemented, it will add value to the school principals’ instructional leadership roles in ensuring quality assessment practices at school level. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

The role of the principal can no longer be viewed as merely being a manager and administrator but rather as learning-expert and lifelong learner. Principals are expected to establish appropriate preconditions for effective teaching, learning and assessment, and flow through with interactions aimed at improving teaching and leaning. The problem statement for this study was based on the researcher’s opinion that the lack of knowledge of effective assessment practices by principals as instructional leaders seemed to have a negative influence on teacher’s perceptions of the implementation of quality assessment practices in their respective classrooms. The reason for this challenge is because principals are not involved in the classroom assessment practices, to revise, support and manage the quality of assessment by indentifying teacher’s assessment to them. The purpose of this study was to design a proposed instructional leadership model/ framework to ensure effective and quality assessment practices at school level. This ILQA framework/model was designed from the literature review, findings and personal experience as a principal. The aim of this ILQA framework/model was to support principals understand their roles in the teaching and learning environment in ensuring quality assessment practices at school level. This study investigates how principals execute their roles as instructional leaders in ensuring effective and the implementation of quality assessment practices using structured questionnaire from a sample of 250 respondents and semi structured interviews with five primary school principals in the Free State Department of Basic Education. It was found that to ensure quality assessment practices, principals should understand their role in assessment for learning, assessment of learning and assessment as learning and integrate them into classroom instruction as an important component of quality teaching and learning. In summary the researcher further hopes that when the findings and the recommendations of this study are implemented, it will add value to the school principals’ instructional leadership roles in ensuring quality assessment practices at school level. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Abstracts in English, Tswana, Venda and Tsonga / The study explored the significance of educator’s assessment practices for learners who experience barriers to learning within the senior phase in Tshwane North District. The goal of the study was to explore the challenges that affect educators’ assessment practices for learners experiencing barriers to learning within Senior Phase. The study used the conceptual system based on the framework recommended by Hargreaves, Earl, and Schmidt (2002). The framework comprised four viewpoints which incorporate technological, cultural, political, and post-modern measurements. The model is exceptionally accommodating in explaining and justifying educator’s assessment practices. A phenomenological case study design was adopted in this study. Qualitative data collection instruments were used to gather data. The participants included 4 educators, 4 Deputy Principals, 4 Institutional Level Support Team (ILST) Coordinators, and 4 School Assessment Team (SAT) Coordinators. In addition, the other participants from District Office included the Head of District Assessment Team (DAT) and the Head of the District Level Support Team (DLST). Content analysis was utilised to dissect the data which was gathered in the study. The study revealed various barriers that hinder assessment practices when assessing learners experiencing barriers to learning. Amongst others overcrowding, non-availability of resources, lack of training of educators in assessing learners experiencing barriers to learning, insufficient parental involvement, insufficient support from the ILST and the DLST emerged as factors which negatively affected educators’ assessment practices in inclusive education classrooms. The results in this study resulted