The term ‘producers of IIOC’ refers to individuals who create or are involved in the creation of indecent images of children. This thesis is a qualitative analysis of 22 interviews undertaken with individuals who produced IIOC. The production of IIOC is not a new phenomenon. However, producers of IIOC are a group about which little is known, even though they supply a large market. With the advancement of modern technology and the development of the internet, IIOC has become more readily available and easier to produce. Accordingly, it is important to gain a greater understanding of those who create such material in the interests of prevention, child safeguarding and detection. Law enforcement and the legal system worldwide are chasing the ever-advancing means of sexually abusing and exploiting children. Research and safeguarding organisations regularly highlight the exponential number of new IIOC available and the apparent increasing demand for such material. The low-age range of victims of IIOC and extreme abuse being perpetrated have been noted in seized material, and live streaming of child sexual abuse is a concerning development. The participants in this study emerged as a heterogeneous group in terms of social demographics. Their early life experiences were marked by prevalent issues such as neglect, abuse and exposure to violence. A large proportion of them had never had a long-term adult relationship and many others were either separated or divorced. Their grooming techniques were many and varied, and they presented as being able to adapt their grooming process depending upon the environment and victim. IIOC of both known and stranger victims were produced, demonstrating a variation in the relationships between perpetrators and the children who were exploited. The methodology employed to produce IIOC was examined, covering both remote and adjacent producers, as well as those who were covert about their behaviour. The cognitive distortions that supported the behaviour suggest minimising of harm and distancing techniques. The function of the production behaviour was not found to be exclusively sexual and included a variety of other motivating factors, ranging from commercial gain to social status. However, all participants acknowledged a sexual arousal to children. This research has found that the process of producing IIOC appears to be evolving. The advancement of technology, in particular the internet, makes it easier to produce IIOC and share such material with others. As sex offenders seem to be capitalising on new equipment and the increasingly mainstream culture of photographing and recording almost unreservedly, so too must law enforcement and front-line professionals keep pace. Recognising that production of IIOC may be an aspect of an individual’s sexually exploitative behaviour, even when there is initially no apparent evidence, is essential. It appears that it may be an overlooked or undetected area of offending and in turn, not dealt with in assessment, intervention and safeguarding. Future research is advisable to obtain a greater understanding of individuals who produce IIOC, in order to prevent, deter, and deal with the behaviour, as well as to help their victims.

In light of recent emphasis on achieving Universal Health Coverage through social health insurance in low income countries, this thesis examined how the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana impacts on equity of access to healthcare in Tamale District of northern Ghana. Using mainly a qualitative approach, the thesis specifically examined whether the NHIS promotes equity in health insurance coverage and whether insured members are able to access healthcare equitably. Against this background, four broad findings were identified. Firstly, even though the NHIS improved insurance coverage in the Tamale District, enrolment was largely inequitable because most socially disadvantaged groups/individuals were less able to insure. This was mainly because such groups were predisposed to developing low willingness and low ability to enrol in the NHIS as a result of their individual and community characteristics as well as NHIS and healthcare system factors. Secondly, the NHIS improved the affordability of healthcare services and reduced the risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditure among insured members, particularly insured low income households. Thirdly, while the NHIS improved the financial resources of healthcare providers and the availability of medicines and medical supplies, it adversely impacted on the general quality of healthcare services mainly because the supply of healthcare resources failed to keep up with a high demand for healthcare services by insured members. Fourthly, the NHIS also improved the use of formal care, particularly among insured low income households due to their greater healthcare needs and previous inability to afford the cost of healthcare services. However, due to long waiting times associated with accessing NHIS healthcare, the improvement in financial access to healthcare by the NHIS failed to eradicate the use of ‘informal’ forms of care (e.g. drugstore, herbal/traditional medicine) among insured members. Based on these findings, this thesis concludes that the NHIS could enhance equity in access to care if there are opportunities created to enable socially disadvantaged groups to enrol in the scheme as well as improve the availability and quality of healthcare services for insured members.

