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Plantar foot stress causing foot ulceration is a diabetic complication causing major economic burden throughout the world. It has long been thought that shear stresses on the plantar surface of the foot are a major contributing factor to the formation of these ulcers. Although there are many instruments available that measure the vertical foot pressure (vertical forces), there are currently no commercially available instruments to measure the horizontal or shear forces. It is the aim of this project to develop a platform instrument capable of measuring the three dimensional forces (i.e. vertical pressure and shear forces) across the plantar surface of the foot.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo observar o resultado da variação dos parâmetros do processo FHPP (Friction Hydro Pillar Processing), dando-se atenção aos efeitos destes na microestrutura e na qualidade do reparo. O estudo foi realizado através de investigações metalográficas nos reparos obtidos, bem como análises via perfis de microdureza Vickers. Foram utilizadas diferentes forças axiais, que levaram a obtenção de reparos isentos de defeitos no seu preenchimento. Observou-se que o utilizando forças axiais maiores contribuíram para obter microestrutura mais refinada e homogênea, com formação predominante de martensita, menor tempo de processamento, menor quantidade de constituinte Martensita-Austenita e uma Zona Termicamente Afetada (ZTA) de menor tamanho. / This study aimed to observe the result of the variation of the Friction Hydro Pillar Processing parameters, giving attention to the microestructural effects and quality of repair. The study was carried out by metallographic investigations in repairs obtained and Vickers microhardness profiles. Were used different axial forces, which led to obtain no defects in repairs. It was observed that using higher axial forces helped to get more refined and homogeneous microstructure with predominant formation of martensite, lower processing time, less amount of Martensite-Austenite constituent and lower Heat Afecfted Zone (HAZ) size.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo observar o resultado da variação dos parâmetros do processo FHPP (Friction Hydro Pillar Processing), dando-se atenção aos efeitos destes na microestrutura e na qualidade do reparo. O estudo foi realizado através de investigações metalográficas nos reparos obtidos, bem como análises via perfis de microdureza Vickers. Foram utilizadas diferentes forças axiais, que levaram a obtenção de reparos isentos de defeitos no seu preenchimento. Observou-se que o utilizando forças axiais maiores contribuíram para obter microestrutura mais refinada e homogênea, com formação predominante de martensita, menor tempo de processamento, menor quantidade de constituinte Martensita-Austenita e uma Zona Termicamente Afetada (ZTA) de menor tamanho. / This study aimed to observe the result of the variation of the Friction Hydro Pillar Processing parameters, giving attention to the microestructural effects and quality of repair. The study was carried out by metallographic investigations in repairs obtained and Vickers microhardness profiles. Were used different axial forces, which led to obtain no defects in repairs. It was observed that using higher axial forces helped to get more refined and homogeneous microstructure with predominant formation of martensite, lower processing time, less amount of Martensite-Austenite constituent and lower Heat Afecfted Zone (HAZ) size.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo observar o resultado da variação dos parâmetros do processo FHPP (Friction Hydro Pillar Processing), dando-se atenção aos efeitos destes na microestrutura e na qualidade do reparo. O estudo foi realizado através de investigações metalográficas nos reparos obtidos, bem como análises via perfis de microdureza Vickers. Foram utilizadas diferentes forças axiais, que levaram a obtenção de reparos isentos de defeitos no seu preenchimento. Observou-se que o utilizando forças axiais maiores contribuíram para obter microestrutura mais refinada e homogênea, com formação predominante de martensita, menor tempo de processamento, menor quantidade de constituinte Martensita-Austenita e uma Zona Termicamente Afetada (ZTA) de menor tamanho. / This study aimed to observe the result of the variation of the Friction Hydro Pillar Processing parameters, giving attention to the microestructural effects and quality of repair. The study was carried out by metallographic investigations in repairs obtained and Vickers microhardness profiles. Were used different axial forces, which led to obtain no defects in repairs. It was observed that using higher axial forces helped to get more refined and homogeneous microstructure with predominant formation of martensite, lower processing time, less amount of Martensite-Austenite constituent and lower Heat Afecfted Zone (HAZ) size.

