Cette thèse présente l’étude analytique et expérimentale d’un système de compression axial constitue d’un compresseur, d’un plenum et d’une vanne de régulation du débit. Fondée sur le modèle de Moore-Greitzer, une approche analytique est utilisée par la suite pour interpréter les données expérimentales. Les analyses linéaires et non linéaires sont présentées, ainsi que les résultats obtenus par intégration numérique des équations du modèle non linéaire complet. Un modèle théorique simple pour les modes acoustiques observes est aussi présente. Dans les expériences, les mesures de pression ont été réalisées pour différents taux de rotation et différents vannages. Ceci a permis la détermination de l’augmentation de pression au travers du compresseur et du débit en utilisant un Venturi, ceux qui fournissent la courbe de fonctionnement du compresseur. Les fluctuations de pression sont mesurées par quatre microphones places en amont du compresseur. Nous n’avons pas observé de pompage, mais un décrochage tournant s’est produit quand le système était suffisamment vanne. Avant ceci, des fluctuations correspondant aux modes acoustiques de la conduite ont été trouvées. Au début du décrochage, une cellule de décrochage tournante d’amplitude croissante a été observée. Cependant, la cellule a rapidement éclaté, remplacée par des fluctuations aléatoires. Ainsi, pour le système de compression considéré, la situation de décrochage est mieux décrite comme étant aléatoire plutôt que rotative. Le traitement du signal (spectres en fréquence ainsi que les autocorrélations et corrélations croisées) a permis d’analyser les fluctuations de pression des modes acoustiques et du décrochage développé. Les modes acoustiques montrent des pics spectraux proches des valeurs prédites par la théorie. En présence de décrochage, le spectre est à large bande, et contient un pic de fréquence basse (∼20 Hz) suivi d’une queue s’étendant jusqu’à 1 kHz, bien au-dessus de la fréquence de rotation du rotor (∼150 Hz). Il apparait une gamme fréquentielle située entre le pic à basse fréquence et la chute à haute fréquence, dans laquelle le spectre évolue en loi de puissance. Les autocorrélations et corrélations croisées entre les différents microphones montrent des oscillations à ∼20 Hz. En appliquant un filtre passe-bas aux données, les fonctions de corrélations croisées des signaux filtres des différents microphones suggèrent l’existence d’une cellule rotative qui effectue une rotation complète en ∼0.05 s. Ceci pourrait expliquer le pic spectral a ∼20 Hz et les oscillations des fonctions de corrélation. De ce fait, les fluctuations de pression apparaissent comme contenant une forte composante aléatoire à haute fréquence, et une cellule rotative. La décorrelation du signal filtre quand la séparation en temps augmente indique que la cellule elle-même a un caractère aléatoire, plutôt qu’une forme et une vitesse rotative fixes comme dans une cellule de décrochage classique. / This thesis presents an analytical and experimental study of an axial compression system consisting of a compressor, plenum and throttle. The analysis is based on the Moore-Greitzer model, the results being later employed to interpret the experimental ones. Linear and weakly nonlinear analyses are presented, as are some results obtained by numerical integration of the fully nonlinear model equations. A simple theoretical model of the experimentally observed acoustic modes is also presented. In the experiments, pressure measurements were carried out for different rotation rates and throttle settings. This allowed the determination of the pressure rise across the compressor and the flow rate using a Venturi, yielding the compressor characteristic function. Pressure fluctuations were measured using four microphones placed upstream of the compressor. We did not observe surge, but rotating stall occurred when the system was sufficiently throttled. Prior to stall, fluctuations corresponding to acoustic duct modes were found. At stall onset, a rotating stall cell of growing amplitude was observed. However, the cell rapidly broke down and gave way to random fluctuations. Thus, for the given compression system, developed stall is perhaps better described as random, rather than rotating. Signal processing (frequency spectra, as well as auto- and cross-correlations) was used to analyse the pressure fluctuations of the acoustic modes and developed stall. The acoustic modes give spectral peaks located close to the expected theoretical values. In the presence of stall, the spectrum is broadband, having a low frequency (∼20 Hz) peak followed by a tail which extends up to ∼1 kHz, well above the rotation frequency (∼150 Hz) of the rotor. There appears to be a frequency range between the low-frequency peak and the high-frequency fall-off in which the spectrum approximates a power law. The autocorrelations and cross-correlations between different microphones show ∼20 Hz oscillations. Low pass filtering the data, the cross-correlation functions of the filtered signals of different microphones suggest a rotating cell which takes ∼0.05 s for a complete rotation. This could explain the ∼20 Hz spectral peak and oscillations of the correlation functions. Thus, the pressure fluctuations appear to consist of a strong high-frequency, random component and a rotating cell. Decorrelation of the filtered signal as separation time increases indicates that, rather than maintaining form and rotational velocity like a classical stall cell, the cell itself exhibits randomness.

