<p> </p><p><p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p></p><strong><strong><p>Titel:</p><p><strong>Datum: </strong>16/1-2009</p><p><strong>Ämne/kurs: </strong>Företagsekonomi, C-uppsats i redovisning, 15 p</p><p><strong>Författare: </strong>Hanna Ekdahl, Gabriel Oktay, Tigran Zacharjan</p><p><strong>Handledare: </strong>Ann Wetterlind Dörner</p><p><strong>Bakgrund och problem: </strong></p><p>När banker lånar ut pengar tar de av de medel som kunder satt in på banken. För att skydda kunder måste banken ha en viss kapitaltäckning. På grund av behov av en mer anpassad riskkänslighet har nya kapitaltäckningsregler i form av Basel II tagits fram. Genom dessa regler samt ett internationellt anpassat regelverk vill vi undersöka hur banker värderar och hanterar sina lånefordringar.</p><p>De frågeställningar som vi besvarar i uppsatsen är:</p><p> Hur värderar banker sina lånefordringar och hur hanteras de risker som en lånefordran för med sig?</p><p> Hur har Basel II bidragit till en bättre riskhantering av lånefordringar?</p><p> Är det skillnad nu när det råder lågkonjunktur?</p><strong><strong><p>Syfte:</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur banker värderar och hanterar sina lånefordringar när Basel II har börjat gälla. Vi vill också ta reda på om det blir någon förändring under rådande lågkonjunktur.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong></p><p>Genom tre semistrukturerade intervjuer har en kvalitativ undersökning genomförts. Intervjuerna som gjordes var med Handelsbanken, KPMG och Finansinspektionen. Valet av respondenter är baserade på att få en bred syn på våra frågeställningar.</p><p><strong>Slutsatser: </strong></p><p>Vid utgivning av ett lån är det återbetalningsförmågan som är det mest centrala. Beroende på hur det ekonomiska läget är i företaget som banken har utgivit en kredit till görs sedan en uppföljning av krediten med olika tidsintervall. En tätare uppföljning kan till exempel gälla utsatta branscher under lågkonjunkturen. I övrigt är det inte någon större förändring av hanteringen av lånefordringar under konjunkturnedgången. Om det finns ett behov av att skriva ned en lånefordran krävs ett objektivt belägg som är varaktigt. Ett tredje kriterium som måste uppfyllas är att banken ska riskera att förlora pengar. Lånefordran skrivs sedan ned med hänsyn till säkerhetens värde. Implementeringen av Basel II är inte klar ännu men förändringar har skett. Fler parametrar vägs in för att öka riskkänsligheten. Räntan har diversifierats och banker jobbar mot de avancerade verktygen som finns i regelverket.</p></strong></strong></strong>Krediter – En studie om hur banker hanterar och värderar sina lånefordringar</strong></p> / <p><strong><p>Title:</p><p>Credits - a study about how banks handle and evaluates their loan requirements</p><p><strong>Date: </strong>16/1-2009</p><p><strong>Course: </strong>Business Economics<strong>, </strong>Candidate essay, major accounting, 15 p <strong>Authors: </strong>Hanna Ekdahl, Gabriel Oktay, Tigran Zacharjan</p><p><strong>Advisor: </strong>Ann Wetterlind Dörner</p><p><strong>Background and problem: </strong>When banks give out credits they take of the means that customers place in the bank. In order to protect customers, the bank has to have certain capital coverage. Because of the need of tailored tools that are more risk aware, new capital coverage rules in the form of Basel II have been developed. Through these rules and an international tailored legislation we want to examine how banks evaluate and handle their loan requirements.</p><p>The questions that we answer in this essay are:</p></strong></p><p> How do banks evaluate their loan requirements and how do they handle the risks that a loan requirement brings?</p><p> How has Basel II contributed to a better risk handling of loan requirements?</p><p> Is there any difference when we are experiencing recession?</p><p><strong><p>Purpose:</p><p>The purpose with the essay is to examine how banks evaluates and handles their loan requirements when Basel II has begun to apply. We also want to examine the differences in a state of recession.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong></p><p>Through three semi-structured interviews, a qualitative survey has been implemented. The interviews has been addressed to Handelsbanken, KPMG and Finansinspektionen. The choice of respondents is based on the ambition of getting a broad view on our issues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong></p><p>The most central requirement during credit give outs is the repayment ability. Depending on how the economic situation is in the company that takes the credit, a follow-up with different intervals are done. A more frequent follow-up can for example concern exposed sectors during recession. In other respect, there is no bigger change of the handling of loan requirements during recession. If there is a need of writing down a loan the requirements are an objective proof that is permanent. A third criterion is that the bank is experiencing a risk of losing funds. Loan requirement is writhed down with regard of the security's value. The implementation of Basel II is yet not finished but already changes are taking form. More parameters are weighed in, in order to increase the risk sensitivity. The interest has been diversified and banks are working toward the more advanced tools that are in the legislation.</p></strong></p>