Dynamics of a beam-based micro-electromechanical resonator is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The resonant structure comprises a micro-beam and two electrostatic comb-drives, one for exciting the vibration, and the other for detecting the response. Two identical resonators of this type can form a double-ended tuning fork. An analytical linear model of these resonators is developed by assuming the beam to obey the thin beam theory subjected to an axial force. The comb-drives are initially treated as a point mass. The point mass is free to be placed anywhere along the beam span. The exact natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration are obtained. Further, the mass is considered to have rotary inertia. The influence of the rotary inertia on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration are investigated. Subsequently, the model of a beam with a guided mass is studied to determine the upper limit of the natural frequencies of the resonator. The advantage of this model over the previous ones is in providing detailed insight into the dynamics of the resonator, particularly when the comb-drives are placed at locations other than the mid-point of the beam. It has been shown that the mode shapes of vibration of these resonators are not orthogonal to each other under its classic definition. The orthogonality condition of the mode shapes of the beam-lumped mass system is introduced, and used for studying the forced vibration response. The nonlinear vibration of the system due to stretching is considered for the case of free vibration and the primary resonance. The nonlinear model is used to investigate the effect of damping on the resonator response. The interaction of the electrostatic governing equations and the mechanical model is studied. This model is employed for designing the experiment circuits for testing fabricated resonators. The fabrication processes used are explained, and the design parameters of each resonator are provided. The experimental results are reported, and used to find the axial force and stress of the resonant beams. The model and results of this dissertation can be used in the design of beam-based micromachined resonators for different applications.

Dynamics of a beam-based micro-electromechanical resonator is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The resonant structure comprises a micro-beam and two electrostatic comb-drives, one for exciting the vibration, and the other for detecting the response. Two identical resonators of this type can form a double-ended tuning fork. An analytical linear model of these resonators is developed by assuming the beam to obey the thin beam theory subjected to an axial force. The comb-drives are initially treated as a point mass. The point mass is free to be placed anywhere along the beam span. The exact natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration are obtained. Further, the mass is considered to have rotary inertia. The influence of the rotary inertia on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration are investigated. Subsequently, the model of a beam with a guided mass is studied to determine the upper limit of the natural frequencies of the resonator. The advantage of this model over the previous ones is in providing detailed insight into the dynamics of the resonator, particularly when the comb-drives are placed at locations other than the mid-point of the beam. It has been shown that the mode shapes of vibration of these resonators are not orthogonal to each other under its classic definition. The orthogonality condition of the mode shapes of the beam-lumped mass system is introduced, and used for studying the forced vibration response. The nonlinear vibration of the system due to stretching is considered for the case of free vibration and the primary resonance. The nonlinear model is used to investigate the effect of damping on the resonator response. The interaction of the electrostatic governing equations and the mechanical model is studied. This model is employed for designing the experiment circuits for testing fabricated resonators. The fabrication processes used are explained, and the design parameters of each resonator are provided. The experimental results are reported, and used to find the axial force and stress of the resonant beams. The model and results of this dissertation can be used in the design of beam-based micromachined resonators for different applications.

In the reinforced backings, the pulling capacity is transmitted by built-in reinforcements for which design it is necessary to determinate accurately this capacity. In the diploma thesis, there is the effect of subsoil stiffness and selected constitutional relation on the capacity transmitted by individual reinforcements by the method of parametric study monitored.

This master´s thesis solves the problem of stationary viscous flow of incompressible fluids in thin layers of fluid film lubrication in fixed pad thrust bearings. The parametric computational model of oil domain was created for investigation the distribution of pressure, velocity and thermal fields together with the determination of the basic parameters as axial force, heating up and friction loss. Subsequently this model was applied for investigation influence of uneven bearing clearance. The problem task was solved by final volume method in Ansys CFX 12.0 software.

