Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum é o agente causal da mancha angular do algodoeiro, uma importante doença reportada em áreas de produção no Brasil e em todo o mundo. A partir da análise comparativa de sequências parciais do gene rpoB de linhagens de X. citri subsp. malvacearum, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. axonopodis pv. axonopodis e X. citri subsp. citri, desenhou-se o par de primers xam1R/2R. Foram testadas 19 espécies pertencentes ao gênero Xanthomonas, além de bactérias dos gêneros Acidovorax, Burkholderia, Erwinia, Pseudomonas e Ralstonia, e o produto de PCR específico de aproximadamente 560 pares de bases foi observado apenas para linhagens de X. citri subsp. malvacearum. Os primers desenhados mostraram-se altamente sensíveis, apresentando níveis de detecção de 8 ufc/ 5,0 L para suspensões da cultura pura da bactéria e 1,0 ng de DNA genômico de X. citri subsp. malvacearum. No isolamento, a partir de amostras de sementes sabidamente contaminadas, foram obtidas colônias bacterianas com características de morfologia e coloração semelhantes à X. citri subsp. malvacearum. Esses isolados foram submetidos a testes de coloração de Gram, hidrólise de amido, reação de hipersensibilidade (HR) em folhas de fumo e tomateiro, testes de patogenicidade em plantas de algodoeiro, amplificação com os primers específicos desenhados e sequenciamento do fragmento obtido e os resultados obtidos confirmaram a identificação dos mesmos como X. citri subsp. malvacearum. Experimentos combinados de BIO-PCR/nested-PCR foram realizados a partir do material obtido do processo de extração do patógeno das sementes contaminadas utilizando-se na primeira etapa de amplificação os primers correspondentes à parte do gene rpoB e na segunda etapa o produto da primeira amplificação e os primers específicos xam1F/2R. O resultado foi a observação de uma banda de aproximadamente 560 pb correspondente ao fragmento específico de X. citri subsp. malvacearum para todas as amostras testadas. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um teste de PCR específico para a detecção e identificação rápida e precisa dessa bactéria em amostras de sementes de algodoeiro. / Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum is the causal agent of angular leaf spot of cotton an important disease reported in production areas in Brazil and worldwide. From the comparative analysis of partial rpoB gene sequences of X. citri subsp. malvacearum, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. axonopodis pv. axonopodis and X. citri subsp. citri strains, the pair of primers xam1F/2R was designed. Nineteen species of the genus Xanthomonas and isolates of the genera Acidovorax, Burkholderia, Erwinia, Pseudomonas and Ralstonia were tested and the specific PCR product of about 560 base pairs was observed only for strains of X. citri subsp. malvacearum. The primers were highly sensitive, with detection levels of 8 cfu/ 5.0 L for suspensions of pure culture of bacteria and 1.0 ng of genomic DNA of X. citri subsp. malvacearum. From contaminated seed samples, bacterial colonies were obtained with characteristic morphology and coloration similar to X. citri subsp. malvacearum. These isolates were tested for Gram stain, starch hydrolysis, hypersensitivity reaction (HR) on tobacco and tomato leaves, pathogenicity tests on cotton plants, amplification with the specific primers designed and sequencing of the fragment obtained. The results confirmed their identification as X. citri subsp. malvacearum. PCR experiments in combination of BIOPCR/ nested-PCR were performed with the material obtained from the extraction process of pathogen from seeds using in the first step of amplification primers corresponding to part of the rpoB gene and the second step the product of the first amplification and the specific primers xam1F/2R. The result was a band of approximately 560 bp corresponding to the specific fragment of X. citri subsp. malvacearum for all samples tested. In this work, a PCR test for the quick detection and accurate identification of this bacterium in seed samples of cotton were developed.

La présence de microorganismes peut être révélée par des métabolites volatils caractéristiques. Cette approche est particulièrement intéressante pour la détection non-invasive de pathogènes dans des échantillons complexes comme les matrices alimentaires, les échantillons sanguins, ou encore les plaies chroniques. Des capteurs nanoporeux à grande surface spécifique ont été préparés par voie sol-gel (xérogels) ; leur rôle est à la fois de capturer, concentrer et permettre une détection optique des Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) microbiens. Des capteurs dopés avec une molécule sonde, l'acide 5,5′ dithiobis 2 nitrobenzoïque, ont été développés pour mettre en évidence le sulfure d'hydrogène (H2S) produit par Salmonella, un pathogène d'intérêt dans le domaine de l'agroalimentaire. La capture d'H2S provoque un changement de couleur du capteur dès 5 ppm. Une partie du travail de recherche porte également sur la détection de métabolites dits « exogènes », libérés suite à l'hydrolyse d'un substrat enzymatique. C'est alors l'activité enzymatique qui est spécifique du micro-organisme ciblé. Deux COV exogènes sont envisagés : la β naphthylamine (β NA) et le 2 nitrophénol (2 NP). La première est issue d'activités enzymatiques peptidases, le second est issu d'activités glycosidases ou estérases. Pour ce dernier, une détection directe est possible dès 14 ppb grâce à son absorbance intrinsèque dans le visible. Après un travail sur la composition chimique des xérogels, une mise en forme originale par moulage des gels en forme de coin de cube permet une lecture de l'absorbance des xérogels en réflexion. Enfin, les capteurs obtenus ont été testés vis-à-vis de COV générés par 3 pathogènes: Salmonella, Escherichia coli et Staphylococcus aureus dans des matrices complexes (sang et échantillons alimentaires). / The presence of micro-organisms can be revealed by specific volatile metabolites. This approach is interesting for the non-invasive detection of pathogenic species in complex samples, such as food, blood or exudate. Nanoporous materials developing a high surface area have been prepared by sol-gel process (xerogels). They trap, concentrate and reveal the presence of microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) by means of an optical detection. Sensors have been doped with a probe molecule (5,5′ dithiobis 2 nitrobenzoic acid) in order to detect hydrogen sulfide emitted by foodborne pathogen Salmonella. The colour of sensor changes in the presence of 5 ppm of H2S. Another detection method is the use of enzymatic substrates which release exogenous VOCs. In this approach, the enzymatic activity is specific to the targeted pathogenic bacteria. Sensors have been developed for two exogenous VOCs: β naphthylamine (β NA) and 2 nitrophenol (2-NP). β NA is issued from peptidase activity, whereas 2 NP is produced by glycosidase or esterase activity. The latter can be detected above 14 ppb through absorbance in the visible region. The work focused both on the chemical composition of the xerogels and on their shape. After molding the xerogels into a trihedral prism (“corner reflector”), the absorbance can be easily monitored using the reflected light. VOCs produced by 3 pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, in complex media (blood and food samples) have been monitored with the obtained sensors.