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Assigning stereotypical behaviors and traits associated with young people—selfabsorbed, narcissistic, lost, technologically dependent, disrespectful, financially unstable, etc.—to Millennials have become common practice in popular media and colloquial discourse and are not without consequence. Although the contemporary discourses circulating through society appear to be characteristically Millennial, similar discourses have historically appeared in conversations surrounding preceding generations. This thesis uses five popular culture case studies that capture the zeitgeist of both young Boomers and Millennials to compare discourses and critically examines the overlapping references between age groups and generational categories. This research also aims to bring visibility to the relevance of age getting lost amidst discourses about generations. Using textual analysis via discursive formations, this project reveals the reproduction of dominant power structures among generational discourses and poses implications to those power structures. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (MA)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The study investigated and analysed the baby vegetable industry in South Africa in order to understand the profile, extent and economics of the industry. The study was conducted in the Mpumalanga, Gauteng, Limpopo and the Western Cape Provinces. Four baby vegetable categories were selected namely, baby carrots, baby sweet corn, baby gems and baby marrows and enterprise budgets for these baby vegetables were developed. Baby vegetables are unique produce trading at a premium price to traditional vegetables. Unlike traditional vegetables, baby vegetables are not produced in large quantities in South Africa as only few producers are producing them on a scale smaller than traditional vegetables. Since it is such a small industry very little is known about the production, distribution and the marketing of baby vegetables, both in South Africa and in the export market. Thus the size, volumes, economics of production, distribution and marketing channels as well as the export market of the baby vegetable industry are not known. This is because research on baby vegetables is limited as data for these vegetables is not readily available and accessible. The cost involved in producing the four baby vegetables was also determined through the development of their enterprise budgets and labour costs were found to be the highest cost of production. The enterprise budgets developed are expected to assist farmers when planning and making production decisions as well as projecting future yields and cost of production. The study ascertained that the supply chain for baby vegetables in South Africa is comprised of baby vegetable producers, staging companies, distribution centres, and the different markets. Markets for baby vegetables in South Africa consist of food retail outlets, fresh produce markets, fresh fruit and vegetable outlets, individual agents and the export market. Baby vegetables are also exported from South Africa. Europe is the largest market for South African baby vegetable exports. However, African countries such as Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe are also major role players in baby vegetable exports to the European market, followed by Swaziland. When compared to these countries, South Africa is not a major producer and exporter of baby vegetables. The baby vegetable industry according to the study, is a competitive industry and the continuation of supply by all supply chain members is determined by adhering to set standards, which requires the supply of high quality produce which is safe for consumption and is traceable. In the South African market, also referred to as the domestic market, food retail outlets have high standards of food quality and food safety that producers must adhere to. In the export market, standards are set and monitored by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and import agents and these standards include Global Good Agricultural Practices (GlobalGAP) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. Further research into the baby vegetable industry is essential in order to know the size of the industry, the volumes of baby vegetables produced and the farm-to-retail price spreads within the industry, and to develop enterprise budgets that are representative of the baby vegetable industry. Since the data for baby vegetable production and sales are currently combined with those for traditional vegetables, it is important to document the industry separately. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

