Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gaspar_hs_me_guara.pdf: 5532943 bytes, checksum: 36914104bcf66e5c6eede927677242df (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A existência de satélites irregulares é um tema de interesse científico há muito tempo devido às suas características peculiares, isto é, órbitas bem excêntricas, distantes do planeta e geralmente com altas inclinações em relação ao plano equatorial de seu planeta, chegando a ser em grande parte retrógradas. A existência de famílias de satélites irregulares, caracterizadas pela semelhança dos elementos orbitais dos satélites que as compõem é, ainda hoje, um fato não explicado. Tais características sugerem que os satélites irregulares não tenham sido formados juntamente com os planetas que estes orbitam, como se acredita ser o caso dos satélites regulares. Deste modo, uma explicação coerente para a existência dos mesmos é a captura gravitacional de corpos, formados em outras regiões, a partir de órbitas heliocêntricas após a ocorrência de um encontro próximo com o planeta. Entretanto, sob a dinâmica do Problema Circular Restrito de Três Corpos - PCR3C - capturas gravitacionais têm carater temporário, o que torna necessária a existência de um mecanismo de captura auxiliar. Isto tem incentivado, por anos, à proposição de vários modelos para explicar a existência dos satélites irregulares através da captura gravitacional, dentre os quais três se destacam na literatura: Dissipação por arrasto em gás, Pull-down capture – captura por puxão, interação colisional ou por encontros próximos com satélites pré-existentes, capturas de planetesimais durante encontros planetários e captura de asteróides binários. Considerando a dinâmica de 4-Corpos, investigamos numericamente a viabilidade de um modelo no qual um ente de um asteróide binário é capturado após sofrer um encontro próximo com um Júpiter, avaliando as condições que propiciam a captura de cada um dos membros, realizando um mapeamento dos parâmetros de modo... / The existence of irregular satellites has been the focus of scientific interest for many years. That is due to their peculiar orbital features, i.e., highly eccentric orbits, large distance from the planet and, usually, with high inclination and many of them are retrograde. There are very well characterized families of irregular satellites, whose origin were not explained yet. These features suggest that irregular satellites were not formed together with the planet, during its formation stage, as were the regular ones. Therefore, an explanation for their existence is the gravitational capture of asteroids, originally in heliocentric orbits, that had a close encounter with the planet. However, considering only the Restrict Three Body Problem dynamics, it is not possible to accomplish permanent captures, being necessary the existence of an auxiliary mechanism. Then, several models were proposed in order to generate a permanent capture. Among the most important we found Gas drag dissipation, Pull-down capture, collisional and close encounters interactions with regular satellites, capture during planetary encounters and capture of binary asteroids. The current research had assessed how viable is a 4-body mechanism in which a member body of a binary asteroid remain captured after a close encounter with Jupiter. In order to accomplish that, we have mapped a set o parameters in order to find the proper conditions to yield the capture of one member. From the main results it is shown a very well permanent capture probability of the minor member when the primordial binary asteroid disrupts at a suitable “quadrature” configuration. Finally, it is also shown that this capture mechanism is well explained through energy exchanges.

The ice-rich crust of dwarf planet 1 Ceres is the source of a tenuous water exosphere, and the behavior of this putative exosphere is investigated with model calculations. Outgassing water molecules seasonally condense around the winter pole in an optically thin layer. This seasonal cap reaches an estimated mass of at least 2 x 10(3) kg, and the aphelion summer pole may even retain water throughout summer. If this reservoir is suddenly released by a solar energetic particle event, it would form a denser transient water exosphere. Our model calculations also explore species other than H2O. Light exospheric species escape rapidly from Ceres due to its low gravity, and hence their exospheres dissipate soon after their respective source has faded. For example, the theoretical turn-over time in a water exosphere is only 7 hr. A significant fraction of CO2 and SO2 molecules can get trapped and stored in perennially shadowed regions at the current spin axis orientation, but not at the higher spin axis tilt, leaving H2O as the only common volatile expected to accumulate in polar cold traps over long timescales. The D/H fractionation during migration to the cold traps is only about 10%.