No description available.

No description available.

The use of cold-formed steel structures is increasing rapidly around the world due to the many advances in construction and manufacturing technologies and relevant standards. However, the structural behaviour of these thin-walled steel structures is characterised by a range of buckling modes such as local buckling, distortional buckling or flexural torsional buckling. These buckling problems generally lead to severe reduction and complicated calculations of their member strengths. Therefore it is important to eliminate or delay these buckling problems and simplify the strength calculations of cold-formed steel members. The Hollow Flange Beam with two triangular hollow flanges, developed by Palmer Tube Mills Pty Ltd in the mid-1990s, has an innovative section that can delay the above buckling problems efficiently. This structural member is considered to combine the advantages of hot-rolled I-sections and conventional cold-formed sections such as C- and Z-sections (Dempsey, 1990). However, this structural product was discontinued in 1997 due to the complicated manufacturing process and the expensive electric resistance welding method associated with severe residual stresses (Doan and Mahendran, 1996). In this thesis, new fastening methods using spot-weld, screw fastener and self-pierced rivet were considered for the triangular Hollow Flange Beams (HFBs) and the new rectangular hollow flange beams (RHFBs). The structural behaviour of these types of members in axial compression was focused in this research project. The objective of this research was to develop suitable design models for the members with triangular and rectangular hollow flanges using new fastening methods so that their behaviour and ultimate strength can be predicted accurately under axial compression. In the first stage of this research a large number of finite element analyses (FEA) was conducted to study the behaviour of the electric resistance welded, triangular HFBs (ERW-HFBs) under axial compression. Experimental results from previous researchers were used to verify the finite element model and its results. Appropriate design rules based on the current design codes were recommended. Further, a series of finite element models was developed to simulate the corresponding HFBs fastened using lap-welds (called LW-HFBs) and screw fasteners or spot-welds or self-piercing rivets (called S-HFBs). Since the test specimens of LW-HFBs and S-HFBs were unavailable, the finite element results were verified by comparison with the experimental results of ERW-HFB with reasonable agreement. In the second stage of this research, a total of 51 members with rectangular hollow flanges including the RHFBs made from a single plate and 3PRHFBs made from three plates fastened with spot-welds and screws was tested under axial compression. The finite element models based on the tests were then developed that included the new fasteners, contact simulations, geometric imperfections and residual stresses. The improved finite element models were able to simulate local buckling, yielding, global buckling and local/global buckling interaction failure associated with gap opening as agreed well with the corresponding full-scale experimental results. Extensive parametric studies for the RHFBs made from a single plate and the 3PRHFBs made from three plates were undertaken using finite element analyses. The analytical results were compared with the predictions using the current design rules based on AS 4100, AS/NZS 4600 and the new direct strength method. Appropriate design formulae based on the direct strength method for RHFBs and 3PRHFBs were developed. This thesis has thus enabled the accurate prediction of the behaviour and strength of the new compression members with hollow flanges and paved the way for economical and efficient use of these members in the industry.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Skeletal fractures due to bone disease impact an estimated 1.5 million Americans per year, creating a large economic burden on our society. Treatment of bone diseases prior to fracture often involves bisphosphonates (current gold-standard in osteoporosis care and prevention). Although bisphosphonates decrease fracture incidence, they often improve bone mass without regard for bone quality. Thus, although bisphosphonates increase the amount of bone present, the inherent bone material strength often decreases, creating a trade-off that increases the risk of atypical fractures after long-term use. This trade-off demonstrates the need for a treatment that targets both bone quality AND quantity. Although bone quality is important, the components of bone that contribute to bone quality are incompletely understood, making it difficult to create new pharmacological agents. With this in mind, my particular area of interest is in understanding how mechanical stimuli protects the formation of bone, leading to improved bone quality. Initially, this area was explored through use of tibial loading in a disease mouse model (osteolathyrism, induced by injection of beta-aminoproprionitrile) as a means of assessing how the body is able to compensate for decreased bone quality. The results of the BAPN and tibial loading studies indicated that injecting mice with BAPN may not be the ideal method to induce osteolathyrism. However, other intriguing results from the BAPN studies then led us into an exploration of how tibial loading itself contributes to bone quality.