Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kamila Santana.pdf: 1363071 bytes, checksum: 4f5da813f22ced41d3b26851a927779f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The blueberry is an agricultural crops recently introduced in Brazil and lots of researches are turning to develop and adapt it to the country. Due to its low amount of root hair, it forms associations with microorganisms to expand its zone of nutrient uptake, being the nitrogen the most required element. At this work it was observed the interaction of this cultivation with the inoculum Azospirilum brasilense and Trichodema asperellum into different substrates or doses of nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was performed with cv. Climax and the plants conditioned in pots in greenhouse, under trial design of randomized blocks, factorial 3x3. The considered factors were inoculation (A. brasilense, T. asperellum or without inoculation) and formulation of the substrates (5; 20 e 35% of organic matter – hardened cattle manure) or, at the second experiment, inoculation (A. brasilense, T. asperellum or without inoculation) and doses of nitrogen (0, 10 and 15 g f N plant-1 – provided as urea). The larger quantity of organic matter provided the highest averages relating to physiological (transpiration, water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency) and growth variables (foliar limb area, total foliar area and rate of relative growth), although, for some of them, it has not differed from plants grown with 20% of organic matter. With 30% of O.M., the inoculation with T. asperellum showed superior averages in CO2 assimilation (A), carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci) and rate of relative growth (RRG). The nitrogen doses positively affected A/Ci, clorophyll amounts, foliar area (limb and total) and foliar nitrogen concentration, although it not differing between 10 or 15g of N plant-1. For the accumulation of the nutrients Ca, Mg, S, Fe and Zn, the nitrogen fertilization did not represent higher foliar levels, even though this might be related to a dilution effect. / O mirtileiro é uma cultura recentemente introduzida no Brasil, sendo que várias pesquisas tem-se voltado para seu melhor desenvolvimento e adaptação no país. Por possuir poucos pelos radiculares, forma associações com microrganismos afim de aumentar sua zona de absorção de nutrientes, sendo o nitrogênio o elemento absorvido em maior quantidade. Neste trabalho, observou-se a interação dessa cultura com os inóculos Azospirillum brasilense e Trichoderma asperellum em diferentes substratos ou doses de adubação nitrogenada. O experimento foi realizado com a cv. Clímax e as plantas acondicionadas em vasos, em casa de vegetação, sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3. Os fatores analisados foram inoculação (A. brasilense, T. asperellum ou sem inoculação) e formulação dos substratos (5; 20 e 35% de matéria orgânica – esterco bovino curtido) ou, no segundo experimento, inoculação (A. brasilense, T. asperellum ou sem inoculação) e doses de nitrogênio (0, 10 e 15 g de N planta-1 – fornecido como ureia). A maior proporção de matéria orgânica propiciou as maiores médias em relação a variáveis fisiológicas (transpiração, eficiência no uso da água e eficiência de carboxilação) e de crescimento (área de limbo foliar, área foliar total e taxa de crescimento relativo), embora, para outras, não tenha diferido das plantas cultivadas com 20% de matéria orgânica. Com 35% de M.O., a inoculação com T. asperellum apresentou médias superiores em assimilação de CO2 (A), eficiência de carboxilação (A/Ci) e taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR). As doses de nitrogênio influenciaram positivamente A/Ci, teores de clorofila, área foliar (de limbo e total) e concentração foliar de nitrogênio, embora não diferindo entre 10 ou 15g de N planta-1. Para o acúmulo dos nutrientes Ca, Mg, S, Fe e Zn, a adubação nitrogenada não representou maiores teores foliares, embora isto possa estar relacionado a um efeito de diluição.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της δυναμικής του αζώτου σε καλλιέργεια γλυκού σόργου. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν φυτά γλυκού σόργου [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] ποικιλίας Keller και πραγματοποιήθηκαν αφ’ ενός πειράματα στο πεδίο αφ’ ετέρου πειράματα σε πλαστικά δοχεία. Τα πειράματα πεδίου πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε αγρόκτημα του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, τις καλλιεργητικές περιόδους του 2004 και 2005, και περιλάμβαναν δύο χειρισμούς (βιολογική και συμβατική διαχείριση της γονιμότητας του εδάφους), με τρεις επαναλήψεις ο καθένας σε πλήρη τυχαιοποιημένη διάταξη. Τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων πεδίου, έδειξαν ότι η βιολογική διαχείριση της γονιμότητας του εδάφους ευνόησε τη διαθεσιμότητα του εδαφικού νιτρικού αζώτου. Το 2004, μέχρι και την ολοκλήρωση της άνθησης, τα φυτά του βιολογικού χειρισμού συσσώρευσαν περισσότερο άζωτο από ό,τι τα φυτά του συμβατικού χειρισμού, αν και οι διαφορές δεν ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικές, εκτός από τη δεύτερη δειγματοληψία, όπου τα φυτά του συμβατικού χειρισμού συσσώρευσαν 