[ES] Hay cantidad de símbolos en las grutas y abrigos naturales que evidencian que desde la noche de los tiempos, el ser humano ha sentido la necesidad intrínseca de hacer arte, y por ello comenzó a crear los primeros signos, y aunque este grabador o grabadora primitivo no distinguía entre signo y símbolo, el inconsciente colectivo ha actuado de hilo conductor, conectado a las sucesivas generaciones de artistas a través del tiempo, y el espacio con los arquetipos creados por ellos. Así, llegamos en pleno S. XX al barrio parisino de Montparnasse, donde encontramos al pintor y grabador inglés S.W. Hayter, fundador del emblemático Atelier 17 en 1927, quien no solo puso a las artes gráficas en un lugar de reconocimiento significativo e innovó en métodos técnicos de estampación como The Viscosity Printing, sino que buscó nuevas maneras de contactar con lo más auténtico de su ser, para dejarse fluir, y a modo de trance inducido, abrir su inconsciente, y con el buril como herramienta incidir libremente sobre la plancha, para luego dar forma a los primeros signos incisos en ella. Técnica que enseñaba en su taller para dar libertad, y que cada artista pudiera conectar con su verdadera esencia en busca de su propio signo, lo cual, según C.G.Jung, que símbolos ancestrales aparecieran en la obra grabada de estos artistas modernos, no es extraño. Es pues evidente que existe una conexión psicológica y antropológica que hace que, en la actualidad, estas grafías sigan aflorando, resonando y comunicando, aunque de otra manera, cubriendo otras necesidades, contando otras historias, pero claramente permanecen. Hayter con su obra, e innovadora metodología de creación amén de con su memoria escrita, ha dejado evidenciado este atávico legado, visible también a través de los y las artistas del Atelier 17 y del Taller Contrapoint y desde allí, nos sigue animando a dejarnos llevar, para descubrir e ilustrar visualmente los arquetipos ancestrales que aún resuenan dentro de nosotros, de una manera diferente,con cada propio signo. / [CA] Hi ha quantitat de símbols en les grutes i abrics naturals que evidencien que des de la nit dels temps, el ser humà ha sentit la necessitat intrínseca de fer art, i per això va començar a crear els primers signes, i encara que este gravador o gravadora primitiu no distingia entre signe i símbol, l'inconscient col·lectiu ha actuat de fil conductor, connectat a les successives generacions d'artistes a través del temps, i l'espai amb els arquetips creats per ells. Així, arribem en ple S. XX al barri parisenc de Montparnasse, on trobem el pintor i gravador anglés S.W. Hayter, fundador de l'emblemàtic Atelier 17 en 1927, qui no sols va posar a les arts gràfiques en un lloc de reconeixement significatiu i va innovar en mètodes tècnics d'estampació com The Viscosity Printing, sinó que va buscar noves maneres de contactar amb el més autèntic del seu ser, per a deixar-se fluir, i a manera de tràngol induït, obrir el seu inconscient, i amb el burí com a ferramenta incidir lliurement sobre la planxa, per a luego donar forma als primers signes incisos en ella. Tècnica que ensenyava en el seu taller per a donar llibertat, i que cada artista poguera connectar amb la seua verdadera essència a la cerca del seu propi signe, la qual cosa, segons C.G.Jung, que símbols ancestrals aparegueren en l'obra gravada d'estos artistes modernos, no és estrany. És perquè evident que hi ha una connexió psicològica i antropològica que fa que, en l'actualitat, estes grafies continuen aflorant, ressonant i comunicant, encara que d'una altra manera, cobrint altres necessitats, comptant altres històries, però clarament romanen. Hayter amb la seua obra, i innovadora metodologia de creació a més de amb la seua memòria escrita, ha deixat evidenciat este atàvic llegat, visible també a través dels i les artistes de l'Atelier 17 i del Taller Contrapoint i des d'allí, ens continua animant a deixar-nos portar, per a descobrir i il·lustrar visualment els arq. / [EN] There are many symbols in caves and natural shelters that show that since the dawn of time, human beings have felt the intrinsic need to make art, and therefore began to create the first signs, and although this primitive engraver or engraver did not distinguish between sign and symbol, the collective unconscious has acted as a common thread, connecting successive generations of artists through time and space with the archetypes created by them. Thus, we arrive in the middle of the 