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Raloxifene is an FDA-approved selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that improves tissue quality by binding to collagen and increasing the bound water content in the bone matrix in a cell-independent manner. In this thesis, active tissue formation was induced by non-invasive external tibial loading in female mice and combined with raloxifene treatment to assess their combined effect on bone morphology and mechanical properties. Thermoregulation is an important factor that could have physiological consequences on research outcomes, and was introduced as an additional experimental factor in this study. We hypothesized that by removing the mild cold stress under which normal lab animals are housed, a metabolic boost would allow for further architectural and mechanical improvements as a result of the combination of tibial loading and raloxifene treatment. Ten week old female C57BL/6J mice were treated with raloxifene, underwent tibial loading to a strain level of 2050µε and were housed in thermoneutral conditions (32°C) for 6 weeks. We investigated bone morphology through microcomputed tomography (µCT) and mechanical properties via four-point bending and fracture toughness testing. Results indicated a combined improvement by external loading and raloxifene on geometry, particularly in the cancellous region of the bone, and also in bone mechanics leading to greater improvements than either treatment individually. Temperature did not have a robust impact on either bone architecture or mechanical integrity.

An analytical and experimental investigation of the response of composite cylinders of elliptical cross-section to axial compression and internal pressure loadings is discussed. Nine eight-ply graphite-epoxy elliptical cylinders, three layups for each of three cross sectional aspect ratios, are specifically examined. The lay-ups studied are a quasi-isotropic (±45/0/90)_g, an axially-stiff (±45/0₂)_g, and a circumferentially-stiff (±45/90₂)_g. The elliptical cross sections studied are characterized by semi-minor axis (b) to semi-major axis (a) ratios of b/a = 0.70, 0.85, and 1.00 (circular). The cross sections are obtained by holding the semi-major axis constant for all cross sections, and only varying the semi-minor axis. The nominal semi-major axis for all specimens was 5.00 in. (127 mm), and all specimens were cut to the same length, which provided a length-to-radius ratio of 2.9 for the circular cylinders. For the elliptical cross section cylinders, the length to- radius ratios, L/R(s), ranged from two to slightly greater than six, where R(s) is the function describing the circumferential variation of the radius. A geometrically nonlinear special-purpose analysis, based on Donnell’s nonlinear shell equations, is developed to study the prebuckling responses of geometrically perfect cylinders. In this analysis the circumferentially-varying radius of curvature of the cylinder is expanded in a cosine series. While elliptical sections are studied here, it should be noted that such an expansion will accommodate any cross section with at least two axes of symmetry. The displacements are likewise expanded in a harmonic series using the Kantorovich method. The total potential energy, written in terms of the displacements, is then integrated over the circumferential coordinate. The variational process then yields the governing Euler-Lagrange equations and boundary conditions. This process has been automated using the symbolic manipulation package Mathematica ©. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations are then integrated via the finite difference method. A geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis is also utilized to compare with the prebuckling solutions of the special-purpose analysis and to study the prebuckling and buckling responses of geometrically imperfect cylinders. The imperfect cylinder geometries are represented by an analytical approximation of the measured shape imperfections. An accompanying experimental program is carried out to provide a means for comparison between the real and theoretical systems using a test fixture specifically designed for the present investigation to allow for both axial compression and internal pressurization. A description of the test fixture is included. Three types of tests were run on each specimen: (1) low internal pressure with no axial end displacement, (2) low internal pressure with a low level compressive axial displacement and, (3) compressive axial displacement to failure, with no internal pressure. The experimental data from these tests are compared to predictions for both perfect and imperfect cylinder geometries. Prebuckling results are presented in the form of displacement and strain profiles for each of the three sets of load conditions. Buckling loads are also compared to predicted values based upon classical estimates as well as linear and nonlinear finite element results which include initial shape imperfections. Lastly, the postbuckling and failure characteristics observed during the tests are described. / Ph. D.

