The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between husband attendance during cesarean birth and parental perceptions of the cesarean birth and of the neonate. The independent variable was husband attendance during cesarean birth. Dependent variables were parental perceptions as measured by the Parental Perceptions of Cesarean Birth and Neonate Questionnaire. Thirty-five married couples who delivered healthy neonates by cesarean section with regional anesthesia constituted the study and control groups. The 60 parents in the study group were together during cesarean delivery; the 10 parents in the control group were not. Seventy subjects responded to 19 items on a Lilert-type questionnaire and 53 wrote comments about their birth experiences. ANOVA and repeated measures were used to examine data. Both research hypotheses, which were tested at the .05 level off significance, were supported: there was a significant relationship between husband attendance and positive perceptions of both the birth and of the neonate. Presence of the father in surgery had significant effects on perceptions of cesarean birth (p <.01), perceptions of the neonate (p<.01), and perceptions of the time that the neonate was first seen and held by parents (p <.01). Level of education of mother was significantly related to perceptions of the neonate (p <.05). Level of education of father had a significant effect on reported fear for self during cesarean delivery (p <.05). Adequate preparation was significantly related to positive perceptions of cesarean birth (p <.01). The majority of parents of both groups found their birth experiences satisfying, but some would have liked more time together, more contact with infant, more preparation and more comfort for mother. Study results supported the practice of family-centered cesarean birth.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The present study investigated the relationship between the effect of clinical practice on empathy in BSN students and graduates in religiously and nonreligiously related programs. The non-experimental survey used a non-probability, convenience sample including 156 student and graduate nurses from two BSN programs. The subjects completed the Empathy Construct Rating Scale, a self-administered questionnaire demonstrating a high degree of validity and reliability. The results indicated no statistically significant correlation between the length of practice and empathy among students, first year, and fourth year graduates. Also, no statistically significant difference existed between the empathy scores of students and graduates from a religiously related and a nonreligiously related school. The conclusions drawn from this study are that there is no relationship between empathy and length of practice, nor is empathy related to the religious orientation of the nursing program.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus exhibiting either a budding yeast or hyphal phase. A shift from the yeast phase to the hyphal phase can generally be induced by increasing the temperature of incubation from 25°C to 37°C. This shift occurs over a four hour period as approximately 90% of the yeast cells form germ tubes during this time.Interestingly, the specific activity of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase increases during the shift in vegetative cell types and begins to decrease after the 4 hour period. Utilizing the protein synthesis inhibitor tricodermin, we have demonstrated that the increase in specific activity requires de novo protein synthesis.SAM synthetase was characterized (in vitro) by kinetic analysis and response to putative inhibitors. The yeast phase enzyme had an apparent Km of 0.17 mM for methionine, 0.14 mM for ATP and is inhibited by dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), methionine sulfone and methionine sulfoxide. The hyphal phase enzyme has an apparent Km of 0.06 mM for methionine, 0.02 mM for ATP and its activity is enhanced by the three inhibitors. This preliminary data suggests the presence of isozymes in Candida albicans and the possibility of morphology predominant form.The in vivo studies revealed that the addition of methionine inhibited enzyme activity. In addition, 1 mg/ml cycloleucine (in the presence of methionine) induced the activity of this enzyme, indicating that SAM (along with methionine) is a co-effector of enzyme activity and/or synthesis.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The purpose of the study was to develop a sequential test method for obtaining a confidence interval in life-testing. The problem of using a maximum likelihood estimator based upon grouped data was considered. Life-times that were investigated are described by the exponential distribution. The sequential test used the length of the confidence interval as a stopping rule.The test method and necessary calculations were described. The results of using different length values as a stopping rule were compared using a computer simulation. Results are indicated in two categories: percent of time the estimate contained the true parameter value, and average number of data collection times needed to obtain the estimate. It was concluded that the test method was accurate and efficient. The length value was a considerable factor in deriving good results from the test method. It was recommended that research be continued to establish a method of choosing the best length value to be used.