Child protection has progressively developed into a significant priority for the UAE culminating in a range of strategies and measures to protect vulnerable children and at-risk groups. In recent years the UAE has formed a national Committee for Child Protection, acceded to key international conventions protecting the human rights of children, and legislated for new police powers to enhance child protection. This study addresses the lack of research in the Gulf and UAE on the relationship between relevant risk factors and juvenile delinquency. It is envisaged that identifying core needs of those exposed to early childhood trauma may support the design of appropriate policies on child protection. The study aimed to present a significant theoretical insight on how multiple risk factors and/or negative exposure predict or contribute to offending and re-offending behaviour. The research undertook a qualitative mixed methods approach to investigate the association between childhood risk factors (early child-parent separation, neglect and abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma of sexual abuse, maternal deprivation and family discord) and juvenile delinquency. Data collection was based on four samples of juvenile delinquents remanded in various rehabilitation care centres in the UAE. Findings indicate that in relation to maltreatment 46.7% of juvenile delinquents (n=107) had experienced physical abuse by older adults. A further 20.6% had been subjected to sexual or attempted sexual abuse and 31.8% experienced familial neglect in relation to care. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were acutely manifested among 36.5% of the sample (n=114) with an additional 14.8% suffering chronic PTSD reactions. Delayed PTSD onset was suffered by 5.2% of the sample while 43.5% were found to be PTSD negative. In relation to parental attachment, juvenile delinquents (n=111) indicated a marginally stronger attachment to their mother than to their father. An examination of the link and legacy impacts of early physical and sexual abuse on behaviour, attitudes and feelings of young offenders (n=45) found that 44.44% had experienced sexual abuse in childhood in the majority of cases by familiar adults. These experiences incurred residual feelings of sadness, shame, anger and distrust of others. Most of these victims further demonstrate low self-esteem and suffer anxiety and nightmares in addition to other trauma reactions such as violent behaviour, stealing and use of drugs.

This thesis contributes new and unique evidence to the limited body of empirical literature on men’s stranger intrusion in public space, commonly termed ‘street harassment’, through a transdisciplinary study bringing a philosophical framework to the study of violence against women and girls (VAWG). Analysis of 50 women’s accounts given during a three stage research process is presented, alongside the development of a theoretical framework combining feminist approaches to VAWG with the gendered existential-phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir and insights on habitual embodiments from Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Using this theoretical framework the empirical evidence is investigated for what it reveals about modalities of embodied subjectivity women enact in public spaces. The research had four central aims and it is the achievement of these aims that forms the unique contribution of this thesis. Firstly it develops the reciprocal practice of translating philosophy into the vernacular of women’s experiences of VAWG, finding that a philosophical perspective assists a feminist reframing of medical/legal models of VAWG. Secondly it explores reconnecting feminist research on VAWG to women’s ordinary experience of men’s intrusion, revealing how the necessary focus on policy has led to a steep rise in knowledge about some forms of VAWG to the detriment of investigating men’s violence and intrusion in women’s everyday lives. The third aim, to understand the consequences of men’s intrusion for how women live and experience their bodily-self, resulted in a theoretical framework which suggests possibilities in the work of Simone de Beauvoir for feminists looking to reconnect questions of women’s agency and autonomy to a context of structural power relations. Finally this research produced a new body of evidence regarding the practice and experience of men’s stranger intrusion in public spaces, through a research process which created new tools for researching the ordinary. In the pursuit of these four aims this research found that, far from the trivialisation it is often afforded, the possibility and reality of men’s intrusion forms a fundamental factor in how women understand and enact their embodied selfhood.