2,69 N gm-2, ενώ για τα φυτά του βιολογικού χειρισμού η αντίστοιχη τιμή ήταν 5,12 N gm-2. Το 2005, η συσσώρευση αζώτου ακολούθησε παρόμοια πορεία μέχρι τα μέσα της άνθησης και οι διαφορές δεν ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικές, εκτός από τη τρίτη δειγματοληψία, όπου τα φυτά του συμβατικού χειρισμού συσσώρευσαν 3,61 N gm-2, ενώ για τα φυτά του βιολογικού χειρισμού η αντίστοιχη τιμή ήταν 4,61 N gm-2. H επίδραση εμβολίων Azospirillum brasilense, σε παραμέτρους αύξησης φυτών γλυκού σόργου και στην πρόσληψη αζώτου από τα φυτά, υπό διαφορετικά επίπεδα αζωτούχου λίπανσης μελετήθηκε σε πειράματα σε πλαστικά δοχεία. Το κάθε πείραμα περιλάμβανε πέντε χειρισμούς με τριάντα επαναλήψεις, έκαστος. Τα φυτά που εμβολιάστηκαν με Azospirillum brasilense και έλαβαν τη μισή ποσότητα αζώτου, έδωσαν 7,69 g ξηρής βιομάζας φυτό-1 στο τέλος του πρώτου πειράματος και 4,89 g ξηρής βιομάζας φυτό-1 στο τέλος του δεύτερου πειράματος, ενώ τα φυτά που δέχθηκαν πλήρη λίπανση αζώτου χωρίς εμβόλιο έδωσαν 2,39 και 2,04 g ξηρής βιομάζας φυτό-1 στο τέλος του πρώτου και δεύτερου πειράματος αντιστοίχως. Οι διαφορές των χειρισμών ανά πείραμα ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικές. Το συνολικό προσλαμβανόμενο άζωτο από τα φυτά που εμβολιάστηκαν με Azospirillum brasilense και έλαβαν τη μισή ποσότητα αζώτου ήταν 153,23 και 99,96 mg φυτό-1 στο τέλος του πρώτου και του δεύτερου πειράματος αντιστοίχως. Οι τιμές ήταν υψηλότερες σε σχέση με τις τιμές του συνολικού προσλαμβανόμενου αζώτου των φυτών των λοιπών και οι διαφορές ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικές. Τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων έδειξαν υψηλή αξιοποίηση του εφαρμοζόμενου αζώτου των φυτών που εμβολιάστηκαν με Azospirillum. Τα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν την βιωσιμότητα ενός βιολογικού συστήματος καλλιέργειας, όσον αφορά την κάλυψη των αναγκών των φυτών σε άζωτο. Η υψηλή αξιοποίηση του αζώτου από τα φυτά γλυκού σόργου, οδηγεί στη μείωση εφαρμογής αζωτούχων λιπασμάτων και συμβάλλει στη μείωση του κόστους καλλιέργειας, στη μείωση εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου και στην μείωση διήθησης νιτρικών στο υπόγειο υδροφόρο ορίζοντα. / The aim of the present thesis was to study the nitrogen dynamics in sweet sorghum crop. Sweet sorghum plants [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] variety Keller were used, and field and experiments were conducted. Field experiments were conducted during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons at the experimental station of the University of Patras, Greece and there were two treatments (biological and conventional soil fertility treatment), in a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications. The results showed that biological soil fertility treatment favour soil nitrate nitrogen concentration. In 2004, until completion of blooming, nitrogen uptake was higher in plants cultivated on biological fertility treated soil than in them cultivated on conventional but the differences were not statistically significant, except in second sampling, which nitrogen uptake was 2,69 N gm-2 in plants cultivated on conventional fertility treated soil and it was 5,12 N gm-2 in plants cultivated on conventional fertility treated soil. In 2005, until half of blooming, nitrogen uptake was similarly ranged for both treatments but the differences were not statistically significant, except in third sampling, which nitrogen uptake was 3,61 N gm-2 in plants cultivated on conventional fertility treated soil and it was 4,61 N gm-2 in plants cultivated on conventional fertility treated soil. Τhe effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on growth parameters and nitrogen uptake in sweet sorghum plants fertilized with various nitrogen levels, was studied during pot experiments. Each experiment was including five treatments and thirty replications of each. Plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and receiving half amount of nitrogen fertilizer produced 7,69 g dry biomass plant-1 at the end of the first experiment and they produced 4,89 at the end of the second one, while plants receiving full amount of nitrogen fertilizer and no inoculation produced 2,39 and 2,04 g dry biomass plant-1 at the end of the first and second experiment, respectively. Differences among treatments in each experiment, were statistically significant. Total nitrogen uptake in Plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and receiving half amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 153,23 and it was 99,96 mg plant-1 at the end of first and second experiment, respectively. Those plants showed higher nitrogen uptake than plants from each other treatment and the differences were statistically significant. Results showed that treatments which inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense were the most efficient in terms of nitrogen uptake. These results indicate that biological management provides an adequate nitrogen nutrition to sweet sorghum crop. High nitrogen efficiency in sweet sorghum plants leads in reduced applying nitrogen fertilization and contribute in reduced crop cost, in reduced emission of the greenhouse gas and in reduced leaching of NO3-N to ground water.