20th century in the Parisian district of Montparnasse, where we find the English painter and engraver S.W. Hayter. Hayter, founder of the emblematic Atelier 17 in 1927, who not only brought the graphic arts to a place of significant recognition and innovated in technical printing methods such as The Viscosity Printing, but also sought new ways to contact the most authentic part of his being, to let himself flow, and in a kind of induced trance, to open his unconscious, and with the burin as a tool, to work freely on the plate, to then give shape to the first signs incised on it. A technique he taught in his workshop to give freedom, so that each artist could connect with his true essence in search of his own sign, which, according to C.G.Jung, is not strange that ancestral symbols appear in the engraved work of these modern artists. It is therefore evident that there is a psychological and anthropological connection which means that, today, these graphics continue to emerge, resonate and communicate, albeit in a different way, covering other needs, telling other stories, but clearly they remain. Hayter, with his work and innovative creative methodology as well as with his written memory, has made this atavistic legacy evident, visible also through the artists of Atelier 17 and the Contrapoint Workshop, and from there, he continues to encourage us to let ourselves be carried away, to discover and visually illustrate the ancestral archetypes that still resonate within us, in a different way, with each sign itself. / Gómez García, MDR. (2023). Signo, arquetipo y símbolo en la obra gráfica de Hayter, un artista con raíces ancestrales y su influencia en los artistas del Atelier 17 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194058

The vibrant school of printmaking which emerged and flourished in New Zealand between 1900 and 1950 forms the subject of this thesis. It examines the attitudes of the printmakers, many of whom regarded the print as the most democratic of art forms and one that should reflect the realities of everyday life. Their subject matter, contemporary city scenes, people at work and leisure, local landscapes, Maori and indigenous flora and fauna, is analysed and revealed as anticipating by over a decade that of regionalist painters. They are also identified as the first New Zealand artists to draw attention to social and environmental issues. Trained under the British South Kensington art education system, New Zealand printmakers placed great importance on craftsmanship. Although some worked in a realist style others experimented with abstraction and surrealism, placing them among the forefront of New Zealand artists receptive to modern art. Expatriate New Zealand printmakers played significant roles in three major printmaking movements abroad, the Artists' International Alliance, Atelier 17 and the Claude Flight Linocut Movement. The thesis redresses the failure of existing histories of New Zealand art to recognise the existence of a major twentieth-century art movement. It identifies the main factors contributing to the low status of printmaking in New Zealand. Commercial artists rather than those with a fine arts background led the Quoin Club, which initiated a New Zealand school of printmaking in 1916; Gordon Tovey's overthrow of the South Kensington system in 1945 devalued the craftsmanship so important to printmakers; and the rise of modernism, which gave priority to formal values and abstraction, further exacerbated institutional indifference to the print. The adoption of Maori imagery by printmakers resulted in recent art historians retrospectively accusing them of cultural appropriation. Even the few printmakers who attained some recognition were criticised for their involvement in textile and bookplate design and book-illustration. Key artists discussed in the thesis include James Boswell, Stephen Champ, Frederick Coventry, Rona Dyer, Arnold Goodwin, Thomas Gulliver, Trevor Lloyd, Stewart Maclennan, Gilbert Meadows, John L. Moore, E. Mervyn Taylor, Arthur Thompson, Herbert Tornquist, Frank Weitzel, Hilda Wiseman, George Woods, John Buckland Wright and Adele Younghusband. Details of the approximately 3,000 prints created during this period are recorded in a database, and summarised in the Printmakers' Survey included in Volume Two. In addition reproductions of 156 prints are illustrated and documented; while a further 43 prints are reproduced within the text of Volume One.