Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the leading cause of substance use disorders among Veterans and 55 to 75% of the population that are diagnosed with PTSD also receive a comorbid diagnosis of AUD. The co-diagnosis of PTSD/AUD is associated with neurocognitive changes such as increased impulsivity and risk-taking behavior, especially among individuals with combat-related trauma. Furthermore, increased neuroinflammation in subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are suggested to contribute to these neurocognitive changes. To better understand the cognitive deficits associated with co-occurring PTSD/AUD we incorporated a probabilistic discounting task (PDT) to model risk-based decision-making in male and female Wistar rats that were exposed to restraint stress (RS) and chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (CIE). Following RS and CIE, rats underwent lever press training through a series of different training phases, in which one lever delivered a small reward 100% of the time, and the other a large reward, delivered with descending probability each trial block. Pressing the large-reward lever during the final two trial blocks when it is disadvantageous to do so is considered “risky” behavior. A week prior to PDT, rats were treated prophylactically with CDPPB, a positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptor, to determine if the cognitive deficits caused by stress and alcohol exposure could be prevented. Additionally, to determine if our model mimicked the neuroinflammatory mechanism seen in the human condition and the therapeutic effects of CDPPB, we assessed TNF-⍺ protein expression in a subset of rats. Our results indicated that male rats exposed to RS and CIE had significantly greater responding during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th risk blocks compared to all other groups. However, the administration of CDPPB reversed this effect. Females exposed to RS and CIE only displayed increased risky behavior at the highest risk block and this was also blocked with the administration of CDPPB. We also determined that RS and CIE significantly increased TNF-⍺ levels in the IfL cortex compared to either RS or CIE alone and the prophylactic administration of CDPPB reduced TNF-⍺ protein expression to control animal levels. In the present study, we demonstrate that exposure to stress and chronic alcohol leads to significant neurocognitive deficits resulting in increased risky decision-making, but these deficits can be attenuated through modulation of the mGlu5 receptor prior to behavioral testing. Additionally, these deficits could be due to deleterious neuroinflammation in subregions of the PFC.

The Diploma Thesis deals with influence of announcing economic indicators on currency exchange rate AUD/USD. The Thesis focuses on fundamental news announced in Australia, USA and China, as these play a significant role in forming of analyzed currency exchange rate. The first part includes general description of fundaments, explanation of investor's psychology, description of world's most important banks, because the financial world waits for their announcements and reacts upon them. Next subchapter of thesis focuses on central bank of Australia and its monetary policy. The research itself is situated in the second part of the thesis, containing testing the influence of fundamental news on logarithmic return of exchange rate AUD/USD, using linear regression analysis. The objective of this part is to find out what is the influence of news on exchange rate return of AUD/USD. The last part examines whether investing strategies based on announcing fundamental news can bring profit to the investor or the efficient market theory will be confirmed.

Introduction: Souvent, les recherches sur ce sujet se réalisent dans un environnement de consommation légal. Pourtant, le cas de l'Arabie saoudite devrait donner des résultats différents. pour la théorie cognitive, la dépendance chimique consiste en une forte interaction entre les cognitions (pensée, croyance, schéma), valeur, opinion, attente, supposition, attitude, émotions, connexion familiale et sociale, impact social et procédure naturelle et physiologique. En s’intéressant à explorer ces croyances dans une société interdisant l'alcool et à présenter un protocole d'évaluation complet adapté à cette culture. Méthode: L’étude inclue 144 sujets, séparés en 3 groupes selon la dépendance et le sexe. Résultats: Les positives croyances liées à l'alcool sont plus élevées chez les alcooliques alors qu'il n'y a pas de différence liée au sexe. Une corrélation positive entre le craving et la rechute. Le niveau de trauma est plus élevé chez les alcooliques et positivement lié à la rechute. Conclusion: Les croyances liées à l’alcool comme toutes les variables precitées ont une rôle essentiel dans la compréhension et le traitement de ce problème. / Introduction: Mostly, the researches about this subject are done in legal alcohol consumption environment. Therefore the case of Saudi Arabia should give different results. Regarding cognitive theory, chemical dependence consists of a strong interaction between cognitions (thoughts, convictions, schemas), values, opinions, expectations and suppositions attitudes; emotions; familial and social connections; social impacts; and natural and physiological procedures. We are interested in exploring these beliefs in a society that forbids alcohol and presenting a complete evaluation protocol adapting to Saudi culture. Method: We studied 144 subjects, separated into 3 groups depending on addiction and gender. Results: Higher positive believes related to alcohol in alcoholics while there is no difference between men and women. A positive correlation between craving and relapse. The traumatic experiences are higher in alcoholics and positively correlated with relapse. Conclusion: The beliefs related to alcohol consumption beside all other variables that are mentioned above have a vital role in the comprehension and the treatment of this issue.

