Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Bielefeld.

The rigid peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of bacteria. Antibiotics such as penicillin exert their anti-bacterial effect by inhibiting synthesis of peptodoglycan, and enzymes such as lysozyme destroy cell integrity by hydrolyzing specific bonds in the interior of this macromolecule. Defective cells can no longer withstand the high turgor pressure within the cell because they are no longer protected by a rigid wall and tend to become fragile and spherical or irregular in shape. While all bacteria are pleomorphic under certain conditions which do not normally affect other bacteria. This is exemplified by the pleomorphic growth of Azotobacter in nutrient agar or peptone-containing medium. The purpose of this investigation was to study the nature of peptone-induced pleomorphism of Azotobacter. The first phase of study dealt with the effects of poptone on the growth and morphology of A. vinelandii. Many diverse froms were observed in peptone-containing media, but it was shown that all cell types were related to the "fungoid" family of pleomorphic cells. Although Azotobacter failed to accumulate detectable levels of cell-wall precursors in response to glycine treatment, it was shown that glycine acted only on metabolically active cells. In addition, incorporation of glycine into cell wall of Azotobacter was not required for induction of pleomorphism. Methionine and aspartic acid, and to a lesser degree alanine and isoleucine, were found to competitively inhibit glycine toxicity.

The enzyme nitrogenase catalyzes the energy-dependent reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia via biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogenase is composed of two metalloproteins known as the molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein and the iron (Fe) protein. The Fe protein, a 60-kDa dimer of the product of the nifH gene, contains a single 4Fe-4S cluster and two Mg-ATP-binding sites, one at each subunit. The Fe protein is the obligate electron donor to the MoFe protein. To date, no other mutual protein has shown to substitute Fe protein in biological fixation, and the NifH is functional only in the presence of the nifessory protein NifM. Interestingly, the protochlorophyllide reductase (ChlL) encoded by the chlL gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows significant homology and structural similarity with NifH. Previously, our laboratory has shown that the ChlL can substitute the Fe protein in the functioning nitrogenase only in the absence of NifM. We have also shown that the NifM is a PPIase and the Pro-258 located in the C-terminus of NifH is one of the substrates for NifM. Since the least structural homology exists between NifH and ChlL at the C-terminal region, we hypothesized that we can generate a NifM-independent NifH-ChlL chimeric protein by replacing the C-terminus of NifH (that spans the substrate of PPIase) with that of ChlL. To test this idea we created a chimeric construct by replacing the NifH C-terminal region (residues 248-291) with the ChlL C-terminal region (residues 240-294). The chimeric gene was then transformed into the nifM- Azotobacter vinelandii strain AV98. While the wild type nifH could not render a Nif+ phenotype to the nifM- AV98, the chimera could impart Nif+ phenotype to this nifM- strain. This result demonstrated that the NifH-ChlL chimeric protein is NifM-independent.

The value of the adenylate energy charge [(ATP)+1/2(ADP)/(ATP)+(ADP)+(AMP)] in Azotobacter vinelandii cells was monitored during growth and germination in flask cultures. The miximal value of 0.88 was attained during mid-log phase; this declined gradually to 0.50 by late stationary phase. When these cultures were transferred to encystment media, the adenylate energy charge decreased to an average value of 0.40 as the vegetative cells encysted and remained unchanged during the next 20 days. Encystment cultures wre composed of vegetative cells, encysting cells and mature cysts but the proportionate value of the energy charge could be assigned. Viability of the total population remained 95% or higher during the entire period studied. Azotobacter vinelandii cysts cultivated on phosphate-sufficient media. Although cell protein and nucleic acids were unaffected by phosphate deficiency, cell wall structures, oxygen uptake and sncystment were significantly affected. Phosphate-limited cysts contained much larger amounts of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid but had a lower adenylate energy charge than did control cysts. The ATP/ADP ratio was much lower in phosophate-deficient cysts than in the control cysts. The data indicate a "substrate saving" choice of three metabolic pathways available to cells of Azotobacter under different growth conditions.

No description available.

El cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus, 1753), que actualmente se encuentra entre los cuatro alimentos más importantes a nivel mundial y que genera cada año aproximadamente 110,000 puestos de trabajo permanentes, ve disminuir su rendimiento debido a los altos costos de fertilizantes químicos, problemas fitosanitarios y el deterioro de los suelos. En el presente trabajo se buscó evaluar la capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) de bacterias del género Azotobacter y del grupo Actinomicetos aislados de la rizósfera de plantaciones de papa colectadas en los departamentos de Huancavelica, Junín, Huánuco y Cajamarca. De los 11 campos muestreados, se aislaron 62 cepas de Azotobacter, de las cuales, el 42,3% (25) inhibieron el crecimiento del hongo Fusarium solani, el 17% (10) el del hongo Rhizoctonia solani y el 9% (6) lograron inhibir el crecimiento de ambos hongos evaluados. En el caso de los Actinomicetos, de los 45 aislamientos el 49% (22) resultó antagonista contra Fusarium solani, 42% (19) contra Rhizoctonia solani y el 38% (17) a ambos hongos. Por otro lado, el 56,5% (36) de Azotobacter y el 48,8% (22) de aislamientos de Actinomicetos lograron producir ácido indol acético (AIA). El 46,7% (29) de Azotobacter spp. mostró la presencia de halos de solubilización de fosfato mientras que sólo el 11% (5) de Actinomicetos presentaron dicha actividad. Se realizaron también pruebas de produccion de metabolitos volátiles donde la cepa A1-19/08 de Actinomicetos fue la que mostró mejores resultados, así mismo, se evaluó la capacidad de producir sideróforos, sin embargo los resultados fueron negativos para ambos tipos de bacterias. Luego de la identificación bioquímica, la mayoría de las cepas aisladas de Azotobacter fueron reconocidas como A. chroococcum y A. vinelandii. Por otro lado, las bacterias del grupo Actinomicetos fueron indentificadas tentativamente como especies del género Streptomyces. Se realizaron dos experimentos a nivel de invernadero, en el primero se evaluaron 17 cepas de Actinomicetos y otros tantos de Azotobacter; estas tuvieron un efecto benéfico sobre la planta de papa en cuanto a la promoción del crecimiento de la planta como en la producción de tubérculos. El efecto de los Actinomicetos se vió reflejado en el incremento del número de tubérculos. En el segundo experimento se determinó el efecto de factores que influyen sobre el cultivo de la papa, como el tipo de semilla utilizada o el tipo de suelo empleado, para lo cual, el uso de suelo estéril o no estéril para el desarrollo de los ensayos de invernadero no fue un factor estadísticamente significativo sobre el efecto de las cepas, mientras que la tendencia general para Actinomicetos y Azotobacter mostró que el uso de semillas-tubérculo favorece el efecto benéfico que éstas bacterias ejercen sobre la planta de papa y su producción. / --- The culturing of potato (Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus, 1753), is nowadays among the four most important food worldwide and generates approximately 110,000 permanent working places and its yielding is diminished by factors as costs of fertilizers, phytosanitary issues and the soil deterioration. In this research we evaluate the Plant Growth Promoting (PGPR) of bacterial strains of genus Azotobacter and Actinomycetes group, isolated from potato rhizosphere (S. tuberosum), gathered up from the departments of Huancavelica, Junín, Huanuco and Cajamarca. Of 11 fields sampled, 62 strains of Azotobacter were isolated, from which, 42,3% (25) inhibited the growth of the fungus Fusarium solani, 17% (10) against the fungus Rhizoctonia solani and 9% (6) inhibited both. In the case of Actinomycetes, 45 strains were isolated, from which, 49% (22) were antagosnist against Fusarium solani, 42% (19) against Rhizoctonia solani and 38% (17) inhibited both fungus. On the other hand, the 56,5% (36) of the strains of Azotobacter and the 48,8% (22) of Actinomycetes isolated, were able to produce indole acetic acid (IAA). Of the all Azotobacter isolated, 46,7% (29) showed the presence of solubilization phosphate halo, whereas only the 11% (5) of Actinomycetes evaluated, showed such activity. Tests were carried out of production of volatile metabolites in which the A1-19/08 strain of Actinomycetes showed better results; likewise, the capacity to produce siderophores was evaluated, however, the results was negative for both types of bacteria. It was carried out a biochemical identification of the isolates, after that, the majority of Azotobacter strains isolated were identified as A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii. On the other side, the strains of Actinomycetes group isolated were tentatively identified as species of the genus Streptomyces. Two experiments were