Les astéroïdes binaires représentent un laboratoire naturel pour recueillir des informations cruciales sur les petits corps du Système Solaire, fournissant un aperçu des mécanismes de formation et d’évolution de ces objets. Leur caractérisation physique nous aide à comprendre les processus qui ont pris part à la formation et l’évolution des planétésimaux dans le Système Solaire. Les caractéristiques qui sont évaluées dans ce travail sont : la masse, la taille, la forme, la rotation, la densité, la composition et la taxonomie. L’une des plus importantes caractéristiques que l’on puisse obtenir avec les objets binaires -si le système peut être angulairement résolu- est leur masse grâce à l’interaction gravitationnelle mutuelle. Avec la masse et la taille du corps, nous pouvons déterminer sa densité, qui peut nous donner un aperçu de sa structure interne.A cet effet, l’exploration de données a été faite à partir d’images à haute résolution angulaire du télescope spatial Hubble et les télescopes au sol avec optique adaptative (VLT/NACO, VLT/SPHERE, Gemini/NIRI, Keck/NIRC2) dans le visible et proche infrarouge. Ayant réduit les images et mesuré les positions des satellites à de nombreuses époques, l’algorithme génétique Genoid est utilisé pour déterminer l’orbite de compagnons et la masse du corps central. Ceci est utile pour améliorer les éphémérides des satellites des binaires, qui à leur tour seront utiles pour prédire des occultations stellaires pour les futures campagnes d’occultation ; la technique d’occultation étant la plus fructueuse pour l’observation des objets de faible diamètre du Système Solaire. En ce qui concerne la taille et la détermination de la forme, l’algorithme KOALA d’inversion multidonnées est utilisé. En ce qui concerne la photométrie, courbes de lumière et couleurs SDSS ont été obtenues depuis le télescope de 1m au Pic du Midi et de 1.20 m de l’observatoire de Haute Provence dans le but de déterminer et affiner leurs propriétés. J’ai également acquis à distance des spectres d’astéroïdes binaires en utilisant le spectrographe Spex sur le télescope IRTF de 3m au Mauna Kea (Hawaii), afin de déterminer leur classe taxonomique pour la première fois. De plus, j’ai fait le modélisation de spectres de binaires sans taxonomie dans la base de données du SMASS collaboration. Ce plus grand échantillon, que j’ai comparé avec la population du NEAs et de Mars Crossers, en trouvant une prédominance dans le taxonomie Q/S. Cela est consistant avec la formation de binaires petits par effet YORP et perturbation rotationnelle. Finalement, j’ai développé une classification taxonomique générale, basée sur la photométrie large bande dans l’infrarouge, et je l’ai appliquée aux données de 30,000 astéroïdes provenant du survey VHS conduit par le télescope VISTA de l’ESO. / Binary asteroids represent a natural laboratory to gather crucial information on small bodiesof the Solar System, providing an overview of the formation and evolution mechanisms of these objects. Their physical characterization can constrain the processes that took part in the formation and evolution of planetessimals in the Solar System. The characteristics assessed in this work are: mass, size, shape, spin, density, surface composition, and taxonomy.One of the most important characteristics that can be obtained of binaries -if the system can be resolved- is their mass through their mutual gravitational interaction. From the mass and the size of the asteroid we determine its density, which provides insight on its internal structure.For this purpose, data mining has been done for high-angular resolution images from HST and ground-based telescopes equipped with adaptive optics (VLT/NACO, VLT/SPHERE, Gemini/NIRI, Keck/NIRC2) in the visible and near infrared. Having reduced the images and determined the satellite positions for over many epochs, the genetic algorithm Genoid algorithm is used to determine the orbit of the companion, and mass of the primary. This improves the ephemerides of binary companions, which in turn allows to stellar occultations by asteroids for future occultation campaigns.The occultation technique is the most fruitfulfor observing small diameter Solar System objects. As for the size and shape determination, KOALA multidata inversion algorithm is used.Concerning photometry, light curves and SDSS colors have been obtained for binary asteroids from T1M at Pic du Midi & 1.20m telescope at Haute Provence Observatory, aiming at determining and refining their properties. I remotely acquired spectra of binary asteroids using Spex/IRTF system based on 3m at Mauna Kea (Hawaii), to determine their taxonomic class for the first time. Additionally, I collected spectra of small binaries from the SMASS collaborationdatabase, modelled it, and found their taxonomy. I compare the now larger sample of classified binaries to the population of NEAs and Mars Crossers, and found a predominance of Q/S types. This is in agreement with a formation by YORP spin-up and rotational disruption.Finally, I developed a taxonomic classification for asteroids in general, based on infrared large band photometry, and applied it to 30,000 asteroids from VHS survey at the ESO’s telescope VISTA.