While research focusing on the retirement intentions of individuals within the general population has been undertaken, only two empirical studies have examined the retirement intentions of professional workers. This study expands the small, existing body of literature focusing on this topic by presenting eighteen hypotheses, grouped into five categories of factors, and testing them with the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / Fatherhood and masculinity have been studied globally, and these constructs are used to make sense of a variety of realities of men. In South Africa, traditional constructions of fatherhood and masculinity persist. Given the unique history of men in South Africa, it allows researchers to investigate a plethora of phenomena relating to how men experience them, including fatherhood. Having a premature baby is fraught with medical and physical problems, which disrupts the fathers’ transition to fatherhood. The experience of the transition to parenthood is exacerbated by the sudden premature birth of a child, which leaves fathers and mothers particularly vulnerable to intense emotional experiences. Much has been documented about fathers’ subjective experiences of pregnancy, as well as fathers’ experiences of having a premature infant.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, 1992. / The aim of this study was : to describe the life-world of the abused child from a psychopedagogical perspective; and to determine, in the light of the findings obtained, certain guidelines according to which accountable support could be instituted in order to meet the needs of the abused child. The study initially outlines current thinking and research on child abuse, first identified as a clinical phenomenon in the 1960's. The early definition of child abuse included only physical abuse, known as "baby battering", but the definition has been broadened to include neglect, emotional abuse, failure-to-thrive, sexual abuse and cultural abuse. Furthermore, the characteristics of abusing parents and those factors that appear to pre-dispose a child to become the object of abuse are discussed. From a psychopedagogical perspective the abused child finds himself in a situation of dysfunctional education mainly because he goes through the difficult road to adulthood without the assistance and guidance of a responsible parent or adult. This results in the psychic life of the abused child being under-actualised. The lack of responsible adult intervention and guidance, which is based on the pedagogical principles of understanding, trust and authority, results in the abused child forming relationships within his life-world which are inadequate for his emancipation. The abused child thus fails to constitute a meaningful life-world. It would seem that poverty together with cultural sanctions which condone violence, stressful living conditions such as overcrowding, insufficient personal, financial and social resources, discrimination and deprivation, all interact with each other to produce fertile ground not only for abuse, but all forms of deviance. It was found that mothers were mainly responsible for abuse, particularly emotional abuse, neglect and abandonment This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that they are in the main responsible for the care of the children. The literature has shown that abusing parents have been abused themselves as children and know no other way of disaplining their children. They have not learned how to "parent". There are factors that pre-dispose the child to abuse ; prematurity, retardation, physical handicaps and the fact that the child is perceived by the parents as being "different". The review of the literature has emphasised the importance of the multi-disciplinary team in the treatment and prevention of child abuse. The role of a specialised unit in treating and preventing child abuse is recommended by some authors. Case conferences are described as a useful means of discussing cases intensively and reporting back to a committee or specialised unit. Education for family life, the outlawing of family violence, involving lay people in running community programmes, the development of better services in the community are all discussed as ways of preventing child abuse. In the light of the findings of this research, the following was recommended : * school social workers should be trained and placed at schools to assist and identify pedagogically neglected children; * that there should be a staff training programme for teachers with regard to the identification, intervention and counselling of abuse cases; * educational programmes directed at school children, parents, parents-to-be and professionals, are essential for the prevention of child abuse.

This thesis is concerned with the responses of human infants to novel visual stimuli. Novelty is defined in terms of a time dimension so that a stimulus which is presented to the subject for a period of time (familiarisation period) is said to be novel relative to a stimulus which has not been so presented. Experiments demonstrated that infants will fixate a novel stimulus longer than they fixate a familiar stimulus. This effect was shown to be greater when familiar and novel stimuli differ from each other in two dimensions than when they differ in only one dimension. The decline in responsiveness to stimuli presented for a familiarisation period was shown to be a linear function of time. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Research Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate if neuromusculoskeletal training (i.e., weight and balance training) for older adults could reduce the likelihood of slip-induced fall accidents. The study focused on evaluating biomechanics among the elderly at pre- and post-training stages during processes associated with slip-induced fall accidents. Motivations: Older adults are at a higher risk of falls due to deficient gait characteristics and postural control, especially when facing unexpected external perturbations such as slippery surfaces. The literature (Alexander et al., 1992; Englander 1996; Hausdorff, 2001; Rizzo 1998) indicates that falls among the elderly over 65 result in enormous economic and personal losses, therefore, the losses must be diminished. The results from this study can provide intervention strategies for researchers, health care individuals, and the elderly and their families in reducing the likelihood of slip-induced falls. Background: More than 25% of older adults fall every year (Sattin, 1992), and older adults and their family members fear their falls and fall-related injuries due to the associated high mortality rate (Jensen, 2003). The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported in 2003 that emergency departments treated more than 1.6 million seniors due to fall-related injuries and, among them, 373,000 were admitted to the hospital. In 2002, The National Safety Council reported that 14,500 people died due to fall-related accidents, and 60 percent of them were 65 years of age and older. To minimize economic and personal losses, tribometric techniques for assessing shoe/floor interactions, the biomechanical responses in walking on slippery floor surfaces, and postural control were studied. Still, the elderly population is at a high risk of falling, severe enough that it is a major cause of hospitalization (CDC, 2003). Yet reasons for slip-induced fall accidents are not clear. Therefore, mechanisms involving fall accidents must be explored and, further, interventions to minimize fall accidents must be discovered and implemented. The occurrence of falls among the elderly are postulated to result from neuromusculoskeletal aging. The changes in neuromusculoskeletal components with advancing age are commonly accompanied with mobility problems and poor health status contributing to a decreased physical capability such as a reduction in lower extremity strength (Larsson et al., 1979; Lord et al., 1991 and 1994; Murray et al. 1985; Stalberg et al., 1989; Whipple et al. 1987) and insecure and unconfident balance (Manchester et al. 1989; Stelmach and Sirica, 1987; Teasdale et al. 1991; Thelen et al., 1998; Woolacott, 1986) leading to unstable dynamic postural control and poor gait dynamics (Alexander, 1994; Judge, 2003; Lockhart et al., 2003; Wolfson, 2001). Unstable dynamic postural control and poor gait dynamics influence the likelihood of falls among older adults (Guralnik et al.1994; Judge et al.1996; Lockhart et al., 2003; Tinetti et al. 1988). Therefore, in an effort to improve unstable dynamic postural control and poor gait dynamics, strength and balance training have been proposed and implemented. (Campbell et al., 1999; Day et al., 2002; Fiatarone et al., 1994; Neil, 1994; Shepard et al., 1993; Tinetti et al, 1994; Wolfson et al, 1993). Problem Statement: Although the significance of muscle strengthening and balance training in reducing falls for older adults has been addressed previously, most studies (Berg et al., 1992; Duncan et al., 1990; Guralnik et al.,1994; Hageman et al., 1995; Nashner, 1993; Nashner and McCollum, 1985; Nevitt et al., 1989; Overstall et al., 1977; Rikli and Jones, 1999; Tinetti, 1986) have focused on the effect of muscle strengthening and balance training on the static and dynamic postural control such as quite standing, one-leg stand, the sit-to-stand test, the test of precise movement, functional reaching, or the mobility test. Yet, research to evaluate the effectiveness of muscle strengthening and balance training on actual slip-induced fall events was lacking. This study were carried out to evaluate the likelihood of falls at pre- and post stages of training by incorporating and validating the effectiveness of training utilizing actual perturbations commonly associated with slips and falls. Method: 18 older adults participated in the study for 8 weeks: 6 individuals in balance group, 6 individuals in weight group, and 6 individuals in control group (social group). Each group met three times a week and each session lasted for 1 hour. Biomechanical dependent measures and psychosocial dependent measures were evaluated to the effects of training. Results: The results indicated that, overall, training resulted in improvements in biomechanical dependent measures. Further, regular social activities resulted in improvements in proprioception sensory sensitivity and in ankle dorsiflexion muscular strength. Conclusion: Balance training contributed to an improvement in ankle flexibility, whereas, weight training did not contribute to an improvement in ankle flexibility although either weight or balance training played a role in decreasing slip-propensity and the likelihood of slip-induced falls among older adults. An ability to integrate neuro-musculo-skeletal systems was improved by training and was a main contributor in reducing the likelihood of slip-induced falls. Proprioception sensitivity by itself did not play a role in decreasing the likelihood of slip-induced falls. In addition, the exercise training as well as social activities played a role in altering psychosocial behavior (i.e. fear of falling and independency) of older adults. The author concluded that an ability to integrate neuro-musculo-skeletal systems could be improved by either balance or weight training and could be a primary factor contributing to a reduction in the likelihood of slip-induced falls among older adults. In addition, the author concluded that the regular social activities also could contribute to an enhancement in the psychosocial characteristics of older adults. / Ph. D.

