Much research in recent years for evidence evaluation in forensic science has focussed on methods for determining the likelihood ratio in various scenarios. One proposition concerning the evidence is put forward by the prosecution and another is put forward by the defence. The likelihood of each of these two propositions is calculated, given the evidence. The likelihood ratio, or value of the evidence, is then given by the ratio of the likelihoods associated with these two propositions. The aim of this research is twofold. Firstly, it is intended to provide methodology for the evaluation of the likelihood ratio for continuous autocorrelated data. The likelihood ratio is evaluated for two such scenarios. The first is when the evidence consists of data which are autocorrelated at lag one. The second, an extension to this, is when the observed evidential data are also believed to be driven by an underlying latent Markov chain. Two models have been developed to take these attributes into account, an autoregressive model of order one and a hidden Markov model, which does not assume independence of adjacent data points conditional on the hidden states. A nonparametric model which does not make a parametric assumption about the data and which accounts for lag one autocorrelation is also developed. The performance of these three models is compared to the performance of a model which assumes independence of the data. The second aim of the research is to develop models to evaluate evidence relating to traces of cocaine on banknotes, as measured by the log peak area of the ion count for cocaine product ion m/z 105, obtained using tandem mass spectrometry. Here, the prosecution proposition is that the banknotes are associated with a person who is involved with criminal activity relating to cocaine and the defence proposition is the converse, which is that the banknotes are associated with a person who is not involved with criminal activity relating to cocaine. Two data sets are available, one of banknotes seized in criminal investigations and associated with crime involving cocaine, and one of banknotes from general circulation. Previous methods for the evaluation of this evidence were concerned with the percentage of banknotes contaminated or assumed independence of measurements of quantities of cocaine on adjacent banknotes. It is known that nearly all banknotes have traces of cocaine on them and it was found that there was autocorrelation within samples of banknotes so thesemethods are not appropriate. The models developed for autocorrelated data are applied to evidence relating to traces of cocaine on banknotes; the results obtained for each of the models are compared using rates of misleading evidence, Tippett plots and scatter plots. It is found that the hiddenMarkov model is the best choice for themodelling of cocaine traces on banknotes because it has the lowest rate of misleading evidence and it also results in likelihood ratios which are large enough to give support to the prosecution proposition for some samples of banknotes seized from crime scenes. Comparison of the results obtained for models which take autocorrelation into account with the results obtained from the model which assumes independence indicate that not accounting for autocorrelation can result in the overstating of the likelihood ratio.

Issuance of money by the central bank and its prospect after accession to the European Monetary Union (abstract) The presented thesis analyzes the problems of issuance of money by the Central Bank in the Czech Republic. The issuance of money is analyzed particularly from the viewpoint of its legal regulation but attention is also paid to its practical implementation in the official practice of our Central Bank. The aim of the thesis is to comprehensively elaborate substantial part of the legal regulation in this area. Attention is paid particularly to applicable legal regulation but also to regulations that have been repealed in the period from establishment of the Czech Republic to the present time. This area of our day to day life has not been frequently explored and there is only minimum related financial-law literature. This, on the other hand, provides more space for the analysis of little known information from official practice. The first part of the thesis provides an overview of the history of issuance of money in our territory after 1918. Initially, it deals with the Austro-Hungarian crown currency and its banknotes and coins that had been circulating in this country after the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak state. It further analyzes the development of cash circulation of the...

-The thesis was focused on the analysis of damage and wear of coins and banknotes. And then there was analyzed the counterfeiting of the Czech banknotes and coins. All analyzed date were summarized in the tables and in the graphs. This analysis of the Czech crowns was compared with the same analysis of the euro bankonetes. The counterfeiting of money is not the only crime in the banking. The next possibility of the crime in the banking is the skimming of ATM (automatic teller machine). The one of parts of thesis was focused on it. There was performed the analysis of the number of cases of skimming in Czech Republic. This was compared with the analysis of the number of cases of skimming in European Union too.

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Previous studies of Bank Note forgery in England during the Bank Restriction Period have adopted a highly institutional focus. Thus, much is known about the role played by both the Bank of England and the workings of the criminal justice system in combating both forgers and forged note utterers. The question of how the new system of small denomination Bank Notes impacted upon the day to day lives and understandings of the people that used them has received far less attention. The actual means by which Bank Notes were themselves forged has also been overlooked. This has led to a somewhat two-dimensional view of these notes as material objects. This thesis will engage with common mentalities and perceptions, seeking to write a 'new history from below' of both Bank Notes and their forgery in this period. Its primary aims will be to explore the question of why the English people were so easily imposed upon by forged Bank Notes; the various means by which forged notes could be constructed; and what an analysis of both of these points can tell us about economic and social understandings of non-elite people at this time. It will be argued that by studying instances in which small denomination Bank Notes were routinely exchanged, we can highlight a significant dichotomy of understanding in a society that was starting to engage with a new culture of promise based fiduciary paper money, yet was still deeply rooted in early-modern notions of paper instruments as objects of personal credit and debt. The thesis will show that heavy exposure to Bank Notes at this time clearly equipped some contemporaries with their own personalised sets of aesthetic and material "standards", against which the "goodness" of any monetary instrument with which they were presented would be compared. Others continued to examine the material aspect of Bank Notes via a direct comparison or consultation with others. Neither approach was always successful and indeed whatever method was adopted, the common occurrence of the materials and technologies required to construct a credible imitation of a Bank Note meant that it was not just illiterate persons that were susceptible to being deceived. Even a reading of the Bank Note's literate text failed to provide sufficient defence against the activities of the forger.