Objective- To compare the biomechanical properties of 3.5 locking compression plate (LCP) fixation to 3.5 limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) fixation in a canine cadaveric, distal humeral metaphyseal gap model in static axial compression and cyclic axial compression and torsion. Study Design- Biomechanical in vitro study. Sample Population- 30 paired humeri from adult, medium to large breed dogs. Methods- Testing was performed monotonically to failure in axial compression on ten pairs of humeri, cyclically in axial compression for 10,000 cycles on ten pairs and cyclically in torsion for 500 cycles on the last ten pairs. Results- Humeral constructs stabilized with LCPs were significantly stiffer than those plated with LC-DCPs when loaded in axial compression (P=0.0004). When cyclically loaded in axial compression over 10,000 cycles, the LC-DCP constructs were significantly stiffer than those constructs stabilized with LCPs (P=0.0029). Constructs plated with LC-DCPs were significantly more resistant to torsion over 500 cycles than those plated with LCPs (P<0.0001), though no difference was detected during the first 280 cycles. Conclusions- The increased stiffness of LCP constructs in monotonic loading compared to constructs stabilized with non-locking plates may be attributed to the stability afforded by the plate-screw interface of locking plates. The LCP constructs demonstrated less stiffness in dynamic testing in this model, likely due to plate-bone offset secondary to non-anatomic contouring and occasional incomplete seating of the locking screws when using the torque-limiting screw driver. Clinical Relevance- LCPs yield less stiff fixation under dynamic loading than conventional LC-DCPs when applied to severely comminuted, metaphyseal fractures. Improving anatomical contouring of the plate and insuring complete screw insertion into the locking plate hole may improve stiffness when using LCPs in comminuted fractures. / Master of Science

As claudicações são a principal causa de encaminhamento de equinos aos médicos veterinários e uma das maiores causas de encaminhamento destes animais aos hospitais de referência; sendo as fraturas, especialmente aquelas de ossos longos e articulares, as que têm menor índice de sucesso devido ao prognóstico reservado e alto custo do tratamento; entendendo como sucesso o retorno do animal à função ou manutenção da qualidade de vida. A articulação interfalangeana proximal (AIP) dos equinos é clinicamente importante devido à apresentação frequente de claudicação, com lesões que comprometem a vida esportiva e função do equino. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar biomecanicamente as características de duas técnicas de artrodese da AIP em equinos, utilizando-se placa de compressão dinâmica (DCP) de 4.5mm e três orifícios em combinação com dois parafusos corticais transarticulares de 5.5mm oblíquos inseridos pela técnica de tração (lag screw) e placa em &#34;Y\" de compressão bloqueada (LCP) de 5,0mm e sete orifícios, com parafusos bloquados unicorticais e um parafuso cortical de 4.5mm oblíquo transarticular inserido no orifício central da placa, pela técnica de parafuso de tração. Foram utilizadas doze peças anatômicas de membros anteriores de equinos, das quais foi isolada a porção distal do membro desde a primeira falange até o casco. Uma vez preparadas as peças, cada par foi sorteado randomicamente para cada um dos dois grupos. Os modelos experimentais foram submetidos a ensaios biomecânicos de compressão axial em ciclo único até a sua falha. O tipo de falha ocorrida na placa, nos parafusos ou nos ossos foi avaliado, assim como a força à qual ocorreram estas falhas. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos DCP e Y-LCP, nas variáveis rigidez e força máxima, quando submetidas a compressão axial até sua falha. Mesmo não havendo diferença entre as duas técnicas cirúrgicas na variável rigidez, a técnica Y-LCP possibilitou um procedimento menos invasivo e com menor tempo cirúrgico. Conclui-se que, as propriedades biomecânicas das duas técnicas de fixação (DCP e Y-LCP) são semelhantes nas condições testadas. / Lameness is the main cause of sport horses\' owners consulting equine veterinarians and one of the highest cause to send these animals to the reference hospitals. Long bones and joint fractures have the lesser rate of success, consequence of the hight cost of the treatment and poor prognosis. Understanding as success the return of the horse to previous athletic performance or at least to have useful life. The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) is clinically important because the injuries that involve it may threaten the horses sport life or its usefulness. The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of two PIPJ arthrodesis techniques using 4.5mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) in conjunction with two oblique abaxial transarticular 5.5mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion and 5.0mm Y locking compression plate (Y-LCP) with unicortical locking screws and one axial transarticular 4.5mm cortex screw inserted in lag fashion through the midle plate hole. It was used twelve cadaveric adult equine forelimbs from the first phalanx to the foot. After full-limb preparations, each forelimb pair was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Constructs were submited to axial compression single cycle to failure biomechanical testing. The failure of the screws, plate or bone, and the force at wich it happened was evaluated. There were no significant differences in construct stiffness or max force when loaded to failure, between the DCP and Y-LCP treatment groups. Even though there was no construct stiffness diffrences between the two techniques, the Y-LCP technique provided the possibility of a less invasive procedure with a shorter surgical time. In conclusion, the biomechanical properties of both fixation techniques (DCP and Y-LCP) are equivalent under the test conditions used.