The pipelines used to transport oil and gas from the wellheads to the distribution and refining sites can be subjected to high levels of pressure and temperature. Under such conditions, the pipelines tend to expand, but, if the expansion is inhibited, a significant compressive axial force can arise, leading to their buckling, which can occur in the horizontal or vertical plane. In this context, the objective of the present work is to analyze the upheaval buckling of pipelines, considering the internal pressure to which they are subjected during the transportation of oil and gas as its only triggering. Using the concept of effective axial force, it aims at discussing two different approaches for considering the internal pressure in buckling problems: distributed loads dependent on pipeline curvature and equivalent compressive axial forces with follower and non-follower characteristics. It also discusses the influence of using static or dynamic analysis for such approaches. Concerning the upheaval buckling itself, the work intends to analyze and compare the influence of the soil imperfection amplitudes to the influence of the friction between the pipeline and the ground in the critical loads and in the post-buckling configurations of the pipeline. Besides theoretical research, the objectives are achieved through the development of various numerical models, since geometrically-simple models, without the consideration of the interaction between the pipeline and the ground, until more complex models, with the use of contact models to detect the ground and its imperfections. The models are developed in Giraffe (Generic Interface Readily Accessible for Finite Elements) using geometrically-exact finite element models of beams, undergoing large displacements and finite rotations. Through the research, it is concluded that there is an equivalence between the application of the internal pressure as a distributed load dependent on pipeline curvature and the application of the internal pressure as a follower compressive axial force. Besides this, it is demonstrated that the type of the analysis (static or dynamic) depends on the nature of the physical system analyzed. With the aid of results presented in terms of internal pressure, classical results about the influence of the imperfection amplitudes and of the friction between the pipeline and the ground in buckling are confirmed. It is also showed that the imperfection amplitudes analyzed play a more important role in the post-buckling configurations of the pipeline than the friction. / Os dutos utilizados para transportar petróleo e gás natural das reservas até os locais de distribuição e refino podem estar submetidos a elevados níveis de pressão e temperatura. Sob tais condições, os dutos tendem a se expandir, porém, se a expansão é inibida, uma força axial de compressão significativa pode surgir nos dutos, ocasionando a flambagem lateral ou vertical dos mesmos. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a flambagem vertical de dutos, considerando a pressão interna à qual eles estão submetidos durante o transporte de petróleo e gás natural como o único parâmetro desencadeador da flambagem. Usando o conceito de força axial efetiva, o trabalho objetiva discutir duas abordagens diferentes para considerar a pressão interna nos problemas de flambagem: carregamentos distribuídos dependentes da curvatura do duto e forças axiais de compressão equivalentes à pressão com caráter seguidor e não seguidor. O trabalho também discute a influência de usar a análise estática ou dinâmica para analisar essas abordagens de carregamento. Com relação à flambagem vertical propriamente dita, o trabalho pretende analisar e comparar a influência das amplitudes das imperfeições presentes no solo com a influência do atrito entre o duto e o solo nas cargas críticas e nas configuração pós-críticas do duto. Além de pesquisa teórica, os objetivos são atingidos através do desenvolvimento de vários modelos numéricos, desde modelos geometricamente simples, sem a consideração da interação entre o duto e o solo, até modelos mais complexos, com o uso de modelos de contato para detectar o solo e suas imperfeições. Os modelos são desenvolvidos no Giraffe (Generic Interface Readily Accessible for Finite Elements) usando elementos finitos geometricamente exatos de viga, sujeitos a grandes deslocamentos e rotações finitas. Através da pesquisa, conclui-se que existe uma equivalência entre a aplicação da pressão interna como um carregamento distribuído dependente da curvatura do duto e a aplicação da pressão interna como uma força axial de compressão seguidora. Além disso, demonstra-se que o tipo de análise (estática e dinâmica) depende da natureza do sistema físico analisado. Com a ajuda de resultados apresentados em termos de pressão interna, os resultados clássicos sobre a influência das amplitudes das imperfeições e do atrito entre o duto e o solo são confirmados. Também é mostrado que as amplitudes das imperfeições analisadas desempenham uma maior influência nas configurações pós-críticas do duto do que o atrito.