<p> </p><p> </p><p>This Bachelor thesis deals with the definition of Intangible Assets in the context of</p><p>financial reporting. The purpose is to integrate intangible assets into the balance</p><p>sheet. After a thorough analysis of the ongoing research shows that there is general</p><p>consensus concerning intellectual property, and general confusion concerning</p><p>knowledge, information and organization capital. Some have what it takes to enter</p><p>balance sheets, while others still lack a holistic concept that is generally accepted</p><p>and fulfils the demand of accounting. Neither of them is reported according to the</p><p>presently available and established knowledge. This thesis shows that a prerequisite</p><p>for an improved reporting is the consequential extension of accounting principles for</p><p>intangible assets. The fact that the term “intangible asset” became a gathering of all</p><p>possible intangible phenomena demands counter-actions. One of its reasons is the</p><p>demand for the measurement of relative performances of intangible assets. This</p><p>thesis shows that reporting absolute figures for intangible assets does not stand in</p><p>contrast with this, but can deliver the necessary data set for a holistic analysis that</p><p>also deals with intangible assets.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

This thesis increases our understanding of the book-to-market ratio via a detailed examination of how and when earnings are realised in relation to firms' "capitalisation" and "average useful-life of assets". Book-to-market ratios (BMRs) are regressed as a function of changes in market value of equity ratios for British industrial companies registered on the London Stock Exchange from 1987 to 1996. Data from a prior period (1976-1986) is also employed to stabilise for effects of earnings realisation before the regression period. The "average useful-life assets" for the firms in the sample determines the time horizon of the analysis. The path of abnormal earnings over this horizon reflects the pattern of expiration of the useful-lives of assets in place. The analysis finds that an accrual measurement effect dominated in BMRs increases over the analysis period and also that accrual measurement is more influential in BMRs for firms with short than with long "average useful-life assets". Changes in market value ratios are found to inform about future earnings up to at least six years, except for highlycapitalised firms with long useful-life assets (for which the relationship lasts up to 4 years). The length of the informative period is found to be inverse to the average useful-life of firms' assets. The effect of differences between annual changes in market value of equity ratios on BMRs across time diminishes soon (two years) after the initial market shock' occurs. Long useful-life assets have no further effect on BMRs evolution at more distant lags. Contrary to previous research (in the USA), changes in market value of equity ratios (for UK firms) are found to be associated more with short than with long useful-life assets. Although not specially tested for, this result supports the notion of "short-terminism" of which the UK stock market is sometimes accused. The apparent "short-terministic" outlook by investors in UK firms coincides with improved predictability of BMRs in the UK compared with the US market. The high coefficients of determination from changes in market value of equity ratios as a function of BMRs, identified in the study, motivates a further test for a prediction model which is able to predict 29.2% of the variation in book-tomarket value of equity ratios 8 years in advance.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multi-Institucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2018. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-08-09T19:33:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_CharlineBarbosaPires.pdf: 2783193 bytes, checksum: 65522d2c80acea9350b4cfb44c607cc6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-08-14T18:55:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_CharlineBarbosaPires.pdf: 2783193 bytes, checksum: 65522d2c80acea9350b4cfb44c607cc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T18:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_CharlineBarbosaPires.pdf: 2783193 bytes, checksum: 65522d2c80acea9350b4cfb44c607cc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-09 / Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar que diferentes tensões institucionais influenciam o reconhecimento, a mensuração e a evidenciação dos heritage assets em museus australianos, neozelandeses e ingleses. Para tanto, as demonstrações contábeis referentes ao período de 2015/2016 de 42 museus australianos, 25 neozelandeses e 171 ingleses, totalizando uma amostra de 238 entidades, foram analisadas. Os resultados da análise documental revelaram a adoção de diferentes práticas tanto quando os museus de um mesmo país são observados, como quando os países são comparados entre si. Enquanto na Austrália predominam museus que capitalizam seus heritage assets de forma plena, no Reino Unido os museus que adotam a abordagem mista ou não reconhecem esses ativos são maioria. A Nova Zelândia, por sua vez, apresentou um cenário intermediário, com as entidades divididas entre as duas possibilidades. Buscando a compreensão dessas diferenças, a pesquisa apoiou-se nos fundamentos da Nova Sociologia Institucional (NSI), uma vertente da Teoria Institucional, para identificar características dos museus que permitissem a verificação da extensão com que estavam sujeitos a pressões coercitivas, normativas e miméticas capazes de influenciar as práticas observadas. A Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (QCA) e, mais especificamente, a csQCA foi utilizada, sendo que os resultados indicaram que principalmente pressões normativas e miméticas podem exercer influência no tratamento contábil dispensado aos heritage assets nos três países estudados. / This study aimed to identify different institutional tensions that influence the recognition, measurement and disclosure of heritage assets in Australian, New Zealand and English museums. Therefore, the financial statements for the period of 2015/2016 of 42 Australian, 25 New Zealand and 171 English museums, totaling a sample of 238 entities, were analyzed. The results of the documentary analysis revealed the adoption of different practices both when museums of the same country are observed, and when the countries are compared to each other. While in Australia predominate museums that fully capitalize their heritage assets, in the United Kingdom museums that take the mixed approach or do not recognize these assets are the majority. New Zealand, in turn, presented an intermediate scenario, with entities divided between the two possibilities. In order to understand these differences, the research was based on the foundations of the New Institutional Sociology (NSI), an approach of the Institutional Theory, to identify characteristics of the museums that allowed the verification of the extent to which they were subject to coercive, normative and mimetic pressures capable of influencing the observed practices. Comparative Qualitative Analysis (QCA) and, more specifically, csQCA was used, and the results indicated that mainly normative and mimetic pressures may influence the accounting treatment of heritage assets in the three countries studied.