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The problem addressed in this study was whether Preoperative Holding Areas minimized the preoperative anxiety of patients having a cholecystectomy. The study used a pre-experimental, descriptive design to determine the level of anxiety reported.The sample was a convenience sample consisting of forty preoperative, adult patients having a cholecystectomy. Twenty of the patients went to a Preoperative Holding Area for sedation and preparation, and twenty remained in their rooms. The instruments utilized were the A-State and A-Trait forms of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.The hypothesis was accepted at the .05 level of significance. It was noted that the patients remaining on the floor had higher levels of Trait Anxiety.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Serum lactage dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase level were studied in sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 400 to 680 grams. Five groups of ten rats each ran forty-five minutes (16 m/min) with variable percentages of the total bout consisting of downhill running (16° incline): Group I- 0%, Group II- 22%, Group III- 50%, Group IV- 78%, Group V- 100% downhill. Group VI consisted of ten sedentary controls. Serial blood samples were obtained immediately after exercise, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours found to exist between a non-trained rat’s weight and its ability to finish the exercise bout and live beyond 48 hours.Each exercise group, except Group V, showed s significant decrease in the CPK activity at 24 and/or 36 hours post-exercise. Group V showed a significant elevation (P<0.05) in LDH and CPK activity at 12 hours. With the total exercise time remaining the same, a linear relationship was suggested between duration of downhill running and LDH activity at 12 and 24 hours post-exercise, r=0.5880 (n=26) and r=0.4490 (n=28), respectively.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This thesis may be broadly divided into two parts.The first part critically discusses various aspects of path analysis as a statistical tool for abstract analysis. The second part investigates the changing pattern of nuptiality in Bangladesh by districts using 1981 census data. Path analysis has been applied to find and analyze the nature and extent the of causal relationship between the dependent variable, nuptiality and its determinants. It is observed that education, urbanization,female employment and economic development are all strongly positivelyrelatedto nuptiality. That is, formal and effective education policy combined with proper urbanization and development policies may increase the female employment rate which in turn will raise age at marriage. Further, effects of various indices through childlessness is reasonably high. This indicates that appropriate population distribution policies and introduction of insurance schemes for childless couples and couples with fewer children may indirectly put positive effect on nuptiality.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This thesis is concerned with the asymptotic solutions of the differential equationz(2) d(3)y/dz(3) + (a0z) d(2)y/dz(2) + [b0+b1z+b2z(2)] dy/dz + (c0+ c1z) y=0Here, the variable z is complex as are the constants ai, ci(i=O,1) and bi(i=O,1,2) with b2 does not equal 0. It is also assumed that the roots of the indicial equation about z = 0 are such that the difference of no two of them is congruent to zero modular 1.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

An acid rain simulation was created under laboratory conditions to study the effects of mortality rates and developmental time of Aedes triseriatus (Say) mosquito larvae. Two hundred-forty instar 1 mosquitoes were placed into separate 120 ml glass jars containing rain water adjusted to pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 with a nitric acid solution. A second part of the experiment was set up like the first except a 70 percent to 30 percent sulfuric-nitric acid solution was used to adjust pH levels. Mortality and developmental time was observed until the insects reached maturity or died.No significant differences at the .05 level in mortality rates were observed between larvae raised in nitric acid solution as compared to sulfuric acid solution. However, exposures to 70 to 30% sulfuric-nitric solution resulted in a significantly (0.05) higher mortality at pH levels 4, 5, and 6 than the sulfuric acid or nitric acid exposures.Developmental time did not vary more the 0.5 days between the sulfuric acid exposure group and the nitric acid group except at pH 4.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This paper discusses the detection of Fault Tolerance in computers. It outlines the present techniques available, namely, Anderson's and Avizienis: The writer introduces a new method based on Anderson's detection technique; this modified version turns out to be a more foolproof system. Since the shortcomings of both the 'old' techniques are discussed in detail the writer also suggests how to overcome them using the technique that he had proposed. To prove the excellence of his method, the writer applies his technique to the SIFT system to show that it is workable and superior to previous ones. Diagrams are provided for clarification.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306