in the development of a Comprehensive Inclusive Classroom Assessment Model (CICAM) for Senior Phase secondary school educators in Tshwane North District. The researcher developed a model which responds to the needs of learners experiencing barriers to learning so that their pedagogical and assessment needs are catered for adequately. The model showed the convergence of different stakeholders which are required on board for inclusive education assessment experience for educators and learners to be effective and efficient as well. It was recommended that inclusive assessment practices should be flexible and provide tailor-made assessment practices which accommodate all learners despite their diversity. In this regard it was further recommended that assessment in inclusive classrooms should be adapted to ensure that assessment practices address the pedagogical and psychological needs of all learners in the classroom. The researcher believes that legitimate and adequate training can provide educators with clarity around what is anticipated of when assessing learners who experience barriers to learning. One of the recommendations is that teacher development and an ongoing support from the Department of Basic Education (DBE) needs to become a priority. / Thutopatlisiso e lebeletse bomaleba jwa ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo tsa barutabana malebana le barutwana ba ba itemogelang dikgoreletsi tsa go ithuta mo Legatong le Legolwane, mo dikolong tsa sekontari mo Kgaolong ya Bokone jwa Tshwane. Maikemisetso a thutopatlisiso e ne e le go lebelela dikgwetlho tse di amang ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo tsa barutababa ba barutwana ba ba itemogelang dikgoreletsi tsa go ithuta mo Legatong le Legolwane. Thutopatlisiso e dirisitse tsamaiso ya dikakanyo, e e ikaegileng ka letlhomeo le le atlenegisitsweng ke Hargreaves, Earl le Schmidt (2002). Letlhomeso le na le dintlhapono di le nne, tse di akaretsang ditekanyetso tsa thekenoloji, setso, sepolotiki le morago ga sejwalejwale. Sekao se mosola thata mo go tlhaloseng le go amogela ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo tsa morutabana. Go dirisitswe thadiso ya thutopatlisiso ya kgetse ya ditiragalo mo thutopatlisisong eno. Go dirisitswe didiriswa tsa kokoanyo ya data tsa molebo o o lebelelang mabaka go kokoanya data. Banni-le-seabe ba akareditse barutabana ba le 4, batlatsabagokgo ba le 4, bagokaganyi ba setlhophatshegetso sa legato la setheo (ILST) ba le 4 le bagokaganyi ba setlhopha sa tlhatlhobo sa sekolo (SAT) ba le 4. Go tlaleletsa, go nnile le banni-le-seabe ba ba tlhophilweng go tswa kwa Kantorong ya Kgaolo, go akarediwa Tlhogo ya Setlhopha sa Tlhatlhobo sa Kgaolo (DAT) le Tlhogo ya Setlhophatshegetso sa Legato la Kgaolo (DLST). Go dirisitswe tokololo ya diteng go lokolola data e e kokoantsweng mo thutopatlisisong. Thutopatlisiso e senotse dikgoreletsi di le mmalwa tse di kgoreletsang ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo fa go tlhatlhobiwa barutwana ba ba itemogelang dikgoreletsi tsa go ithuta. Mo thutopatlisisong, go tlhageletse gore go tlala go feta tekano, go tlhokega ga ditlamelo, tlhaelo ya katiso ya barutabana ya tlhatlhobo ya barutwana ba ba itemogelang dikgoreletsi tsa go ithuta, go se nne le seabe go go lekaneng ga batsadi, le go se nne le tshegetso e e lekaneng go tswa go ILST le DLST ke dintlha dingwe tse di amang ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo tsa barutabana ka tsela e e sa siamang mo diphaposiborutelong tsa thuto tse di akaretsang botlhe. Dipholo tsa thutopatlisiso eno di dirile gore go tlhamiwe sekao se se akaretsang sa tlhatlhobo ya phaposiborutelo e e akaretsang botlhe (CICAM) go dirisiwa ke barutabana ba Legato le Legolwane mo dikolong tsa sekontari mo Kgaolong ya Bokone jwa Tshwane. Mmatlisisi o tlhamile sekao se se tsamaelanang le ditlhokego tsa barutwana ba ba itemogelang dikgoreletsi tsa go ithuta, gore ditlhokego tsa bona tsa thuto le tlhatlhobo di kgotsofadiwe mo go lekaneng. Sekao se bontshitse go kopana ga baamegi ba ba farologaneng, ba ba tlhokegang gore maitemogelo a tlhatlhobo ya thuto e e akaretsang botlhe e nne bokgoni le nonofo mo barutabaneng le mo barutwaneng. Go atlenegisitswe