I establish the existence of seasonality in 42 popular risk factors in the asset pricing literature. I document extensive empirical evidence for the Keloharju et al. (2016) hypothesis that seasonalities in individual asset returns stem from their exposures to risk factors. It is the seasonal patterns in risk factors that lead to the seasonalities in individual asset portfolios. The empirical findings show that seasonalities are widely present among individual asset portfolios. However, both the all-factor model and the Fama-French (2014) five-factor model demonstrate that these patterns greatly disappear after I eliminate their exposures to the corresponding risk factors. Overall, 76.17% of the returns on 235 test equal-weighted portfolios I examine contain seasonality. My key finding is that 48.68% of equal-weighted portfolio returns with seasonalities no longer contain seasonality after I control for their exposures to all risk factors. Only 52.08% of the equal-weighted portfolio Fama-French five-factor model residual obtain substantial seasonal patterns in the Wald test. Regarding to seasonalities in risk factors, specific seasonal patterns include the January effect, higher returns during February, March, and July, and autocorrelations at irregular lags. The Wald test, a stable seasonality test, the Kruskal-Wallis chi-square test, a combined seasonality test, Fisher's Kappa test, and Bartlett's Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are used to identify the seasonal patterns in individual risk factors. Fama-French SMB (the size factor) and HML (the value factor) in the three-factor model, Fama-French RMW (the operating profitability factor) in the five-factor model, earnings/price, cash flow/price, momentum, short-term reversal, long-term reversal, daily variance, daily residual variance, growth rate of industrial production (value-weighted), term premium (equal-weighted and value-weighted), and profitability display robust seasonalities. Therefore, the first part of the research confirms that risk factors possess substantial seasonal patterns.

abstract: In the current knowledge economy, the decision on whether to outsource knowledge assets is arguably the most important decision in operations and supply chain management (OSCM). However, the theories of transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource-based theory (RBT) are inconsistent in their ability to predict, describe or explain knowledge outsourcing decisions. Currently, a theory to explain this important OSCM decision does not seem to be available. This dissertation takes a view that strategic decisions like that of knowledge asset outsourcing are made by a two step decision process where (1) an individual level cognitive process where managers generate their solutions and (2) a firm level social process where managers seek to influence other managers about their opinion. Part I uses a behavioral experiment to understand how managers form their solutions to the knowledge outsourcing question. The part tests if the psychological closeness to a task being outsourced i.e. the task affinity and self-interest influences the managers to subvert the rational decision process and make “favorable” outsourcing decisions. Additionally, it also tests if the influence is indirect and mediated by the perception of asset specificity (TCE variable) and core competence (RBT variable). Part 2 adopts a naturalistic paradigm and conducts case study research to understand how these cognitive managers with different mindsets try to influence the firm decision. The structuration theory framework is adopted to study 11 decision opportunities and frame a typology of decision processes that are used by managers. The parsimonious typology has 4 ideal types based on the nature of data exchange (naive and involved) and the nature of mindset exchange (naive or involved). The dissertation offers a comprehensive understanding of how knowledge asset outsourcing decisions emerge. It aligns the strategy research in OSCM field to the current beliefs in strategic management. The typology can be used to develop contingencies that suggest the type of decision process to use in different conditions. The experiment validates that TCE and RBT influences how managers make decisions but shows that task affinity and self-interest influences the perception of core competency and the outsourcing decision. / Dissertation/Thesis / IRB approval for experiment / IRB approval for Case study / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2020

No description available.

The purpose of the study is to examine the application of selected variables from previous studies when applied to the capital structure of Swedish publicly traded companies. Five variables will be used to examine whether they have a similar effect on the capital structure of Swedish companies. The study is a quantitative research that is made up of data that was collected from two chosen line of businesses on the Swedish market, industrials and medicine. A large quantity of data was collected from 135 companies during the time period 2013-2017, the data was processed and converted before a regression analysis was performed. According to the regression analysis this study received the following result from the industrial line of business: the variable with the most explanatory effect regarding the capital structure was liquid assets, profitability, turnover assets, total assets (size) and tangible assets. In the medicine line of business the following variables had the most explanatory effects: liquid assets, total assets (size), turnover assets, tangible assets and profitability. The study shows the extent to which the variables are significant and what impact they have on debt in the Swedish market. The result was different between the industries, which is an interesting aspect to note that different variables were applied with different strengths in the industries depending on the company's financial position. Liquid assets were the variable that had the greatest connection to the degree of indebtedness in both industries in the Swedish market. The result regarding the variables used in this study had greater similarity in its applicability between the two industries in Sweden than the similarity to an earlier studyconducted in Romania with similar variables.

The diploma thesis focuses on comparing the accounting treatment and reporting of intangible assets in accordance with rules in the CR and IFRS. This thesis is concentrated on finding significant differences. A practical example shows the form of intangible assets in practice a few selected companies from different sectors.

published_or_final_version / Economics and Finance / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.