performed at the level of greenhouse, in the first one 17 of the best strains of Actinomycetes and Azotobacter were tested; wich had a benefical effect on the promotion of growth in both the plant and the production of tubers of S. Tuberosum. The effect of Actinomicetos was reflected on the increasing in the amount of tubers. In the second experiment, it was determined the effect of such factors as the type of seed used or the type of soil used in the culture, the use of sterile soil or non-sterile for the development of the tests of greenhouse didn’t have a statistically significant factor on the effect of the strains in the cultivation, while the general trend for both Actinomycetes and Azotobacter showed that the use of seed tuber favors the beneficial effect that these bacteria have on the potato plant (S. tuberosum) and its production.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_an_dr_sjrp.pdf: 845355 bytes, checksum: bf12e08f381ee2126b3f6f0827cd993a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Atualmente a destinação do lixo é uma das grandes preocupações da organização urbana e os problemas ambientais causados pela produção e acúmulo de materiais plásticos de origem petroquímica têm incentivado muitos países a realizarem estudos de gerenciamento do volume de lixo sólido, incluindo a diminuição de resíduos plásticos por meio do desenvolvimento de bioplásticos. Os bioplásticos possuem propriedades semelhantes às dos plásticos convencionais e apresentam a vantagem de serem facilmente degradados pela ação de microrganismos no ambiente, podendo citar como exemplo os poli-hidroxialcanoatos (PHA), dentre eles o poli-hidroxibutirato (PHB). Estes polímeros podem representar até 80% da massa seca total da célula, tendo como característica principal a biodegradabilidade em solos e a biocompatibilidade com o tecido animal. Entre os microrganismos produtores de PHAs, a bactéria Azotobacter vinelandii pode acumular grandes quantidades de PHB intracelular com a vantagem de utilizar durante seu crescimento uma ampla variedade de açúcares como os encontrados em melaço de cana-de-açúcar, beterraba e xarope de milho, além de resíduos da suinocultura, agroindustriais, etc. Além do PHB, a bactéria A. vinelandii é capaz de produzir alginato, composto muito empregado na área de análogos de frutas ou produtos tipo imitação como: fatias de pimentão para recheios de azeitonas, imitação de anéis de cebola, imitações de caviar, carne, pescados, produtos marinhos, etc. Tendo em vista que os principais fatores limitantes para a produção de biopolímeros estão associados, principalmente, com os custos dos substratos e ao fato de que muitos microrganismos são patogênicos dificultando a sua aceitação pela comunidade em geral, este trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar... / Currently, the waste disposal is a major concern of urban organization and the environmental problems caused by production and accumulation of petrochemical plastics have encouraged many countries to management studies of the solid waste volume, including the waste plastics reduction through the bioplastics development. Bioplastics have similar properties to conventional plastics and the advantage of being easily degraded by the microorganisms action in the environment, for example, poly-hydroxyalcanoatos (PHA), including poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). These polymers can represent up to 80% of total dry mass of the cell, having as main feature the biodegradability in soil and the biocompatibility with animal tissue. Among the microorganisms producing PHAs, the bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii can accumulate large amounts of intracellular PHB with the advantage that they grow a wide sugars variety like those found in molasses cane sugar, beet sugar and corn syrup, and swine waste, agribusiness, etc.. Besides the PHB, the bacterium A. vinelandii is able to produce alginate, a very useful compound in the similar area of type of fruit and imitation as sliced peppers for stuffing olives, onion rings imitation, caviar, meat, fish and marine products imitation, etc.. Given that the main limiting factors for the biopolymers production are mainly associated with the substrates costs and the fact that many microorganisms are pathogenic hindering its acceptance by the community in general, this study aimed to use the pollutant by-products environment (residual oil frying, glycerin, cassava wastewater – “manipueira”, vinasse and wastewater industry carbonated beverages or soft drinks) as a substrate for the poly-hydroxybutyrate and alginate production by non-pathogenic bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. Fermentations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Graduation date: 2000