<p>With the development of the financial markets, the foreign exchange market has become more and more important for investors. The daily volume of business dealt with on the foreign exchange markets in 1998 was estimated to be over $2.5 trillion dollars (the daily volume on New York Stock Exchanges is about $20 billion). Today (2006) it may be about $5 trillion dollars. More and more people notice the foreign exchange market, and more and more sophisticated investors research such markets. The purpose of this thesis is to compare different methods to forecast the exchange rate of the money pair AUD/JPY. Firstly we studied the relationship between the AUD/JPY exchange rate and some economic fundamentals by using a regression model. Secondly, we tested whether the AUD/JPY exchange rate had any relationship with its historical records by using an ARIMA model. Finally, we compared the two model forecasting performance. A secondary purpose is to test whether the Market Efficiency Hypothesis works on the money pair AUD/JPY. In the study, data from January 1986 to June 2006 were chosen. To test which method produces better forecasts, we chose data from January 1986 to December 2002 to build up the prediction functions. Then we used the data from January 2003 to 2006 June to evaluate which predicting method was closer to the reality. In the comparison of the forecasting performances, two approaches dealing with the unknown future fundamentals were used. Firstly we assumed that we could do perfect predictions of these regressors, that was, our predictions of these regressors were the same as the actual future outcomes. So we put the real data for the fundamentals from January 2003 to June 2006 into the regression function. Secondly we assumed that we were in real life situation, and we had to predict the regressors first in order to get the predictions of the exchange rate. The results of the comparison were that the AUD/JPY exchange rate could to some extent be predictable, and that the predictions by the ARIMA model were more accurate.</p>

With the development of the financial markets, the foreign exchange market has become more and more important for investors. The daily volume of business dealt with on the foreign exchange markets in 1998 was estimated to be over $2.5 trillion dollars (the daily volume on New York Stock Exchanges is about $20 billion). Today (2006) it may be about $5 trillion dollars. More and more people notice the foreign exchange market, and more and more sophisticated investors research such markets. The purpose of this thesis is to compare different methods to forecast the exchange rate of the money pair AUD/JPY. Firstly we studied the relationship between the AUD/JPY exchange rate and some economic fundamentals by using a regression model. Secondly, we tested whether the AUD/JPY exchange rate had any relationship with its historical records by using an ARIMA model. Finally, we compared the two model forecasting performance. A secondary purpose is to test whether the Market Efficiency Hypothesis works on the money pair AUD/JPY. In the study, data from January 1986 to June 2006 were chosen. To test which method produces better forecasts, we chose data from January 1986 to December 2002 to build up the prediction functions. Then we used the data from January 2003 to 2006 June to evaluate which predicting method was closer to the reality. In the comparison of the forecasting performances, two approaches dealing with the unknown future fundamentals were used. Firstly we assumed that we could do perfect predictions of these regressors, that was, our predictions of these regressors were the same as the actual future outcomes. So we put the real data for the fundamentals from January 2003 to June 2006 into the regression function. Secondly we assumed that we were in real life situation, and we had to predict the regressors first in order to get the predictions of the exchange rate. The results of the comparison were that the AUD/JPY exchange rate could to some extent be predictable, and that the predictions by the ARIMA model were more accurate.

The purpose of this project is to assess students' gains in intercultural competency during participation within a global curriculum in speech-language pathology and audiology as part of an international exchange project between two U.S. and two Brazilian communicative disorders programs using a standarized measure, the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) v.3.

In the United States, one in every 100 adults is confined to a correctional facility. Approximately 60% of inmates have an alcohol use disorder (AUD). When compared to the general population, inmates are twice as likely to have AUD. As they are unable to readily access alcohol, inmates entering a correctional facility with AUD are at high risk for the lethal alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). AWS is preventable and yet correctional nurses process new inmates without an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) to assess for AUD, the prerequisite for AWS. The purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based CPG with implementation algorithm to guide the inmate assessment for AUD. The ACE star model of knowledge transformation guided the project, the AGREE II was used to develop the CPG, and the Delphi technique was used to evaluate the final CPG with algorithm. Nationally, 20 correctional health experts were identified and asked to participate in the Delphi expert panel, although 11 experts agreed to participate only 9 completed the evaluation. The experts were correctional health experts, nurses and physicians, from different regions of the United States. The resulting CPG satisfied all 23-items of the AGREE II. Through 2 Delphi panel rounds, all participants recommended the CPG with minor modifications (6 experts recommended as presented while the 3 recommended with modifications). At the project conclusion, all 9 experts agreed the CPG will help improve the identification, referral, and management of inmates with AUD. This project contributes to positive social change as the CPG addresses a serious problem, AUD with possible AWS, in a vulnerable population. The CPG may be generalizable for use in other correctional facilities.

