Atkinson proposed a concept of ¡§flexible firm¡¨ in 1984, and distinguished workers into three parts: core workers, peripheral workers and external workers. In 1997, Handy considered that organization would be composed of core work team, temporary employees, and flexible workers in the future. Therefore, Work in the organization would be divided into two parts: core work and non-core work. Core workers are responsible for core work, and non-core work are outsourced or distributed to other contractors. Then, atypical employment rises and develops. The use of this kind of employment will become a trend, and companies can save money this way. The purposes of this thesis are: (1) to understand the situation of atypical employment in the Bureau of National Health Insurance (the NHI); (2) to find out the reasons of unionization for temporary workers in the NHI; (3) to understand the restraints on unionization of atypical employees; (4) to provide suggestion to government and government-run companies. According to the results of interviews and analysis, the reason that the NHI continues to employ temporary employees is to stabilize business. The NHI can continue to employ temporary employees since these temporary employees are not included into Labor Standards Law. Three reasons that temporary employees of the NHI can unionize are: (1) work time and worksites of temporary employees of the NHI are fixed; (2) insurance industries are covered by Labor Standards Law, and temporary employees of the NHI are included into Labor Standards Law; (3) organizational system of the NHI is a government-run financial and insurance organization, so it is not limited by the fourth clause of Labor Union Law.

The current South African legislative framework does not properly address the unequal bargaining position between employers and fixed term employees. Ineffective regulation of fixed term employment in South Africa has had the effect of excluding certain groups of fixed term employees from claiming the remedies provided in terms of the Labour Relations Act and other labour legislation. Furthermore, where remedies are applicable to them they are often ineffectual. Interpretational variation evident from case law pertaining to the enforcement of the rights of fixed term employees, indicate clear lacunae in the unfair dismissal protection afforded to these vulnerable employees. This is mainly a consequence of uncertainties related to the interpretation of the legislative provisions. The infusion of the values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the development of the common law to reflect these values might augment the scope and availability of rights enjoyed by fixed term employees. But, changing socio-economic and political circumstances necessitates review and amendment of the legislation applicable to fixed term employees to meet the country’s constitutional and international obligations. Proposed amendments to the Labour Relations Act have been tabled. These amendments may be capable of addressing some of the current problems. However, they may also lead to other undesirable consequences. An investigation into problems related to the application of similar provisions as those proposed by the Labour Relations Amendment Bill in other jurisdictions crystallises some possible causes for concern. Some of the proposed changes could create new vulnerabilities, or renew old ones. / Private Law / LLD

Cette étude dresse un bref historique du concept de la dignité humaine pour observer sa dualité et sa multiplicité à travers les époques. Peu présente dans la littérature, la dignité au travail, tout aussi dichotomique et plurielle, s’inscrit néanmoins dans un cadre singulier, où s’ajoute des paramètres spécifiques à l’organisation du travail. Elle s’avère particulièrement problématique pour les employés atypiques, incluant entre autres les employés à contrats à durée déterminée, les employés saisonniers et les employés temporaires. Effectivement, malgré l’augmentation significative de leur embauche au sein du marché du travail canadien depuis la fin des années 1990, les employés atypiques représentent un groupe peu étudié, vulnérable et plus enclin à subir les répercussions de pratiques contraignantes et nuisibles à la dignité selon la précarité rattachée au statut, d’où la pertinence de s’y intéresser. En ce sens, si la dignité appelle à l’autonomie par la considération de la valeur intrinsèque et inaliénable de l’individu, et que le travail implique qu’il réalise des finalités autres que les siennes, s’interroger sur la dignité au travail, principalement chez un groupe marginalisé par sa présence éphémère, prend tout son sens. La méthodologie de cette étude est basée sur l’analyse interprétative d’entretiens semi-structurés réalisés avec douze employés atypiques. Comparées à la littérature existante et suite à la mise en place d’une typologie du travail spécifique aux employés atypiques et à la dignité, les données recueillies ont montré une réappropriation de la dualité du concept par l’inclusion de l’opposition entre l’être et l’action de la part des participants. Plus encore, ils ont ajouté trois dimensions supplémentaires : l’interaction, les systèmes du travail et le temps. Concept central et pivot, l’interaction permet l’établissement de relations dans l’ensemble des dimensions. L’organisation du travail dans les systèmes et l’éphémérité du statut des employés atypiques, éléments différentiels, banalisent les pratiques nuisibles à la dignité des employés atypiques, où ces derniers finissent par percevoir leur situation comme un rite de passage dans l’attente d’un avenir meilleur. / This study begins with a brief historical overview of the concept of dignity. Despite the multiple meanings given to the notion of dignity over time, a clear duality appears between definitions that privilege the intrinsic, inalienable nature of dignity and those that attribute dignity according to the quality of an individual's actions. While dignity at work has received far less scholarly attention, the emergent literature replicates the same dichotomy that is found in studies of dignity. The question of dignity at work is particularly important for atypical employees who, due to their precarious status, are especially vulnerable to workplace indignity. Surprisingly, atypical workers, a category that includes seasonal workers, temporary workers, workers on short-term contracts, and permanent part-timers, remain on the sidelines of much academic research, despite constant growth in their numbers as a proportion of the Canadian labour market since the late 1990s. The importance of studying dignity at work appears clearly in the following conundrum: how can we understand dignity at work when dignity implies that one recognizes the unique value of every human person based on his/her autonomy to choose his/her own ends, yet the context of work requires that workers commit themselves to attaining objectives imposed by someone else? Using an interpretive methodology to explore the meanings of dignity at work, this study is based on semi-structured interviews with twelve atypical employees. The findings show how participants reconciled the duality between being and doing as a source of dignity. Participants added three other dimensions that are not present in the extant literature: interaction, work systems, and time. These five dimensions are combined to create a typology of dignity at work that is specific to atypical employees. Interaction acts as a core concept that links all of the other dimensions together. The organization of work systems and the ephemeral status of atypical employees work together to trivialize workplace practices that undermine the dignity of atypical employees, who come to perceive their situation as a rite of passage to be endured while waiting for a better future.

The current South African legislative framework does not properly address the unequal bargaining position between employers and fixed term employees. Ineffective regulation of fixed term employment in South Africa has had the effect of excluding certain groups of fixed term employees from claiming the remedies provided in terms of the Labour Relations Act and other labour legislation. Furthermore, where remedies are applicable to them they are often ineffectual. Interpretational variation evident from case law pertaining to the enforcement of the rights of fixed term employees, indicate clear lacunae in the unfair dismissal protection afforded to these vulnerable employees. This is mainly a consequence of uncertainties related to the interpretation of the legislative provisions. The infusion of the values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the development of the common law to reflect these values might augment the scope and availability of rights enjoyed by fixed term employees. But, changing socio-economic and political circumstances necessitates review and amendment of the legislation applicable to fixed term employees to meet the country’s constitutional and international obligations. Proposed amendments to the Labour Relations Act have been tabled. These amendments may be capable of addressing some of the current problems. However, they may also lead to other undesirable consequences. An investigation into problems related to the application of similar provisions as those proposed by the Labour Relations Amendment Bill in other jurisdictions crystallises some possible causes for concern. Some of the proposed changes could create new vulnerabilities, or renew old ones. / Private Law / LL. D.