L’étude en laboratoire de matériaux extraterrestres provenant d’objets ayant peu ou pas évolué depuis leur formation il y a environ 4.6 milliards d’années, peut améliorer notre connaissance sur les débuts de notre système planétaire. Par ailleurs, la simulation en laboratoire de certains processus que ces matériaux sont susceptibles de subir au cours de leur histoire apporte également de précieuses informations pour l’interprétation des données issues des observations astronomiques ainsi que pour la compréhension de l’évolution des solides du Milieu Interstellaire jusqu’à leur incorporation dans des objets planétaires, objets incluant aussi toutes sortes de débris tels que les astéroÏdes, les comètes et toutes sortes de poussières accessibles à la collecte et/ou à l’observation.Au cours de cette thèse, l’analyse des matériaux organiques ainsi que des matériaux silicatés, jusqu’alors peu étudiés conjointement, dans les poussières stratosphériques d’origine cosmique, révèle une corrélation entre la minéralogie des grains et la longueur des chaînes carbonées. Ce lien ne semble pas le fruit de processus à la surface des corps parents des grains mais semble plutôt tracer des processus pré-accrétionnels. La conservation de composants peu altérés sur les corps parents dans les matériaux extraterrestres est encore une fois confirmée par la découverte, au cours de cette thèse, d’inclusions dans la météorite carbonée « Paris » dont les spectres infrarouges sont très similaires à ceux des composés carbonés observés dans le Milieu Interstellaire. L’étude de grains cométaires issus de la mission spatiale Stardust a montré, contrairement à l’idée que les comètes soient composées uniquement de matériaux primitifs puisque conservés dans un réservoir froid, que celles-ci contiennent aussi un certain nombre de matériaux formés à haute température, confirmant alors de précédentes analyses d’échantillons de Stardust et impliquant des échanges de matériaux à grande échelle radiale dans le jeune Système solaire.La deuxième partie de ce travail, consacrée à l’étude d’analogues de matière extraterrestre, porte sur le rôle qu’ont pu jouer les matériaux à partir desquels les planètes telluriques se sont formées dans l’apport de l’eau sur la Terre dans le cadre du scénario dit de « wet accretion ». Les expériences effectuées au cours de cette thèse visant à simuler les interactions entre silicates et vapeur d’eau ont montré que ces matériaux permettent de stocker d’importantes quantités d’eau à leur surface par adsorption des molécules de la phase gazeuse. / Laboratory analyses performed on extraterrestrial materials originating from primitive bodies of our Solar System, that are bodies known to have suffered low alteration since their formation 4.6 billion years ago, can improve our knowledge on processes that have occurred in the early phase of our planetary system. Furthermore, laboratory simulations of some processes that these materials are likely to suffer during their life cycle also bring precious indications for interpreting observational data as well as for understanding the evolution of solids from the Interstellar Medium to their incorporation into planetary bodies, these latter including asteroids, comets and all kinds of dust that may be observed and/or collected back to Earth.During this thesis, the analysis of silicate as well as organic materials, which have not been much studied jointly so far, in stratospheric particles of cosmic origin, reveals a correlation between the mineralogy of the grains and the lengths of the chains of their carbonaceous component. This link does not seem to be due to parent body processing but rather to trace pre-accretionnal processes. The preservation of pristine components in extraterrestrial materials slightly altered on their parent bodies is again confirmed by the discovery in this work, of inclusions in the “Paris” carbonaceous chondrite whose infrared spectra are similar to the interstellar carbonaceous species. The study of cometary grains from the Stardust space mission showed, unlike the common idea that comets should be composed only of primitive materials since they reside in a cold reservoir, that comets do also contain a number of materials formed at high temperature, thus confirming results from previous studies of Stardust samples and implying large-scale radial mixing of materials in the young Solar system disk.The second part of my work, dedicated to experiments on primitive extraterrestrial amorphous silicates analogs, is aimed to study the role that materials from which Earth has accreted could have played in its water budget in the frame of the “wet accretion” scenario. The experiments performed along this thesis simulating interactions between silicates and water vapor, showed that silicates allow the storage of large quantities of water by adsorption onto their surface of molecules directly from the gas phase.