Analyzing scientific and normative literature and making an empirical research in Lithuanian companies of trading and audit, it is set the particularities of accounting ant audit of goods, main problems of the audit of goods and solution of those problems. The object of research – accounting and audit of goods. The aim of research – systematize, ground and to offer decisions for improvement of accounting and audit of goods after analyzing various aspects of accounting and audit of goods theoretically and practically. The main tasks: 1)after explore scientific and normative literature of subject-matter, to define conception of goods in accounting and audit, to concretize tasks of audit of goods, and to substantiate importance of inventory in accounting and audit of goods; 2)to determine main requirements for accounting of goods and applied principles of accounting; to analyze practical possibilities and difficulties of their application; to analyze regulatory system of accounting goods in Lithuania; 3)following results of performed empiric research of accounting of goods as well as analysis of scientific and normative literature, to determine reasons of choosing methods of valuation of goods and ways of accounting as well as problems of their application and to offer possible methods of solving problems; 4)after studying scientific literature about to determine possible problems of audit and to offer ways of their solving; 5)to create model of sequence of performing audit of... [to full text]

Le droit international classique volontaire basé sur la notion absolue de la souveraineté étatique est remis en cause par l’émergence des règles impératives (jus cogens). A cet égard, la cristallisation des droits humains impératifs est le résultat du processus d’humanisation du droit international moderne où les règles impératives des droits humains de rangs supérieurs se situent au sommet. On peut estimer que l’acceptation des droits humains impératifs créée des obligations erga omnes de protection pour les États membres de la communauté internationale. Dans ce cadre, dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, tous les États sont directement affectés, touchés et lésés par les violations en question et ont le droit d’agir. A cet effet, il nous semble que tous les États peuvent adopter des contre-mesures individuelles à l’encontre de l’État fautif, violateur des droits humains impératifs. Dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, il nous paraît aussi que, sous certaines conditions, les États peuvent recourir à une intervention militaire à but humanitaire, même sans l’avis favorable du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Aussi, selon certaines conditions, les États peuvent fournir une aide humanitaire aux victimes des violations des droits humains impératifs survenues à l’extérieur de leur territoire, même sans le consentement de l’État territorial. Les États sont aussi tenus de réprimer les crimes de jus cogens commis à l’extérieur de leur territoire. Dans ce contexte, il nous semble que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, peuvent poursuivre les étrangers suspectés d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens. Dans ce cadre, les États doivent appliquer la règle aut dedere aut judicare en respectant l’obligation de non refoulement afin de prévenir les violations des droits humains impératifs à l’étranger. Il nous paraît aussi que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, doivent prévoir la compétence universelle des juridictions internes. A cet égard, les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle à l’encontre des crimes de jus cogens commis à l’étranger par l’étranger et sur l’étranger. Dans ce cadre, il nous semble que les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle absolue. A cet effet, un État peut déclencher une poursuite pénale à l’encontre de l’étranger suspecté d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens, même si ce dernier n’est pas présent et/ou en détention sur le territoire de l’État du for. Il nous semble aussi que, l’immunité des hauts représentants d’État, ainsi que les lois d’amnistie étrangères, ne peuvent pas empêcher l’État du for d’exercer la compétence universelle afin de protéger les intérêts généraux de la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. / Traditional international law based on absolute notion of state sovereignty, is challenged by theemergence of peremptory norms Çus cogens). In this respect, the crystallization of peremptory humanrights norms is the result of the process of humanization of modern international law where theperemptory human rights norms of superior ranks place at the summit. We could believe that theacceptance of peremptory human rights norms creates erga omnes obligations of protection for States,members of the international community. In this context, in the case of violations of peremptoryhuman rights norms, all States are directly affected and injured by the violations in question and have the right to react. To this end, we believe that all States can adopt individual countermeasures against the wrongdoer state, violator of peremptory human rights norms. In the case of violations ofperemptory human rights norms, under certain conditions, States may resort to military interventionfor humanitarian purposes, even without the autholization of the United Nations Security Council.Also, under certain conditions, States can provide humanitarian aid to victims of violations ofperemptory human rights norms occurred outside their territory, even without the consent of theterritorial state. States are also required to suppress jus cogens crimes committed outside their territory. In this context, we believe that States can apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare and prosecute aliens suspected of jus cogens crimes. In this context, States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, must respect the obligation of non-refoulement to prevent violations of peremptory human rights norms abroad. It seems to us that States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare must also apply the principle of universal jurisdiction before their internal courts. In this regard, States can exercise universal jurisdiction againsl jus cogens crimes committed abroad, by foreigners and against foreigners. In this context, we believe that States may exercise the absolute universal jurisdiction. To this end, a State may initiate criminal proceedings against alien suspected of jus cogens crimes, even if helshe is not present and/or in custody in the territory ofthe forum State. It also seems to us that the immunity of senior state representatives and foreign amnesty laws, cannot prevent the forum State to exercise universal jurisdiction in order to protect the general interests of the international community as a whole.

Ph.D. Thesis ABSTRACT Mgr. Veronika Kristková, LL.M., 2013 Position of victims of human rights violations in international law with focus on victims of serious violations of human rights and international humantiarian law This work focuses within the broad theme of " Position of the victims of the human rights violations in international law" on victims of serious human rights violations and serious violations of international humanitarian law (hereinafter only serious violations). The author decided to focus on the victims of serious violations because the research revealed that while the rights of victims of human rights violations are in general relatively settled in theory as well in practice of international law, the rights of the victims of serious violations is an area, which raises several doctrinal questions, encountered rapid development in recent years and continues to develop. Analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations necessary must be based on the rights of the victims of human rights violations in general, which serves as a baseline for the analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations. Only in comparison with the general rights of the victims of human rights violations the specificities of the rights of the victims of serious violations stand up. First the work...