gore ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo e e akaretsang botlhe e tshwanetse go obega mme e tlamele ka ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo tse di diretsweng lebaka tse di tlaa amogelang barutwana, go sa kgathalesege dipharologano tsa bona. Mo ntlheng eno, go atlenegisitswe gape gore tlhatlhobo mo diphaposiborutelong tse di akaretsang botlhe e tshwanetse go fetolwa go netefata gore ditiragatso tsa tlhatlhobo di samagana le ditlhokego tsa thuto le tsa seemo sa tlhaloganyo tsa barutwana botlhe mo phaposiborutelong. Mmatlisisi o dumela gore katiso ya boamaaruri le e e lekaneng e ka sedimosa barutabana malebana le se ba tshwanetseng go se solofela fa ba tlhatlhoba barutwana ba ba itemogelang dikgoreletsi tsa go ithuta. Nngwe ya dikatlenegiso ke gore katiso ya barutabana le tlamelo ya tshegetso e e tswelelang pele go tswa kwa Lefapheng la Thuto ya Motheo (DBE) e nne setlapele. / Ngudo yo wanulusa ndeme ya nyito dza ndingo dza vhadededzi zwi tshi ya kha vhagudiswa vhane vha tshenzhela zwithivheli zwa u guda kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha, zwikoloni zwa sekondari Tshiṱirikini tsha Tshwane Devhula. Tshipikwa tsha ngudo ho vha u wanulusa khaedu dzine dza kwama nyito dza ndingo dza vhadededzi kha vhagudiswa vhane vha tshenzhela zwithivheli zwa u guda kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha. Ṱhoḓisiso yo shumisa sisiṱeme ya muṱalukanyo, yo ḓisendekaho nga furemiweke yo themendelwaho nga Vho Hargreaves, Earl na Schmidt (2002). Furemiweke yo bveledza mbonalo nṋa, dzine dza katela thekhinoḽodzhi, mvelele, poḽotiki, maga a nga murahu ha zwino. Tshiedziswa tshi shumiswa nga maanḓa kha u ṱalutshedza na u khwaṱhisedza nyito dza ndingo dza vhadededzi. Ho shumiswa maitele a zwiitei kha ngudo heyi. Zwishumiswa zwa u kuvhanganya data ya khwaḽithethivi zwo shumiswa u kuvhanganya data. Vhadzheneli hu katelwa vhadededzi vhaṋa, vhathusa ṱhoho dza zwikolo vhaṋa, vhapfananyi vhaṋa vha thimu ya thikhedzo kha ḽeveḽe ya tshiimiswa (ILST) na vhapfananyi vhaṋa vha thimu ya ndingo ya tshikolo (SAT). U ḓadzisa kha zwenezwo, ho vha na vhadzheneli vho nangwaho u bva Ofisini ya Tshiṱiriki, hu tshi katelwa Ṱhoho ya Thimu ya Ndingo dza Tshiṱiriki (DAT) na Ṱhoho ya Thimu ya Thikhedzo kha Ḽeveḽe ya Tshiṱiriki (DLST). Ho shumiswa musaukanyo wa maṅwalo u khethekanya data yo kuvhanganyiwaho kha ngudo iyi. Ṱhoḓisiso yo wanulusa uri zwithivheli zwinzhi zwine zwa thivhela nyito dza ndingo musi hu tshi khou lingiwa vhagudiswa vhane vha tshenzhela zwithivheli kha u guda. Kha ngudo, ho wanuluswa uri u ḓalesa, u sa wanala ha zwishumiswa, u shaya vhugudisi kha vhadededzi kha u linga vhagudiswa vhane vha tshenzhela zwithivheli zwa u guda, u sa ḓidzhenisa lwo linganaho nga vhabebi, na u sa wana thikhedzo yo fhelelaho kha ILST na DLST ndi zwiṅwe zwiṱaluli zwe zwa kwama lu si lwa vhuḓi nyito dza ndingo dza vhadededzi kiḽasini ya pfunzo yo katelaho vhagudiswa vhoṱhe. Mvelelo kha ngudo heyi dzo bveledza mveledziso ya tshiedziswa tsho fhelelaho tsha ndingo ya kiḽasi yo katelaho vhagudiswa vhoṱhe (CICAM) kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha, vhadededzi vha tshikolo tsha sekondari Tshiṱirikini tsha Tshwane Devhula. Muṱoḓisisi o bveledza tshiedziswa tshine tsha fhindula kha ṱhoḓea dza vhagudiswa vhane vha tshenzhela zwithivheli zwa u guda, uri ṱhoḓea dzavho dza u funza na dza ndingo dzi katelwe nga nḓila yo teaho. Tshiedziswa tshi sumbedza u ṱanganelana ha vhadzhiamukovhe vho fhambanaho, hune ha ṱoḓea kha tshenzhelo ya pfunzo ya ndingo yo katelaho vhagudiswa vhoṱhe u vha yo teaho na u kona kha vhadededzi na vhagudiswa. Ho themendelwa uri nyito ya ndingo yo katelaho vhagudiswa vhoṱhe i tea u konisa na u ṋetshedza nyito dza ndingo dzo itelwaho ṱhoḓea dzine dza ḓo katela vhagudiswa vhoṱhe, zwi si na ndavha na u fhambana havho. Kha heḽi sia, ho dovha ha themendelwa hu tshi iswa phanḓa uri ndingo kha kiḽasi yo katelaho vhagudiswa vhoṱhe i fanela u khwiniswa u vhona zwauri nyito dza ndingo dzi khou fhindula ṱhoḓea dza u funza na dza muhumbulo kha vhana vhoṱhe vha re kiḽasini. Muṱoḓisisi u tenda kha uri u khwaṱha na vhugudisi ho teaho zwi nga ṋetshedza vhadededzi u vha khagala kha zwine zwa tea u lavhelelwa musi