Actuellement, on recense peu de familles d’astéroïdes de la ceinture principale (Main Belt, MB) âgés de plus de 2 milliards d’années (Brož et al., 2013; Spoto et al., 2015). Ceci serait le résultat d’un biais observationnel, dû aux techniques classiques utilisées pour l’identification des familles. En effet, la technique dite “Hierarchical Clustering Method” (HCM) identifie les membres des familles par leur proximit é dans l’espace des éléments orbitaux demi-grand axe (a), excentricité (e) et inclinaison (i). Or, les d’astéroïdes se dispersent lentement dans cet espace à cause de résonances séculaires et d’une force non-gravitationnelle dénommée «effet Yarkovsky». Ceci rend la méthode HCM de moins en moins efficace pour des familles d’âges de plus en plus élevées. Nous avons développé une nouvelle mèthode qui est insensible à la dispersion des membres des familles en e et i, car elle identifie les familles par leur forme caractéristique en «V» dans l’espace a; 1/D, oú D est le diamètre de l’astéroïde. Cette forme est due à la vitesse d’éjection initiale des membres de la famille par rapport au corps parent et à la dépendance approximative en 1/D de l’effet Yarkovsky qui disperse la famille en demi-grand axe au cours du temps. Cette méthode du ‘V-shape’ a été testée sur des familles connues, dont certaines difficilement identifiables par la méthode HCM. De plus, avec notre méthode nous avons découvert une famille de plus de 4 milliards d’années, reliant la plupart des astéroïdes sombres de la ceinture interne qui ne sont pas déjà inclus dans une famille connue (Delbo' et al., 2017). Seuls des astéroïdes avec diamètre D >50 km n’appartiennent à aucune famille et sont donc primordiaux. Cela implique que les astéroïdes primordiaux étaient assez gros, en accord avec les théories récentes sur la formation des planétésimaux dans le disque protplanétaire (Morbidelli et al., 2009). La méthode «V-shape» représente également une méthode d’analyse puissante pour trouver la frontière d’une famille d’astéroïdes dans le plan a; 1/D et pour calculer précisément sa courbure. Les propriétés thermiques des surfaces d’astéroïdes, telles que l’inertie thermique Γ, déterminent la magnitude de l’effet Yarkovsky. Or, Γ est statistiquement anti-corrélé avec D (Delbo' & Tanga, 2009; Delbo' et al., 2015). Par conséquent, l’effet de Yarkovsky peut avoir une dépendance non linéaire en 1/D, causant la courbure de la frontière de la famille dans le plan a; 1/D. L’outil de ‘V-shape’ est capable de détecter cette courbure sur des familles synthétiques et a été utilisé pour plus de 20 vieilles familles de la ceinture principale pour mesurer cet effet. La courbure mesurée implique qu’en moyenne l’effet Yarkovsky est proportionnel à D^-0.8. Il est constaté qu’il n’y a pas de corrélation entre l’âge de la famille et la courbure de sa frontière pour des familles âgées de plus de 100 millions d’années environ. De plus, la courbure en ‘V-shape’ diminue pour les familles à plus grand demi-grand axe, ce qui implique que relation entre Γ et D est moins anti-corrélée dans la ceinture externe que dans la ceinture interne. En examinant des familles âgées de moins de 20 millions d’années par la méthode du ‘V-shape’, nous pouvons étudier les familles dont la forme en «V» est causées par la vitesse initiale d’éjection des fragments et non pas par l’effet de Yarkovsky. Pour ces familles nous avons montré qu’il n’y a pas de courbure, ce qui implique que la vitesse initiale d’éjection des fragments est proportionnelle à 1/D, comme prédit par les expériences d’impact en laboratoire et les simulations numériques de fragmentation (Fujiwara et al., 1989; Michel et al., 2001; Durda et al., 2004; Nesvorný et al., 2006). La différence de courbure entre les familles de moins de 20 millions d’années et les familles plus âgées est une preuve indépendante que la dispersion en demi-grand axe des vieilles familles est dominèe par l’effet