Since 2007 the EU commission has been investigating Sweden regarding their implementation of the Council's directive 1999/70/EC concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work into Swedish law after a report to the commission from a Swedish confederation of officials, TCO. After many years and turns back and forth between the commission and the Swedish government with several failed suggestions of changes to the Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term contracts, the government presented a final suggestion that was successfully voted through and thereby new rules regarding fixed-term contracts applies in Sweden from 1 May 2016.During this whole process, and before it as well, there has been a discussion between the parties of the labour market on whether fixed-term contracts are being misused or not in Sweden. The main purpose of this essay is to shed some light on the question of this misuse of fixed-term contracts and to see what consequences such misuse, if it exists, could have on the society and specifically on the labour market integration of newly arrived citizens.If misuse of fixed-term contracts exist or not is a question of interpretation and is depending on how the labour market is viewed. There are different perspectives and different theories on how the labour market should function to best profit the society. What effects the new Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term contracts will have on the society and on the integration of newly arrived citizens in the future is yet to be shown. If the new rules regarding fixed-term contracts fulfill their purpose in strengthening the employee protection that could have a positive outcome for both newly arrived citizens and the society at large.

This thesis examines the moderating role of trade union representation in addressing the gap in employer-provided training between permanent workers and workers with fixed-term contracts (FTCs) from a cross-country, comparative perspective. The impact of trade union representation is measured on two different levels: (1) access to trade union representation at the workplace at the individual-level (2) average trade union representation at the country-level, measured as trade union power. The statistical analyses are performed using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and multilevel modelling. Our result suggests that, across the European countries, workers with FTCs receive less employer-paid training than permanent workers. Regarding the impact of trade union representation, statistically significant result is found only at the individual-level, where access to trade union representation increases employer-paid training regardless of employment contract. For the interaction between access to trade union representation at the individual-level and FTC, no significant relationship is found. However, the models with the cross-level interaction between trade union power and FTC indicate that employer-paid training increases for permanent workers only. Our findings suggest that trade union representation at the workplace could operate as an equalizer between permanent workers and FTC workers, while at the country-level, their lobbying effect is beneficial for permanent workers only