The Global Production Networks (GPNs) framework has shown how interactions among various types of firm and non-firm actors at different geographic scales are often crucial to improve the design and implementation of social and environmental standards. However, one set of actors that the GPN framework has largely overlooked are business associations. Sectoral expertise, access to member firms and the ability to represent firms towards external standard-setters make local business associations interesting as regulatory intermediaries between member firms and local and global standard setters. Nonetheless, the ways in which such intermediary roles may operate, and how they may build on local collective action within business associations, remain conceptually and empirically understudied. In seeking to contribute to this gap, this thesis addresses the question: What roles do business associations play in the governance of sustainability standards within GPNs? To address this question, the thesis explores the value-added of an analytical approach that integrates concepts from the literature on associational governance and regulatory governance into the GPN framework. It focuses on collective self-regulation and intermediation as two distinct but potentially complementary roles that business associations can take on in the governance of sustainability standards. In the GPN context, intermediary roles can play out towards local and global standard-setters. This analytical framework is applied to a case study of the CSC9000T standard created by the China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC). Empirical data was collected over a 10 months period between December 2014 - September 2015. It includes secondary documents and 58 semi-structured primary interviews with Chinese business associations and firms as well as international actors involved in CSR in China. A congruence analysis is used to examine the extent to which each of the two conceptual roles of self-regulation and intermediation can explain CNTAC's roles in CSC9000T. Findings show that both roles add value to explaining the case study. However, limitations faced in both roles reflect how the association's embeddedness in the overall GPN influences these roles. Overall, the thesis argues that a conceptual lens that views business associations both as collective actors and as regulatory intermediaries may add value to understanding their ability to govern sustainability standards, but needs to be seen in the context of an association's embeddedness in the wider GPN. These findings have implications for considering when, and how, local business associations may be relevant in wider research on sustainability standards in global production.

Xia Xiang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-102). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (in English) --- p.i-iii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv-v / Acknowledgement --- p.vi-vii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-7 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Rationale of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Scope of the Study --- p.1-2 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Objectives of the Study --- p.2-3 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Methodology of the Study --- p.3-4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance and Limitations of the Study --- p.4-6 / Chapter 1.6 --- The Organization of the Study --- p.6-7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8-29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Theory of Corporatism and Its Criticism --- p.8-11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of Corporatism and Two Different Types --- p.8-10 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Some Critiques on Corporatism --- p.10-11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theory of Civil Society and Its Criticism --- p.12-17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Definition of Civil Society --- p.12-14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Some Critiques on Civil Society --- p.14-17 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Applicability of Corporatism/Civil Society to China --- p.17-25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Discussions on Corporatism --- p.17-19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Discussions on Civil Society --- p.19-22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Social Organizations: both corporatist and civil society features? --- p.22-25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Studies on the Private Business Associations in China --- p.25-29 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Federation of Industry and Commerce --- p.30-54 / Chapter 3.1 --- The All China Federation of Industry and Commerce --- p.30-35 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Establishment and Objectives --- p.30-31 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Functions of the A CFIC --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- "Organization, Staffing and Budget" --- p.32-34 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- "Structure, Local Chapters and Membership" --- p.34-35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Shanghai Federation of Industry and Commerce and Its District Chapters --- p.35-45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Functional Changes over the Fifty Years --- p.36-39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Representative Function of the FIC --- p.39-41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Funding and Spending --- p.41-43 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Membership --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Selection of Leaders --- p.44-45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Relationship between the Federation of Industry and Commerce and the State: are there any changes? --- p.45-54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Corporatist Features of the Dual Management System and 1989 & 1998 Document --- p.45-48 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Relationship between the Federation of Industry and Commerce and the State --- p.48-54 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Self-Employed Laborers Association and Private Enterprises Associations --- p.55-80 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Self-Employed Laborers Association at the National Level --- p.55-59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Establishment and Objectives --- p.55-56 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Functions of the SELA --- p.56-57 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- "Organization, Staffing and Budget" --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- "Structure, Local Chapters and Membership" --- p.58-59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Shanghai Self-Employed Laborers Association and Private Enterprises Association and Their District Chapters --- p.59-73 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Organizational Structures of the SELA and PEA --- p.61-63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Functional Changes --- p.63-65 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- The Representative Function of the SELA and PEA --- p.65-68 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Funding and Spending 68- --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Membership --- p.71-73 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Selection of Leaders --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Self-Employed Laborers Association and Private Enterprises Association: a new form of government appendages? --- p.74-80 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Relationship between the Federation of Industry and Commerce and the Private Enterprises Association --- p.81-88 / Chapter 5.1 --- The PEA as A Group Member of the FIC --- p.81-82 / Chapter 5.2 --- The FIC and the PEA: Lack of Interaction --- p.82-83 / Chapter 5.3 --- Perceived Competition between the FIC and the PEA --- p.83-84 / Chapter 5.4 --- Perceived Advantages by the FIC and the PEA's Staff --- p.84-88 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.89-95 / Bibliography --- p.96-102 / Appendix I: Profile of the Interview --- p.103-105 / "Appendix II: Interview Questions for the FIC, the SELA and PEA" --- p.106 / Appendix III: Interview Questions for Members --- p.107 / Appendix IV: Interview Questions for the BICA --- p.108