Yarkovsky. / Asteroid families are the remnant fragments of asteroids broken apart by collisions. There are only a few known Main Belt (MB) asteroid families with ages greater than 2 Gyr (Brož et al., 2013; Spoto et al., 2015). Estimates based on the family producing collision rate suggest that the lack of > 2 Gyr-old families may be due to a selection bias in classic techniques used to identify families. Family fragments disperse in their orbital elements, semimajor axis, a, eccentricity, e, and inclination, i, due to secular resonances, mean motion resonances, close encounters, secondary collisions and the nongravitational Yarkovsky force. This causes the family fragments to be more difficult to identify with the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which attempts to find cluster in orbital element space, when applied to family fragments’ elements as the fragments age. We have developed a new technique that is insensitive to the spreading of fragments in e and i by searching for V-shaped correlations of family members in a and asteroid diameter, D. A group of asteroids is identified as a collisional family if its boundary in the a vs. 1/D plane has a characteristic V-shape which is due to the size dependent Yarkovsky effect. The V-shape technique is demonstrated on the known families and families difficult to identify by HCM, and used to discover a 4 Gyr-old family linking most dark asteroids in the inner MB not included in any known family (Delbo' et al., 2017). The 4 Gyr-old family reveals asteroids with D > 35 km that do not belong to any asteroid family implying that they originally accreted from the protoplanetary disk and support recent theories on the formation of asteroids (Morbidelli et al., 2009). The V-shape detection tool is also a powerful analysis method for finding the boundary of an asteroid family and fitting for its shape. Thermal properties of the surfaces of asteroids such as the thermal inertia, Γ, determine the magnitude of the drift rate cause by the Yarkovsky force. Following the proposed anti-correlation between Γ and and D (Delbo' & Tanga, 2009; Delbo' et al., 2015), the Yarkovsky effect may have a more complex D dependence than previously thought, causing the family V-shape boundary to be curved in a vs. 1/D space. The V-shape tool is capable of detecting this curvature on synthetic families and was deployed on >20 families located throughout the MB to find this effect. The curvature of family V-shapes implies on average that the Yarkovsky drift rate scales with D^-(0.8-0.9). We find that there is no correlation between family age and V-shape curvature for families older than 100 Myrs. Additionally, the V-shape curvature decreases for asteroid families with larger a suggesting that the relationship between Γ and D is less anti-correlated in the Outer MB. By examining families <20 Myrs-old with the V-shape technique, we can separate family V-shapes caused by the initial ejection of fragments from those that are caused by the Yarkovsky effect. We constrain the initial velocity of young families by measuring the curvature of their fragments’ V-shape in a vs. 1/D space. We measure the V-shape curvature of 11 asteroid families that are too young for most of their known fragments to have undergone significant evolution in semi-major axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. We find that the majority of asteroid families in our sample have initial ejection velocity fields that scale with 1/D supporting the laboratory impact experiments and computer simulations of disrupting asteroid family parent bodies (Fujiwara et al., 1989; Michel et al., 2001; Durda et al., 2004; Nesvorný et al., 2006). In addition, the difference in curvature between <20 Myr-old families from the curvature of older family V-shapes evolved is independent evidence separating initial ejection velocity V-shapes from Yarkovsky V-shapes.

No description available.