Vários implantes cirúrgicos têm sido desenvolvidos para estabilizar fraturas em seres humanos e animais. O fixador esquelético externo circular de Ilizarov é método de fixação amplamente utilizado para tratamento de fraturas complexas, desvios angulares, bem como no alongamento ósseo. O anel destaca-se como componente fundamental desse dispositivo e as cargas de compressão no mesmo plano do anel são devidas principalmente a fios ligados de um lado ao outro do implante. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar a resistência à compressão axial de anéis de Ilizarov e analisar a composição da liga metálica desses anéis. Foram testados dois diâmetros de anéis de três fabricantes nacionais para os ensaios biomecânicos de compressão axial, divididos em dois grupos com quinze corpos de prova. Os testes foram realizados em máquina universal de ensaios Kratos&reg; modelo KE 3.000MP, dotada de célula de carga de 3000N com velocidade de ensaio de 10 milímetros por minuto. Os parâmetros força e deformação foram enviados ao computador IBM&reg;-PC através do sistema de aquisição analógica Lynx&reg; modelo ADS-2000, que permitiu a gravação dos parâmetros para posterior análise. Também avaliou-se a composição elementar dos anéis através do método TTPIXE (partículas induzidas pela emissão de raios X em alvos espessos) em PIXE externo. Os espectros foram acumulados em buffer-multicanal conectado a um micro-computador pessoal tipo IBM-PC&reg;. A redução de espectros de raios-X foi realizada por meio do programa AXIL. Concluiu-se que os anéis para fixador esquelético externo circular são compostos de liga metálica de alumínio e que existe diferença entre os fabricantes nacionais no ensaio mecânico de compressão axial, sendo que o fabricante A é mais rígido que os outros fabricantes para os dois diâmetros (60 e 80 milímetros) de anel e mais resistente que os outros fabricantes para o anel de 80 milímetros. / Various surgical implants have been developed to stabilize fractures in humans and animals. Ilizarov\'s circular external skeletal fixator is a fixation method widely used for the treatment of complex fractures, angular deviation, as well as in bone lengthening. The ring stands out as a fundamental component of the device and compression loads in the same plane of the ring are due mainly to wires connected from one side to another of the implant. The study aimed to compare the resistance to axial compression on Ilizarovs rings and analyze the alloy composition of these rings. Two diameters were tested of three domestic ring manufacturers for biomechanical axial compression, divided into two groups with fifteen specimens each group. The tests were performed in a universal test machine Kratos&reg; model 3.000MP KE, equipped with a 3000N load cell with a test speed of 10 mm per minute. The strength and deformation parameters were sent to the IBM&reg;-PC computer through the Lynx&reg; analog acquisition system model ADS-2000, which allowed the recording of the parameters for further analysis. Also, the rings alloy composition was evaluated using the TTPIXE method (thick-target particle induced X-ray emission) in external PIXE. The spectra were accumulated in a multi-channel buffer connected to an IBM&reg;-PC type personal microcomputer. The reduction of X-ray spectra was performed using the AXIL program. In conclusion the rings was made from aluminum alloy, witch differs in composition among different fabricants, also the rings showed differences performance in mechanical testing of axial compression, and the manufacturer A is more rigid than the other manufacturers for the two diameters (60 and 80 mm) ring and tougher than the other manufacturers to the 80 mm ring.