The goal of this Master`s Thesis is to clarify issues and significancy of association bridging between parent brand and its extension. By analysing secondary and primary data and by using free association method I researched five brands (Michelin, Cosmopolitan, Duracell, BIC and Aquila) and their interesting extension. Within the analysis is highlighted the dominance of associations, their internal meaning and connection of associations between the extension and the parent brand. In conclusion, in response to found bottlenecks of researched brands are some recommandations about the internal meaning of associations, hidden meaning of category, artificiality of associations, fake success of extension and minor meaning of a product category.

This research explores the complexities of the relationship between the police and young black people. This includes considerations on how young people specifically, young black minority ethnic groups are shaped by government policies and its agents, the police. Published research supports the notion that Black young people continue to be affected by a lack of services such as education, employment as well as other social inequalities. In addition, the stop and search practices have caused much damage to BME groups and has impacted negatively on the relationship between the police and Black communities. This thesis explores the issue of Black young people within a historical and social policy context, as well as exploring the views of young Black people and the police. There is a significant body of published research about policing in general. There are however not many in depth research studies on a particular police setting about the experiences of white and black youths and how they are affected by policing. This research explores young people's thoughts on exactly this theme. The empirical research was derived from qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 18 police officers, and 17 young people taken from diverse and economically active areas of London. The findings supports published research of police discriminatory practices to explain the disproportionate treatment of black young people within the criminal justice system. It also highlighted the feelings and the effect of police stop on the individuals being stopped. This study therefore suggests a move away from the notion that black young people are criminals to involving them as contributors to social policy by giving them a true voice in policing and social policy making process.

Colombia has one of the oldest democracies in Latin American, however it has a history of violence that stretches from the time of the breakup of Gran Colombia. Simón Bolívar's vision started to erode in the 1830s and ended in 1903 with the independence of Panama. Contemporary Colombia saw violence continue with peasant revolts in the 1920s and 30s, la Violencia in the 1940s, the formation of the insurgent groups like the FARC and ELN in the 1960s, the creation of drug cartels in the 1970s and their transformation into narco-terrorist groups and then micro traffickers in the 1980s and 1990s. There have been limited periods of peace for the citizens of Colombia. These events have consequently challenged Colombia's judiciary and police forces in the areas of general violence, inequality, geographical policing challenges, corruption, case backlog and Colombian police leadership. As former president Belisario Betancur states, 'Modern times have not been easy for Colombia' (1998, p.XV). The challenges in writing this thesis have been considerable. This author has utilised experience gained from living and working in Colombia for over five and a half years and the experience of his protected sources as well as the foundations laid by other academics and the media in order to present the most significant of the challenges to Colombian policing in the last forty years. The goal of this document is to form a compendium on these areas for those who are new to Colombian policing, its judiciary and the history that has helped to shape them.

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