This paper aims to study, from a legal dogmatic method, the Swedish legislation on fixed-term work related to the EU directive 99/70/EC 1. In particular, the directives demand to prevent abuse of frequent temporary employment. An employer may, in agreement with the Swedish legislation combine different types of temporary employment, to prolong the time in the temporary employment. In this proceeding an employer can avoid employing an employee in a permanent position. For example, an employee can be employed in a probationary period of six months, in a general temporary employment for a maximum of 24 months, and thereafter in a temporary position for a maximum of 24 months before the employment turns into a permanent position. This provided that the employments were made by the same employer, and within five years. The EU Commission has requested Sweden to change its legislation in harmony with the fixed-term work directive requirements to prevent abuse of repetitive fixed-term contracts. Sweden now has two months to implement the Directive otherwise the Commission may bring an action against Sweden at the European Court of Justice. The Ministry of Employment and the TCO have presented a legislative draft on how the Swedish law should instead be designed. In 2012 there were 661,000 people with fixed-term contracts in Sweden, 288,000 of them were men and 373,000 were women. There are mostly women who have fixed-term employments. This may result in women being more vulnerable than men in terms of for example the economy. Fixed-term employments can cause difficulties in obtaining loans or gaining access to the housing market. For society, temporary jobs lead to higher costs compared to permanent employment. If fixed-term employments are increasing, it will lead to more short periods of unemployment and rising costs including unemployment insurance.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-18T20:33:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by FRANCIELE DEL VECCHIO DOS SANTOS null (fran.delvecchio@gmail.com) on 2016-05-02T11:53:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO ARQUIVAMENTO.pdf: 1418246 bytes, checksum: 2ae659b7daf6ca2fa6ef9700d01a4d5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-03T16:54:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fdv_me_arafc.pdf: 1418246 bytes, checksum: 2ae659b7daf6ca2fa6ef9700d01a4d5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T16:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fdv_me_arafc.pdf: 1418246 bytes, checksum: 2ae659b7daf6ca2fa6ef9700d01a4d5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O final do século XX, com o advento do neoliberalismo, a aceleração do tempo produtivo e a flexibilização do mundo do trabalho desencadeou profundas mudanças na organização social contemporânea. Neste contexto, a partir da década de 1990, a escola vivencia uma profunda reorganização quando um conjunto de reformas educacionais de viés gerencialista, impulsionado pela influência dos organismos multilaterais alterou suas práticas e condições de trabalho. No Brasil, essas reformas resultaram na prevalência da cultura do controle, da regulação e da demonstração de resultados da educação, fato que incidiu diretamente no processo de intensificação do trabalho docente, instaurando uma nova concepção acerca da escola e do papel de seus agentes sociais mais diretos, estudantes e professores. Os docentes viram-se diante de inúmeras alterações em seu processo cotidiano de trabalho sendo obrigados, cada vez mais, a desempenhar papeis que se distanciam da perspectiva didático-pedagógica da profissão. Além de modificações na realização do trabalho, alguns estados como São Paulo, passaram a flexibilizar sua forma de contratação, criando em seu sistema público de ensino contratos de trabalho temporários sem direitos assegurados. A presente pesquisa busca refletir sobre a prática de contratação por tempo determinado realizada na rede estadual paulista e sua relação com as condições de trabalho dos professores não efetivos (categoria O) contratos à partir da Lei Complementar N° 1.093/2009. Para tanto, optou-se pela realização de uma pesquisa empírica de natureza qualitativa complementada por levantamento bibliográfico documental. A técnica de coleta de dados adotada foi a entrevista semiestruturada com professores da categoria O representantes das áreas do conhecimento propostas na atual matriz curricular do Estado de São Paulo. As especificidades inerentes a essa forma de contratação evidenciam um contexto de fragilização da categoria docente explicitando que essa forma de contrato realizada pela rede estadual paulista contribui para a precarização das relações de trabalho na escola, com jornadas de trabalho extensas, desvalorização social da profissão, insegurança e instabilidade. / The end of the twentieth century, with the advent of neoliberalism, the acceleration of productive time and the flexibility of the labor market triggered profound changes in contemporary social organization. In this context, from the 1990s, the school experiences a major reorganization when a set of educational reforms of managerial bias, driven by the influence of multilateral organizations changed their practices and working conditions. In Brazil, these reforms have resulted in the prevalence of control culture, regulation and income statement of education, the fact that focused directly on the intensification of teaching process, establishing a new conception of the school and the role of their social agents more direct, students and teachers. The teachers were faced numerous changes in their daily work process being forced, increasingly, to play roles that differ from the didactic and pedagogical perspective of the profession. In addition to changes in the performance of the work, some states such as São Paulo, started to ease their way of hiring, creating in its public school system temporary employment contracts without guaranteed rights. This research seeks to reflect on fixed-term hiring practice held in São Paulo state network and its relationship to the working conditions of non-tenured teachers (category) contracts from the Complementary Law No. 1,093 / 2009. Therefore, it was decided to carry out an empirical research of qualitative complemented by documentary literature. The adopted data collection technique was the semi-structured interviews with Grade Teachers The representatives of the areas of knowledge proposed in the current curriculum of the State of São Paulo. The specificities of this form of employment show a context of weakening of the teaching category explaining that this form of contract held by the state public network contributes to the precariousness of labor relations at school, with long working hours, social devaluation of the profession, insecurity and instability.

The current South African legislative framework does not properly address the unequal bargaining position between employers and fixed term employees. Ineffective regulation of fixed term employment in South Africa has had the effect of excluding certain groups of fixed term employees from claiming the remedies provided in terms of the Labour Relations Act and other labour legislation. Furthermore, where remedies are applicable to them they are often ineffectual. Interpretational variation evident from case law pertaining to the enforcement of the rights of fixed term employees, indicate clear lacunae in the unfair dismissal protection afforded to these vulnerable employees. This is mainly a consequence of uncertainties related to the interpretation of the legislative provisions. The infusion of the values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the development of the common law to reflect these values might augment the scope and availability of rights enjoyed by fixed term employees. But, changing socio-economic and political circumstances necessitates review and amendment of the legislation applicable to fixed term employees to meet the country’s constitutional and international obligations. Proposed amendments to the Labour Relations Act have been tabled. These amendments may be capable of addressing some of the current problems. However, they may also lead to other undesirable consequences. An investigation into problems related to the application of similar provisions as those proposed by the Labour Relations Amendment Bill in other jurisdictions crystallises some possible causes for concern. Some of the proposed changes could create new vulnerabilities, or renew old ones. / Private Law / LLD