Titel: Datum: 16/1-2009 Ämne/kurs: Företagsekonomi, C-uppsats i redovisning, 15 p Författare: Hanna Ekdahl, Gabriel Oktay, Tigran Zacharjan Handledare: Ann Wetterlind Dörner Bakgrund och problem: När banker lånar ut pengar tar de av de medel som kunder satt in på banken. För att skydda kunder måste banken ha en viss kapitaltäckning. På grund av behov av en mer anpassad riskkänslighet har nya kapitaltäckningsregler i form av Basel II tagits fram. Genom dessa regler samt ett internationellt anpassat regelverk vill vi undersöka hur banker värderar och hanterar sina lånefordringar. De frågeställningar som vi besvarar i uppsatsen är:  Hur värderar banker sina lånefordringar och hur hanteras de risker som en lånefordran för med sig?  Hur har Basel II bidragit till en bättre riskhantering av lånefordringar?  Är det skillnad nu när det råder lågkonjunktur? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur banker värderar och hanterar sina lånefordringar när Basel II har börjat gälla. Vi vill också ta reda på om det blir någon förändring under rådande lågkonjunktur. Metod: Genom tre semistrukturerade intervjuer har en kvalitativ undersökning genomförts. Intervjuerna som gjordes var med Handelsbanken, KPMG och Finansinspektionen. Valet av respondenter är baserade på att få en bred syn på våra frågeställningar. Slutsatser: Vid utgivning av ett lån är det återbetalningsförmågan som är det mest centrala. Beroende på hur det ekonomiska läget är i företaget som banken har utgivit en kredit till görs sedan en uppföljning av krediten med olika tidsintervall. En tätare uppföljning kan till exempel gälla utsatta branscher under lågkonjunkturen. I övrigt är det inte någon större förändring av hanteringen av lånefordringar under konjunkturnedgången. Om det finns ett behov av att skriva ned en lånefordran krävs ett objektivt belägg som är varaktigt. Ett tredje kriterium som måste uppfyllas är att banken ska riskera att förlora pengar. Lånefordran skrivs sedan ned med hänsyn till säkerhetens värde. Implementeringen av Basel II är inte klar ännu men förändringar har skett. Fler parametrar vägs in för att öka riskkänsligheten. Räntan har diversifierats och banker jobbar mot de avancerade verktygen som finns i regelverket. Krediter – En studie om hur banker hanterar och värderar sina lånefordringar / Title: Credits - a study about how banks handle and evaluates their loan requirements Date: 16/1-2009 Course: Business Economics, Candidate essay, major accounting, 15 p Authors: Hanna Ekdahl, Gabriel Oktay, Tigran Zacharjan Advisor: Ann Wetterlind Dörner Background and problem: When banks give out credits they take of the means that customers place in the bank. In order to protect customers, the bank has to have certain capital coverage. Because of the need of tailored tools that are more risk aware, new capital coverage rules in the form of Basel II have been developed. Through these rules and an international tailored legislation we want to examine how banks evaluate and handle their loan requirements. The questions that we answer in this essay are:  How do banks evaluate their loan requirements and how do they handle the risks that a loan requirement brings?  How has Basel II contributed to a better risk handling of loan requirements?  Is there any difference when we are experiencing recession? Purpose: The purpose with the essay is to examine how banks evaluates and handles their loan requirements when Basel II has begun to apply. We also want to examine the differences in a state of recession. Method: Through three semi-structured interviews, a qualitative survey has been implemented. The interviews has been addressed to Handelsbanken, KPMG and Finansinspektionen. The choice of respondents is based on the ambition of getting a broad view on our issues. Conclusions: The most central requirement during credit give outs is the repayment ability. Depending on how the economic situation is in the company that takes the credit, a follow-up with different intervals are done. A more frequent follow-up can for example concern exposed sectors during recession. In other respect, there is no bigger change of the handling of loan requirements during recession. If there is a need of writing down a loan the requirements are an objective proof that is permanent. A third criterion is that the bank is experiencing a risk of losing funds. Loan requirement is writhed down with regard of the security's value. The implementation of Basel II is yet not finished but already changes are taking form. More parameters are weighed in, in order to increase the risk sensitivity. The interest has been diversified and banks are working toward the more advanced tools that are in the legislation.

Introduction: 1 November 2010  came the amendment about the audit requirement into force. The amendment concerned only micro-enterprises. The most common form offinancing for micro-enterprises are bank loans, therefore the banks play a major role in the business and wellness of micro-enterprises. Purpose: Purpose of this paper is to examine if the credit assessment has been affected by the removal of the audit requirement for micro-enterprises. Method: This study will be conducted by a qualitative study in the form of interviews. Five interviews were conducted, with four respondents from the large banks and    one respondent from Almi Företagspartner. Conclusion: All respondents agreed that the audit is seen as a mark of quality, some lenders will continue to request it from the micro-enterprise while other lenders look at other factors such as ownership, relationship or business concept.