We investigate the spectra of asteroids at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. In 2010 and 2011 we reported the detection of 3 ?m and 3.2-3.6 ?m signatures on (24) Themis and (65) Cybele indicative of water-ice and complex organics [1] [2] [3]. We further probed other primitive asteroids in the Cybele dynamical group and Themis family, finding diversity in the shape of their 3 ?m [4] [5] [6] and 10 ?m spectral features [4]. These differences indicated mineralogical and compositional variations within these asteroid populations. Also in the mid-infrared region we studied a larger population of asteroids belonging to the Bus C, D, and S taxanomic classes to understand the relationship between any mineralogy and hydration inferred in the visible and near- infrared with the shape, strength, and slope of the 10 ?m emission. We have discovered that at least 3 of the main Bus taxanomic groups (Cs, Ds, and Ss as defined by their visible spectra) clearly cluster into 3 statistically distinct groups based on their 8-13 ?m spectra. Additionally we have attempted to simulate in a laboratory the possible organic compounds we have detected on two asteroids, using various mixtures containing aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. We find that asteroid (24) Themis and (65) Cybele have ?CH2/?CH3 and NCH2/NCH3 ratios similar to our 3- methylpentane, propane, and hexane residues, suggesting that the organics on these asteroids may be short chained and/or highly branched. The ?CH2/?CH3 and NCH2/NCH3 for asteroid(24)Themis are most consistent with the DISM, and some carbonaceous chondrites. The band centers of the C-H stretch absorptions indicate that both asteroids may have aliphatic carriers chemically bonded to electronegative groups (i.e. aromatics), and some that are not. We also detect a 3.45 ?m feature in the spectra of both asteroids that is present in several dense molecular clouds. Our results suggest an interstellar origin for the organics on (24) Themis, and likely (65) Cybele. The differences in the organics of Themis and Cybele are likely related to variations in thermal processing, irradiation and/or formation region in the solar nebula.

This thesis explores how an Asteroid Sample Return Mission might make use of solar electric propulsion to send a spacecraft on a journey to the asteroid 1989ML and back. It examines different trajectories that can be used to get an asteroid sample return or similar spacecraft to an interplanetary destination and back in the most fuel-efficient manner. While current plans call for keeping such a spacecraft on the asteroid performing science experiments for approximately 90 days, it is prudent to inquire how lengthening or shortening this time period may affect mission fuel requirements. Using optimal control methods, various mission scenarios have been modeled and simulated. The results suggest that the amount of time that the spacecraft may spend on the asteroid surface can be approximated as a linear function of the available fuel mass. Furthermore, It can be shown that as maximum available thrust is decreased, the radial component of the optimal thrust vector becomes more pronounced.

This overview paper describes the legacy prospect and discovery potential of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) beyond cosmological studies, illustrating it with examples from the DES early data. DES is using a wide-field camera (DECam) on the 4 m Blanco Telescope in Chile to image 5000 sq deg of the sky in five filters (grizY). By its completion, the survey is expected to have generated a catalogue of 300 million galaxies with photometric redshifts and 100 million stars. In addition, a time-domain survey search over 27 sq deg is expected to yield a sample of thousands of Type Ia supernovae and other transients. The main goals of DES are to characterize dark energy and dark matter, and to test alternative models of gravity; these goals will be pursued by studying large-scale structure, cluster counts, weak gravitational lensing and Type Ia supernovae. However, DES also provides a rich data set which allows us to study many other aspects of astrophysics. In this paper, we focus on additional science with DES, emphasizing areas where the survey makes a difference with respect to other current surveys. The paper illustrates, using early data (from 'Science Verification', and from the first, second and third seasons of observations), what DES can tell us about the Solar system, the Milky Way, galaxy evolution, quasars and other topics. In addition, we show that if the cosmological model is assumed to be I >+cold dark matter, then important astrophysics can be deduced from the primary DES probes. Highlights from DES early data include the discovery of 34 trans-Neptunian objects, 17 dwarf satellites of the Milky Way, one published z > 6 quasar (and more confirmed) and two published superluminous supernovae (and more confirmed).

Changes of semimajor axes of giant planets, which took place 4 billion years ago and evolved the Solar System towards its present state, affected various populations of minor Solar-System bodies. One of these populations was a group of dynamically stable asteroids in the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter which reside in two islands of the phase space, denoted A and B, and exhibit lifetimes comparable to the age of the Solar System. The origin of stable asteroids has not been explained so far. Our main goal is to create a viable hypothesis of their origin. We update the resonant population and its physical properties on the basis of up-to-date observational data. Using an N-body model with seven giant planets and the Yarkovsky effect included, we demonstrate that the depletion of island A is faster compared to island B. We then investigate: (i) survivability of primordial resonant asteroids and (ii) capture of the population during planetary migration, using a recently described scenario with an escaping fifth giant planet and a jumping-Jupiter instability. We employ simulations with prescribed migration, smooth late migration and we statistically evaluate the results using dynamical maps. We also model collisions during the last 4 billion years. We conclude that the long-lived group was created by a...