This article discusses the benefits of Open Access to library literature. It cites examples of library associations practicing Open Access.

In this dissertation, we will use the term corporate strategy to describe the processes and practises engaged in to develop a sense of purpose, a set of actions and management plans that add value to the membership of the organisation. We will discuss the role of the non-profit organisation in the business sector, and locate professional associations within the spectrum of social enterprises and non-profit organisations. We will use the language of business models and non-profit models and practises to analyse the direction of professional associations in the global arena, and hope to identify patterns or trends in how these associations are managed in relation to typical business models. We will identify a framework to assist in thinking through the case study under investigation. One such professional association in South Africa will be considered more closely, and critically evaluated against these models. It should become clear that professional associations without a good, clear strategy and structure for managing short-term and long-term goals, has no hope for achieving these goals. It is hoped that on conclusion of this project, a model for strategic planning and implementation in professional associations, and specific recommendations for change for the association under consideration will emerge. / Thesis (MBA)- University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The basis for the thesis research was the examination of the extent to which YMCAs in the United States incorporate public relations skills and corporate mission statements into the training of their employees.A mail survey was sent to the total population of 913 corporate YMCAs which represent all 2,170 locations in the United States. The first of two mailings was sent on July 5, 1984. A total of 530 responses were received from forty-nine states representing 58 percent of the total population. Of the returned surveys, 514 were usable in all aspects of the study, or 56.2 percent of the total population.The findings show the typical YMCA is served by a male director with eighteen years of YMCA work experience who has been in his current position just less than ten years. He oversees the management of a YMCA serving an average of 6,700 individual members.Public relations duties are performed by an average of 2.5 persons in the responding YMCAs including the executive director himself. The training and preparation for handling these responsibilities most often comes in "learn-by-doing" situations. Workshops enhance on-the-job training in most cases. Fewer than 20 percent of the professional directors performing public relations functions have had university or college coursework in public relations.Approximately 70 percent of the responding YMCAs have made a specific attempt to determine how their organization is perceived by the community. Two-thirds of the associations which have attempted to measure community perception stated they used formal research methods to do so. Only 32 percent of the YMCAs responding have prepared a written statement of their mission with 28 percent having a formal action plan for achieving their goals and objectives.Just less than 60 percent of the 514 respondents budget public relations items as a planned expense at an average of 3 percent of the total operating budget.Three of the conclusions drawn from this research are:1. The lack of formal training of employees performing public relations functions, in the YMCAs responding, suggests some disparity between job preparation and the generally accepted guidelines for training public relations practitioners.2. The marked increase in the number of YMCAs which have formulated written mission statements and action plans since 1980 is one indication of an increased awareness of the need to operate these nonprofit organizations under traditional management principles.3. Not only must more YMCAs develop and implement formal action plans, but more employees at all job levels must be informed of these plans if their YMCA is to experience the degree of membership growth and the improved community image possible through a total organizational effort.

Brand extension has been the source of strategic growth for many firms during recent decades. Introducing new products under existing brand names is one way to use the image of a brand name to enter new markets. Previous research has shown that the success of a brand extension depends on the transfer of the parent brand associations to the extended product. Although the transfer of brand associations from the parent brand to the extension is recognised as crucial for the success of brand extension, surprisingly little research has been conducted on how brand associations actually are transferred. In the present research, I argue for expanding the view on brand extension to include market communication of product introductions. Explanations are provided on how brand associations are transferred in multiple brand extension from an advertising perspective. The empirical data are based on a case study of the personal and skin care brand Nivea and include an advertising analysis that spans a time period of 72 years, interviews with executives, and a document analysis. The interpretation of the case is guided by a review of the literature on brand extension, brand associations, and brand personality. Insights into how brand associations are transferred in multiple brand extension are advanced in the conclusion, emphasising that brand associations are transferred not only from parent brand to extended product but also from one extension to another. The results also show that the brand associations change due to contextual changes as a consequence of the transfer to a new product. The context refers to the intended user or usage situation. Furthermore, the study suggests that corporate associations reinforce brand associations of extended products. Finally, I propose that future research should include the organisation as part of the brand extension process. The study is intended to contribute to an increased understanding of brand extension, facilitating the creation of new hypotheses, research designs, and methods in the research area.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This research portfolio focuses on the impact of the risks and the successful risk management in agricultural cooperatives. As a consequence, the main purpose of the study is to set a guideline for managing risks in Thai agricultural cooperatives and develop a sound practice for risk management in the future targeted to increase the profitiability of the cooperatives. / Thesis (DBA(DoctorateofBusinessAdministration))--University of South Australia, 2005.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1976. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-126). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.