Throughout the history of western academia, there have been scholars who have interpreted and examined various aspects of human history. Within their “objectivity,” European historians and other Eurocentric scholars make it a point to universalize their own interpretations of different people’s histories and cultures. This type of scholarship tends to ignore or omit the contributions and historical realities of Afrikan people. This case is especially true of the scholars who have interpreted the historiography around the Afrikan revolution in Ayiti (Haiti/Hayti). The purpose of this study is to provide an Afrocentric re-examination and interpretation around the historiography of the Afrikan Revolution in Ayiti. As a result, this study seeks to highlight several essential Afrikan aspects and their overall impact on the Afrikan revolutionary war's totality in Ayiti. How can Ayisyen Vodou/Vodun and the more extensive system of Afrikan spirituality help better shape the interpretation and the historiography around the Afrikan revolution in Ayiti? Secondly, how have Eurocentric historiographies about different Afrikan histories been used to minimize Afrikan agency? Specifically, how did Afrikan people's dislocation caused by the European plantation play into the minimization of Afrikan agency in Ayiti during and after the revolution? Other relevant questions posed include: what is the relevance of utilizing Afrocentric historiography to teach young black children the stories and victories of Afrikan people in Ayiti? Furthermore, how can Afrocentric historiography be used as an analytical tool to discuss the theoretical issue of agency reduction formation and cognitive hiatus in Ayiti? These are the major research questions this study will attempt to answer, with the hope that this work may potentially raise the consciousness of young Afrikan people in Ayiti and abroad. / African American Studies

Depuis quelques années, l’adoption internationale a pris une importance croissante dans le monde, particulièrement en Haïti. Chaque année, plusieurs centaines d’enfants quittent Haïti pour l’étranger par ce biais. Depuis les années 1990, le nombre d’adoptions ne cesse d’augmenter. Pourtant, la majorité de ces enfants ne sont ni orphelins, ni abandonnés : ce sont les familles d’origine qui amènent leurs enfants aux crèches (orphelinats). De ce fait, il est d’une importance capitale d’avoir les points de vue des familles qui ont vécu cette expérience pour comprendre les raisons qui les poussent à faire un tel choix. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre l’expérience vécue par les mères haïtiennes vivant à Port-au-Prince ayant donné leur enfant en adoption internationale. De façon plus spécifique, il s’agit de comprendre les attentes et les motivations des mères face au projet d’adoption, le sens qu’elles donnent à ce projet et la manière dont elles ont vécu cette séparation. Pour ce faire, 15 entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées avec des mères ayant donné leurs enfants en adoption. Les résultats de cette étude nous ont permis de comprendre que les raisons qui poussent les mères à abandonner leur enfant en adoption sont multiples et complexes. Les problèmes de santé, de logement, d’emploi, l’absence du père, etc., sont autant de raisons avancées par les mères. Pour ces dernières, l’adoption peut être considérée comme une aide à l’enfance, une façon de sauver l’enfant de la misère ou une solution de sauvetage. Par ailleurs, au moment de confier leurs enfants en adoption, les mères ont signé des documents, mais elles semblent ne pas en connaître les contenus. De plus, le manque d’information sur le devenir de l’enfant et le regard de la société poussent les mères à éprouver des regrets, de la tristesse, de la honte, des craintes, des peurs, etc. Les mères développent également certaines stratégies pour forcer les responsables des crèches ou de l’Institut du bien-être social et de recherches (IBESR) à les informer sur l’évolution de leurs enfants. Outre le retour de l’enfant à sa majorité, les mères ont des attentes matérielles et économiques par rapport à l’enfant, aux responsables des crèches et aux familles adoptives. / In recent years, international adoption has become increasingly important worldwide, especially in Haiti. Each year, hundreds of children leave Haiti after being adopted. Since the 1990s, the number of adoptions is increasing. Yet, the majority of these children are not orphans or abandoned: these are the original families who bring their children to nurseries (orphanages). Therefore, it is of paramount to have the views of families who have lived this experience to understand the reasons that lead them to make such an important choice. The main objective of this research is to better understand the experience of Haitian mothers living in Port-au-Prince who have given their children for international adoption. More specifically, it is to understand the expectations and motivations of mothers facing the proposed adoption, the meaning they give to this project and how they lived this separation. To do this, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers who gave their children up for adoption. The results of this study allowed us to understand the reasons why mothers give their children for adoption are varied and complex (problems of health, housing, employment, father absence, etc.). For the latter, the adoption may be considered as child welfare, a way to save the child from poverty or as a rescue solution. Moreover, when entrusting their children for adoption, mothers signed documents, of which they do not seem to know the contents. In addition, the lack of information on the future of the child and the pressure of society inducing mothers to feel regret, sadness, shame, fears, etc. Mothers also develop strategies to force orphanages or the Institute of Welfare and Research (IBESR) to inform them about the progress of their children. Besides the return of the child, the majority of mothers have physical and economic expectations for the child, the heads of orphanages and adoptive families. / Depi kèk ane adopsyon entènasyonal pa sispann kouri ak tout boulin nan lemonn patikilyèman nan peyi dAyiti. Chak ane genyen plizyè santèn timoun ki rive kite peyi dAyiti gras ak adopsyon entènasyonal. Fenomèn sa a ap vale teren nan peyi a depi nan ane katrevendis yo. Men majorite timoun yo pa ni ofelen ni abandone. Kidonk se paran yo menm ki mennen timoun yo nan krèch yo. Nan sans sa a li ta bon pou nou brase lide ak fanmi yo pou nou kapab rive konnen ki rezon ki pouse yo bay pitit yo nan adopsyon. Objektif etid sa a se rive konprann kijan manman k ap viv Pòtoprens ki bay timoun nan adopsyon viv eksperyans lan. Pou nou pi klè etid la ap chache konnen 1) ki atant ak motivasyon manman yo aprè yo fin bay pitit yo nan adopsyon 2) Ki siyifikasyon manman yo bay adopsyon an 3) kòman yo viv separasyon ak pitit yo. Nan sans sa a, nou te fè kenz entèvyou ak kenz manman ki te bay pitit yo nan adopsyon. Nan entèvyou manman yo te bannou, nou rive jwenn genyen anpil rezon ki fè yo bay pitit yo nan adopsyon. Pwoblèm lasante, kay, chomaj, papa ki kouri kite pitit nan manman yo elatriye se ansanm rezon sa yo patisipan yo bay. Pou manman yo lè yon moun bay yon timoun nan adopsyon se lavi l li sove, se nan malsite li retire timoun nan, se sèl chwa yon manman genyen. Lòt bagay etid sa a fè nou rive konprann se vre manman yo siyen kèk papye nan moman y ap bay pitit yo nan adopsyon men yo pa fin konprann sa yo siyen an. Nan sans sa a, enfòmasyon yo pa jwenn lè pitit yo fin pati kite peyi a ak jan sosyete a gade yo boulevèse manman yo anpil. Yo santi yo regrèt, tris, wont, epi yo pè tou pou timoun yo pa viktim move zak, eksplwatasyon elatriye., nan men fanmi adoptiv yo. Se pou tèt sa yo mobilize pou yo jwenn nouvèl pitit yo. Boutofen non selman y ap tann pitit yo retounen vin viv ak yo jan sa te ye men y ap tann tou kichòy nan men responsab krèch yo, fanmi adoptiv ak nan men pitit yo. Selon diskou manman yo, ta sanble atant sa yo makonnen ak yon bann pwomès kèk responsab krèch te fè yo avan adopsyon pitit yo.

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