vha tshi linga vhagudiswa vhane vha tshenzhela zwithivheli zwa u guda. Iṅwe ya themendelo ndi ya uri mveledziso ya mudededzi na mbetshelo ya thikhedzo i yaho phanḓa u bva kha Muhasho wa Pfunzo ya Mutheo (DBE) zwi fanela u dzhielwa nṱha. / Ndzavisiso wu valange vutivikani bya maendlelo ya makambelelo ya vadyondzisi hi mayelana na vadyondzi lava hlanganaka na swirhalanganyi eka ku dyondza eka Xiyimo xa le Henhla, eswikolweni swa sekondari eka Xifundzatsongo xa Tshwane-N'walungu. Xikongomelokulu xa ndzavisiso lowu a ku ri ku valanga mitlhontlho leyi yi khumbaka maendlelo ya makambelelo ya vadyondzisi ya vadyondzi lava hlanganaka na swirhalanganyi eka ku dyondza eka Xiyimo xa le Henhla. Ndzavisiso lowu wu tirhise sisiteme ya xinongoti, leyi simekiweke eka rimba leri bumabumeriweke hi Hargreaves, Earl na Schmidt (2002). Rimba leri ri vumbiwa hi mune wa mavonelo, lama ya katsaka mipimo ya swa thekinoloji, swa mfuwo, swa tipolitiki na swa le ndzhaku ka ximanguvalawa. Modlolo lowu wu pfuna hi ndlela ya kahle swinene eka ku hlamusela na ku tiyisisa maendlelo ya makambelelo ya vadyondzisi. Dizayini ya ndzavisiso wa mhaka ya ntivomichumu yi amukeriwile eka ndzavisiso lowu. Switirho swa nhlengeleto wa data ya risima swi tirhisiwile eka ku hlengeleta data. Vatekaxiave va katse 4 wa vadyondzisi, 4 wa swandla swa tinhloko ta swikolo, 4 wa vakondleteri va swipano swa nseketelo swa levhele ya nhlangano (ILST) na 4 wa vakondleteri va swipano swa makambelelo ya swikolo (SAT). Hi ku engetela, a ku ri na vatekaxiave kusuka eka Hofisi ya Xifundzatsongo, ku katsa na Nhloko ya Xipano xa Makambelelo ya Swifundzatsongo (DAT) na Nhloko ya Xipano xa Nseketelo wa Levhele ya Swifundzatsongo (DLST). Nxopaxopo wa vundzeni wu tirhisiwile eka ku tlhantlha data leyi a yi hlengeletiwile eka ndzavisiso lowu. Ndzavisiso wu paluxe swirhalanganyi swo hambanahambana leswi swi kavanyeteke maendlelo ya makambelelo loko ku kamberiwa vadyondzi lava hlanganaka na swirhalanganyi eka ku dyondza. Eka ndzavisiso lowu, swi tumbulukile leswaku ku tala kutlula mpimo, nkavukona wa swipfuno, mpfumaleko wa vuleteri bya vadyondzisi eka ku kambela vadyondzisi lava hlanganaka na swirhalanganyi eka ku dyondza, ku khumbeka ka vatswari loku nga ringanelangiki, na nseketelo lowu nga ringanelangiki kusuka eka ILST na DLST a ku ri swin'wana swa swiphemu leswi khumbaka hi ndlela yo homboloka maendlelo ya makambelelo ya vadyondzisi eka tikamara to dyondzela ta dyondzo to katsa hinkwavo. Mivuyelo eka ndzavisiso yi tumbuluxe nhluvukiso wa modlolo wa makambelelo ya kamara ro dyondzela ro katsa hinkwavo ro katsakanya (CICAM) eka Xiyimo xa le Henhla, vadyondzisi va le swikolweni swa sekondari eka Xifundzatsongo xa Tshwane-N'walungu. Mulavisisi u hluvukise modlolo lowu wu angulaka eka swidingo swa vadyondzi lava hlanganaka na swirhalanganyi eka ku dyondza, ku endlela leswaku swidingo swa vona swa madyondziselo na swa makambelelo swi tirhiwa hi ndlela yo ringanela. Modlolo lowu wu kombe nhlangano wa vakhomaxiave vo hambanahambana, lava va lavekaka eka ntokoto wa makambelelo ya dyondzo yo katsa hinkwavo leswaku yi tirha kahle na ku nga tlangisi swipfuno eka vadyondzisi na vadyondzi. Ku bumabumeriwile leswaku maendlelo ya makambelelo yo katsa hinkwavo ya fanele ku cincacinceka na ku nyika maendlelo ya makambelelo lama endleriweke xikongomelo xolexo lama nga ta amukela vadyondzi hinkwavo, hambiloko ku ri na ku hambana. Eka mhaka leyi, ku tlhele ku bumabumeriwa leswaku makambelelo eka tikamara to dyondzela to katsa hinkwavo ya fanele fambelanisiwa ku tiyisisa leswaku maendlelo ya makambelelo ya tirhana na swidingo swa madyondziselo na swa le miehleketweni swa vadyondzi hinkwavo lava nga ekamareni ro dyondzela. Mulavisisi u kholwa leswaku vuleteri lebyi amukelekaka na ku va byo ringanela byi nga kota ku nyika vadyondzisi ntwisiso hi mayelana na leswi swi faneleke ku languteriwa loko ku kamberiwa vadyondzi lava hlanganaka na swirhalanganyi eka dyondza. Xin'wana xa swibumabumelo hi leswaku nhluvukiso wa vadyondzisi na ku nyikiwa ka nseketelo lowu yaka emahlweni kusuka eka Ndzawulo ya Dyondzo ya Masungulo (DBE) swi fanele ku rhangisiwa emahlweni. / Inclusive Education / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)