Wrongful conduct against legal tender This thesis deals with the issue of wrongdoings committed against legal tender, i.e. banknotes and coins denominated in the Czech currency. It covers the whole range of various types of this illegal activity and critically analyses the legal regulation of the individual forms from the viewpoint of financial law. In my opinion, the topic has not yet been fully reflected as a whole in literature, The paper is divided into nine chapters. The first two serve as a brief introduction to the topic, set it in a broader context and provide the reader with basic terminology and definitions of the - sometimes confusing and often misused - essential terms. The third chapter depicts the long and colourful history of wrongful conduct against money and its legal regulation in the Czech lands. In the spotlight of this chapter stands naturally the history of laws against money counterfeiting, which is probably the most notable example of the thesis's topic. The two sub-chapters divide the historic part into two time periods with the turning point being the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak Republic. The fourth chapter shows the different sources of legislative protection of legal tender. The sources include criminal law, financial and administrative law,...

"Legal aspects of currency and money circulation" represent a very original and specific area of monetary law. They are closely related to the economic and social issues, as the money as a phenomenon affects long-term visions as well as everyday life. The objective of my diploma thesis was a view on the current legislation of Czech currency and money circulation in the context of monetary theory and monetary law. Where required, there is a historical development of Czech legal currency and, in brief, issues related to the adoption of the common currency euro in the Czech Republic. This diploma thesis is divided into two parts each of them is subdivided into chapters and subchapters. The first part focused on selected legal aspects of the currency gives, at first, a brief overview of the relationship between the currency and the money. There are analyzed the parts of monetary sovereignty, including the relation between the monetary sovereignty and the monetary union. The comprehensive part is focused on the legal regulation of a legal currency, the historical development (including processes associated with the division of the common currency of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic) and the current status of the legal currency in the Czech Republic. With the similar structure, the second part...

The goal of this paper is to study and compare the usage of banknotes and coins in Japan and Sweden during the time period 1980–2015. Using the stakeholder theory, a theory that operationalizes the identification of different actors, stakeholders, and their influences, the development of the banknote and coin usage will be studied. Three different stakeholders are then identified for both countries, the central banks, the banks, and the customers. These stakeholders background and ability to influence are then analyzed. It becomes clear that the customers are the most important stakeholder because they are the stakeholder from which the demand and supply for banknotes and coins arises from. The background in Sweden contra Japan concludes that the japanese customers have less trust in the banks and central banks, which leads them to prefer banknotes and coins over other payment alternatives, while the case in Sweden is the opposite. Therefore, the banknote and coin usage is high in Japan, while it is low in Sweden.

Monetary law, under which we could subsume this diploma thesis entitled "Legal aspects of currency and money circulation", is a part of financial law, more precisely it is a section of its special part. Already from this classification, the proximity of this field of legal science with another science, with economic science, is evident. This is exactly what I tried to base the writing this thesis on and so in its first section I deal with money in general, I characterize it from an economic point of view, I briefly outline their development and development of selected economic and sociological theories. I also distinguish it from another institute, which is already closer to the law and which is the currency. In the second section of this work I deal with the Czech legal tender - the Czech crown - both from the point of view of their legal regulation, which I characterize and assess its elements, and from the point of view of the current system of Czech legal tender. I evaluate both the legal regulation and the system of Czech currency and try to find their weaknesses, which could be potentially eliminated by the legislator or the issuer. At the end of the same section, I also reflect on the future of the current Czech currency system and I find that the Czech National Bank, as the issuer of the...

The presented diploma thesis is dedicated to the Czechoslovak paper money is-sued after 1948 until 1989, which is used as a source of historical memory. On paper money is mainly investigated their thematic content, which passed for their development time significant changes and that reflected important needs of the communist regime. The basic source for research this theme is paper money of defined period with taking into account the pre-war paper money because of their comparison. In addition, consideration is given to archival sources, contemporary posters, films, literature, songs, etc. The main target of this work is to determine how paper money reacted to the change of the political system after 1948 and how it was reflected by the users them-selves. It will also be monitored the rise of Soviet influence, sphere of allegorical humor and reflection of artistic community.