Most of the scholars argue that the big challenge for the SMEs in order to grow is access to finance. They consider financing as the most crucial need of a growing company. Based on the previous researches, companies need to move from the internal financing to the external financing through growth. In this situation, one way for SMEs is, to take advantage of a bank loan; however, many researchers argue that accessing a bank loan is not easy for SMEs. On the other hand, in the last decade since the number of SMEs increased in many countries, tendency of the banks, regarding cooperation with SMEs; gets increased as well. Although, many of the SMEs are still not satisfied with the lending process. Thus, this study investigates if some factors can have an effect on the lending process. Since, the factors which affect the lending process are various, the purpose of this study is, to examine how having an appropriate business growth plan could be helpful in order to have access to a bank loan. There is a lack of literature regarding observation of this process in developing countries and comparing the lending process in developing countries with developed countries, this paper will examine the lending process and influence of business growth plan in one developed country (Sweden), and one developing country (Iran) and compare all the systems with each other. In order to achieve the required information, multiple case study was chosen. The main result of this study is that a business growth plan has a different effect on the lending process in each country, since it is seen as a positive sign in Iran while it has both an advantage and disadvantage in Sweden.

Bank loan ratings are employed to investigate the interrelationship between the rating agencies and banks. Valuation effects of rating announcements on investors in the market are also examined. Similar functions are performed by rating agencies and banks, however, it is found that investors perceive information provided by rating agencies and banks differently. In the first essay, the results indicate that investors recognise the value of rating agencies in the presence of banks as information providers and monitors. The value of rating agencies relies on their recognition of deteriorating prospects in a firm's financial position, as the market reacts significantly to bank loan rating announcements of placement on CreditWatch with negative implications and downgrades. In the second essay, the results indicate that investors recognise the value of high quality banks in the presence of rating agencies as information providers and monitors. When the deteriorated firms are associated with high quality banks, the negative reaction toward announcements of negative placement and downgrade is mitigated. This indicates that investors are willing to trust high quality banks' speciality in information and monitoring, and reassess the value of deteriorated firms. In the third essay, the results show that the value of rating agencies; via announcements of negative placement and downgrade; also expands to non-rated firms smaller than the rated firms, in the same industry. Announcements of negative placement indicate firm-specific deterioration and, therefore, smaller rival firms benefit from the change in competitive balance. From the announcements of downgrade, however, smaller rival firms experience contagion effect.

This diploma project focuses on evaluation and recommendation of the most efficient form of financing in the case of an acquisition of a long-term corporeal property if the company does not have enough financial means as well as on the Czech leasing trade trends ascertainment, description of development in the period 2003 to 2007 and proposition of the future progress prediction. The project firstly deals with the principles and meanings of the leasing, its division and processes from the leasing company selection to final contract signature. A space is also devoted to the Czech law adaptation, leasing insurance and bank loans division and processes. In the practical part a comparison of the acquisition of a long-term corporeal property by a leasing and a bank loan is shown while the analysis is made with the help of the current money value. The project contains detailed information of the events of the Czech leasing market, its concentration, operational and financial leasing development, movable and fixed property leasing development and its trends.

Diploma thesis handles with specialities in accounting of fiwed assets in semi-budgetary organizations. Furthermore it is focused on possibilities of financing by short-term bank loans.

This diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the investment plan of the company Nyklíček a spol. s.r.o., namely the acquisition of new machinery, and aims at identifying the most advantageous way of financing this investment. The work is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the basic concepts of financing and investment, the second part contains presentation of the company and analysis of its current situation, the third part proposes how to finance the investment plan, including the evaluation of the economic efficiency of the investment.

Master’s thesis concerns about financing of business activities of the selected company. Master’s thesis is consist of three parts, theoretical, analytical and proposal part. The theoretical part of Master’s thesis defines the possibilities of financing business activities and also the terms of financial analysis. The knowledges gained in the theoretical part are then applied to the financial analysis of the selected company. The final part compares the opportunities, that lead to an optimal financing solution.

The diploma thesis deals with the needs of viticulture ZD Němčičky, on the basis of which it is proposed to financing the production hall. The first, theoretical part, contains basic information about wine regions in the Czech Republic, valid legislation, possibilities of financing and basic financial indicators. It was used the literature search method. The second, analytical part, deals with the compare of wine sector in the Czech Republic, Europe and the world. In the third, practical part, is introduced the winery ZD Němčičky and is carried out an analysis of their needs with the calculation of costs. The last part deals with proposals for financing, which is the aim of the diploma thesis.