The current South African legislative framework does not properly address the unequal bargaining position between employers and fixed term employees. Ineffective regulation of fixed term employment in South Africa has had the effect of excluding certain groups of fixed term employees from claiming the remedies provided in terms of the Labour Relations Act and other labour legislation. Furthermore, where remedies are applicable to them they are often ineffectual. Interpretational variation evident from case law pertaining to the enforcement of the rights of fixed term employees, indicate clear lacunae in the unfair dismissal protection afforded to these vulnerable employees. This is mainly a consequence of uncertainties related to the interpretation of the legislative provisions. The infusion of the values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the development of the common law to reflect these values might augment the scope and availability of rights enjoyed by fixed term employees. But, changing socio-economic and political circumstances necessitates review and amendment of the legislation applicable to fixed term employees to meet the country’s constitutional and international obligations. Proposed amendments to the Labour Relations Act have been tabled. These amendments may be capable of addressing some of the current problems. However, they may also lead to other undesirable consequences. An investigation into problems related to the application of similar provisions as those proposed by the Labour Relations Amendment Bill in other jurisdictions crystallises some possible causes for concern. Some of the proposed changes could create new vulnerabilities, or renew old ones. / Private Law / LL. D.

Several interesting findings emerged from this study. First, strong labour movements still failed to successfully bargain for employment protections due to resistance from employers to encroachments on their institutionalized managerial prerogatives. Second, governments favoured a policy of abstentionism and acquiescence to the collective-laissez-faire tradition until the critical juncture of the 1960s and 1970s. Third, the increasing power resources of trade unions and a deteriorating socio-economic climate created a window of opportunity for bold government action to improve industrial relations, albeit without the consent of employers, and at first, unions. Fourth, contrary to the liberalizing pressures one would expect to find in an archetypical free market economy, the UK has implemented far more statutory protections than deregulatory reforms. Fifth, in contrast to its traditional non-intervention in industrial relations and reputation for worker-protective regulations, Swedish governments have enacted numerous statutes, both restricting and freeing managerial prerogatives in the hiring and firing process. Sixth, statutory employment protections became an independent set of institutional power resources for unions in the long run, serving their organizational and representational interests in important ways. Seventh, unions and left parties consistently defended and advanced the policy preferences of their core constituencies in secure employment by privileging the job security of regular contracts. Eighth, employers and parties on the right of the political spectrum consistently opposed restrictions on the managerial capacity to hire and fire at will, especially for small businesses. Nineth, to increase flexibility without threatening the stability of regular contracts, reforms over the years had to foster atypical forms of work, creating a regulatory gap between permanent and temporary employment, particularly in Sweden. Tenth, differences exist between job security in the statute books and job security in action, particularly in the UK where this gap pervades all aspects of the unfair dismissal system. These findings suggest employment protection legislation has developed in ways far more complex, dynamic and contradictory than is commonly assumed by prominent theories of comparative political economy. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis examines how and why employment protection legislation developed in the United Kingdom and Sweden in the ways that it did from its early beginnings to the present period. It hopes to offer answers to questions about the initial impetus for statutory regulation, the number, content and impact of significant legislative changes and the preferences of key stakeholders with material interests in the policymaking process. It does this by drawing on a variety of both primary and secondary source materials, including employment protection databases, parliamentary records and research publications. At the same time, it assesses the explanatory merit of dominant theories in the political economy literature by testing them against voluminous empirical evidence and provides a multi-factorial account to fill the gaps in the existing body of knowledge.