Yes / Mothers' responsiveness to hunger and fullness cues has been implicated in the development of infant over-weight, and baby led weaning (BLW) is argued to be one way to protect against overfeeding. Whilst studies have examined maternal perceptions of hunger, fullness and adequate intake to some degree in traditional weaning (TW) contexts, less is known about this in BLW. This study therefore aimed to understand and compare maternal perceptions of cues and intake in BLW and TW. Eleven mothers of infants (7–24m) participated in semi-structured interviews based on discussions of short videos featuring participants feeding their infants. Interviews were read and transcribed in full. Data were selected for coding which addressed mothers' perceptions of infant hunger, fullness and sufficient consumption and subsequently subjected to template analysis. A sample of data was coded to produce an initial template which was applied to all interviews and revised in an iterative process to produce a final template for interpreting findings. Mothers in the study were adept at recognising fullness cues and gauging feeding state. Both groups perceived similar hunger cues although TW mothers reported a wider range of fullness cues. Both groups used numerous strategies for judging the adequacy of their babies’ intake. These included the use of infant cues, however perceived adequacy of intake was also influenced by factors such as infant tiredness and maternal worries about over and under-eating. Findings have implications for the development of responsive feeding interventions while also highlighting the utility of video elicited interviews for understanding feeding interactions. / This work was supported by a White Rose Doctoral Training Partnership Economic and Social Research Council PhD studentship (UK) to Janet McNally.

In previous studies research has shown that generation y experience resistance from older generations represented in the labor market in USA. The resistance is due to differences between the generations. On the other hand some studies say that differences are more likely to come from other factors such as gender and which stage in life the individual is in. The purpose of this study is to describe how (women in) generation y is experiencing the cooperation with colleagues from other generations and if they considers that differences due to generations exist. The study will also try to determine if the respondents are aware of each generation’s characteristics. To fulfill the purpose of the study a qualitative method was chosen in the shape of a focus group. To be able to answer the purpose an interview guide was developed from previous studies. The guide was divided in three sections; scenarios, exercises and finally questions. The focus group resulted in a two-hour discussion between four individuals belonging to generation y. The result of the study showed that generation y in Falun, Sweden did identify some of the characteristics each generation had. Further did the respondents conform that resistance due to generational differences was a problem. To answer the purpose of the study generation y felt underestimated by the older generations and expressed a certain degree of hopelessness. / Inom forskningen råder oenighet kring generationer och dess betydelse. Ena sidan menar att varje generation präglas av gemensamma värderingar och att detta i sin tur kan bidra till att konflikter uppstår på arbetsplatser där flera generationer är representerade. Den andra sidan av forskningen menar däremot att det finns faktorer som är viktigare än vilken generation individen tillhör, exempelvis kön eller vilken fas i livet personen befinner sig i. Det är en spännande kamp forskare emellan och oavsett vilken sida som har bäst odds infann sig intresset av att undersöka saken närmare. I en amerikansk studie framkom det att generation y, födda 1980-1995, upplevde ett motstånd från äldre generationer i sitt arbete. Utifrån detta skapades tre frågor som skulle svara upp på syftet som var att beskriva hur (kvinnor i) generation y upplever samarbetet med kollegor från andra generationer och om de anser att generationsskillnader existerar. De frågor som ställdes var; Vilka svårigheter upplever generation y inom arbetslivet och går dessa att koppla till generationsskillnaderna? Vad kan generation y bidra med i ett arbetslag, vilka styrkor har de? Vad kan generationsskillnader på en arbetsplats bidra med och vilka lösningar finns på de potentiella konflikter som kan uppstå orsakade utav dessa? Fyra personer tillhörande generation y bjöds in till en fokusgrupp för att, utifrån en intervjuguide, diskutera dessa frågor. Under två timmar blandades skratt med ilska och sorg när respondenterna fick beskriva de olika generationerna, hur de upplevt motstånd och vad de såg för lösningar på de problem som presenterades. Efteråt kunde det konstateras att generationer är ett komplext ämne och att det väcker känslor. Resultatet av studien bekräftade tidigare studier gällande generationsskillnaders existens. Likväl som generationsskillnader bekräftades framkom även andra faktorer som påverkar hur individer är. Precis som de amerikanska respondenterna upplevde även de svenska respondenterna ett motstånd från äldre generationer som grundade sig i en känsla av att aldrig duga. Sammanfattningsvis behövs mer forskning kring ämnet som inte bara väcker starka känslor utan också påverkar hur organisationer fungerar.