Graduation date: 1994

El cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus, 1753), que actualmente se encuentra entre los cuatro alimentos más importantes a nivel mundial y que genera cada año aproximadamente 110,000 puestos de trabajo permanentes, ve disminuir su rendimiento debido a los altos costos de fertilizantes químicos, problemas fitosanitarios y el deterioro de los suelos. En el presente trabajo se buscó evaluar la capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) de bacterias del género Azotobacter y del grupo Actinomicetos aislados de la rizósfera de plantaciones de papa colectadas en los departamentos de Huancavelica, Junín, Huánuco y Cajamarca. De los 11 campos muestreados, se aislaron 62 cepas de Azotobacter, de las cuales, el 42,3% (25) inhibieron el crecimiento del hongo Fusarium solani, el 17% (10) el del hongo Rhizoctonia solani y el 9% (6) lograron inhibir el crecimiento de ambos hongos evaluados. En el caso de los Actinomicetos, de los 45 aislamientos el 49% (22) resultó antagonista contra Fusarium solani, 42% (19) contra Rhizoctonia solani y el 38% (17) a ambos hongos. Por otro lado, el 56,5% (36) de Azotobacter y el 48,8% (22) de aislamientos de Actinomicetos lograron producir ácido indol acético (AIA). El 46,7% (29) de Azotobacter spp. mostró la presencia de halos de solubilización de fosfato mientras que sólo el 11% (5) de Actinomicetos presentaron dicha actividad. Se realizaron también pruebas de produccion de metabolitos volátiles donde la cepa A1-19/08 de Actinomicetos fue la que mostró mejores resultados, así mismo, se evaluó la capacidad de producir sideróforos, sin embargo los resultados fueron negativos para ambos tipos de bacterias. Luego de la identificación bioquímica, la mayoría de las cepas aisladas de Azotobacter fueron reconocidas como A. chroococcum y A. vinelandii. Por otro lado, las bacterias del grupo Actinomicetos fueron indentificadas tentativamente como especies del género Streptomyces. Se realizaron dos experimentos a nivel de invernadero, en el primero se evaluaron 17 cepas de Actinomicetos y otros tantos de Azotobacter; estas tuvieron un efecto benéfico sobre la planta de papa en cuanto a la promoción del crecimiento de la planta como en la producción de tubérculos. El efecto de los Actinomicetos se vió reflejado en el incremento del número de tubérculos. En el segundo experimento se determinó el efecto de factores que influyen sobre el cultivo de la papa, como el tipo de semilla utilizada o el tipo de suelo empleado, para lo cual, el uso de suelo estéril o no estéril para el desarrollo de los ensayos de invernadero no fue un factor estadísticamente significativo sobre el efecto de las cepas, mientras que la tendencia general para Actinomicetos y Azotobacter mostró que el uso de semillas-tubérculo favorece el efecto benéfico que éstas bacterias ejercen sobre la planta de papa y su producción. / The culturing of potato (Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus, 1753), is nowadays among the four most important food worldwide and generates approximately 110,000 permanent working places and its yielding is diminished by factors as costs of fertilizers, phytosanitary issues and the soil deterioration. In this research we evaluate the Plant Growth Promoting (PGPR) of bacterial strains of genus Azotobacter and Actinomycetes group, isolated from potato rhizosphere (S. tuberosum), gathered up from the departments of Huancavelica, Junín, Huanuco and Cajamarca. Of 11 fields sampled, 62 strains of Azotobacter were isolated, from which, 42,3% (25) inhibited the growth of the fungus Fusarium solani, 17% (10) against the fungus Rhizoctonia solani and 9% (6) inhibited both. In the case of Actinomycetes, 45 strains were isolated, from which, 49% (22) were antagosnist against Fusarium solani, 42% (19) against Rhizoctonia solani and 38% (17) inhibited both fungus. On the other hand, the 56,5% (36) of the strains of Azotobacter and the 48,8% (22) of Actinomycetes isolated, were able to produce indole acetic acid (IAA). Of the all Azotobacter isolated, 46,7% (29) showed the presence of solubilization phosphate halo, whereas only the 11% (5) of Actinomycetes evaluated, showed such activity. Tests were carried out of production of volatile metabolites in which the A1-19/08 strain of Actinomycetes showed better results; likewise, the capacity to produce siderophores was evaluated, however, the results was negative for both types of bacteria. It was carried out a biochemical identification of the isolates, after that, the majority of Azotobacter strains isolated were identified as A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii. On the other side, the strains of Actinomycetes group isolated were tentatively identified as species of the genus Streptomyces. Two experiments were performed at the level of greenhouse, in the first one 17 of the best strains of Actinomycetes and Azotobacter were tested; wich had a benefical effect on the promotion of growth in both the plant and the production of tubers of S. Tuberosum. The effect of Actinomicetos was reflected on the increasing in the amount of tubers. In the second experiment, it was determined the effect of such factors as the type of seed used or the type of soil used in the culture, the use of sterile soil or non-sterile for the development of the tests of greenhouse didn’t have a statistically significant factor on the effect of the strains in the cultivation, while the general trend for both Actinomycetes and Azotobacter showed that the use of seed tuber favors the beneficial effect that these bacteria have on the potato plant (S. tuberosum) and its production.