<p> </p><p>Languages rely on grammatical rules, by which even such variable constituents as adverbials are affected. However, due to the many different positions in Old English sentences taken up by adverbials, it is easy to wrongfully assume that there is an absence of grammatical rules regarding adverbials in Old English. Hence, it may be possible to detect patterns of behaviour among Old English adverbs if their different position and movement within various clauses is studied systematically. This paper has been focused on examining two conjunct adverbs, and two disjunct adverbs, functioning as sentence adverbials in prose, in order to contribute information of where they are base-generated within the syntactic structure of Old English clauses, and thus hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the grammatical system of Old English. 120 sentences of prose containing sentence adverbials have been examined according to the Government and Binding Theory, as introduced in <em>Stæfcræft: An Introduction to Old English Syntax</em>, in order to establish where the different textual constituents of Old English are base-generated.</p>

Cette thèse fournit une étude comparative des constructions disloquées à gauche en anglais et en arabe standard (AS). À la lumière des cadres théoriques récents, nous examinons la syntaxe et les propriétés discursives de la dislocation à gauche en AS que nous comparons avec leurs équivalents en anglais. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des propriétés syntaxiques translinguistiques des constructions placées dans la périphérie gauche. Il est soutenu notamment que l’anglais et l’AS partagent beaucoup de similarités syntaxiques. Une typologie prenant en compte des faits constatés dans les structures disloquées à gauche AS est proposée. La seconde partie est consacrée à la résomptivité dans les constructions disloquées à gauche. Il est démontré que le résomptif dans la HTLD est un pronom indépendant étant donné qu’il n y a aucune exigence syntaxique pour l’élément disloqué d'être présent. De même, il est soutenu que l’optionalité du résomptif dans la CLD est mieux expliquée en termes discursifs. Dans la troisième partie, nous proposons que les constructions CLD en AS suivent le même modèle que les CLD en anglais, en ce qu'elles expriment une fonction de Focus contrastif préétabli dans le discours. De même, nous soutenons que les HTLD en AS sont analogues aux données translinguistiques en ce sens que ce sont des entités discursives de saillance préalable, étant déjà présentes dans la conscience du locuteur. En outre, nous démontrons que l’insertion du PR dans la CLD II n’est ni facultative, ni n’émane d’effets de spécificité / référentialité ; il s'agit plutôt d'un dispositif discursif qui promeut l’élément disloqué au statut de Topique. / In this thesis, I offer a comparative approach to Left-dislocation constructions in both standard Arabic (SA) and English. Under recent theoretical developments, I investigate the syntax and the discourse properties of constructions involving left-dislocation in SA and compare them with their English counterparts. In the first part, I discuss the syntactic properties of SA left-dislocation and compare them with cross-lingusitic CLLD, HTLD, and Topicalization. A further comparison between SA and English Left-dislocation is presented provides an important ground for an evaluation of the SA data. A new classification of Left-dislocated structures, which takes into account SA and English data, is offered. In the second part, I investigate the status of resumptives in both HTLD and CLD. I claim that in HTLD, the RP is a syntactically non-connected argument but a pragmatically “connected” referential pronoun, provided the HTLDed is salient enough in discourse. It is further argued that resumptives and gaps in CLD are not in free variation. In the third part, it is proven that SA CLD left-dislocation constructions pattern alike with English data at the discourse level. Likewise, it is argued that the absence of resumptives in CLD I does not promote the CLDed element to a Topic status. It is only the overt coreference of a RP with a discourse-linked antecedent in CLD II that renders the CLDed salient in discourse thereby promoting it to a Topic status.

Languages rely on grammatical rules, by which even such variable constituents as adverbials are affected. However, due to the many different positions in Old English sentences taken up by adverbials, it is easy to wrongfully assume that there is an absence of grammatical rules regarding adverbials in Old English. Hence, it may be possible to detect patterns of behaviour among Old English adverbs if their different position and movement within various clauses is studied systematically. This paper has been focused on examining two conjunct adverbs, and two disjunct adverbs, functioning as sentence adverbials in prose, in order to contribute information of where they are base-generated within the syntactic structure of Old English clauses, and thus hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the grammatical system of Old English. 120 sentences of prose containing sentence adverbials have been examined according to the Government and Binding Theory, as introduced in Stæfcræft: An Introduction to Old English Syntax, in order to establish where the different textual constituents of Old English are base-generated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3998.pdf: 3486824 bytes, checksum: f1c040adfdc7d0672bc93a058f8a413d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The goal of this work is to study, expand and evaluate the use of multiobjective genetic algorithms and the iterative rule learning approach in fuzzy system generation, especially, in fuzzy rule-based systems, both in automatic fuzzy rule generation from datasets and in fuzzy sets optimization. This work investigates the use of multi-objective genetic algorithms with a focus on the trade-off between accuracy and interpretability, considered contradictory objectives in the representation of fuzzy systems. With this purpose, we propose and implement an evolutive multi-objective genetic model composed of three stages. In the first stage uniformly distributed fuzzy sets are created. In the second stage, the rule base is generated by using an iterative rule learning approach and a multiobjective genetic algorithm. Finally the fuzzy sets created in the first stage are optimized through a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The proposed model was evaluated with a number of benchmark datasets and the results were compared to three other methods found in the literature. The results obtained with the optimization of the fuzzy sets were compared to the result of another fuzzy set optimizer found in the literature. Statistical comparison methods usually applied in similar context show that the proposed method has an improved classification rate and interpretability in comparison with the other methods. / O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar, expandir e avaliar o uso dos algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo e a abordagem iterativa na geração de sistemas fuzzy, mais especificamente para sistemas fuzzy baseados em regras, tanto na geração automática da base de regras fuzzy a partir de conjuntos de dados, como a otimização dos conjuntos fuzzy. Esse trabalho investiga o uso dos algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo com enfoque na questão de balanceamento entre precisão e interpretabilidade, ambos considerados contraditórios entre si na representação de sistemas fuzzy. Com este intuito, é proposto e implementado um modelo evolutivo multiobjetivo genético composto por três etapas. Na primeira etapa são criados os conjuntos fuzzy uniformemente distribuídos. Na segunda etapa é tratada a geração da base de regras usando a abordagem iterativa e um algoritmo genético multiobjetivo. Por fim, na terceira etapa os conjuntos fuzzy criados na primeira etapa são otimizados mediante um algoritmo genético multiobjetivo. O modelo desenvolvido foi avaliado em diversos conjuntos de dados benchmark e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros três métodos, que geram regras de classificação, encontrados na literatura. Os resultados obtidos após a otimização dos conjuntos fuzzy foram comparados com resultados de outro otimizador de conjuntos fuzzy encontrado na literatura. Métodos estatísticos de comparação usualmente aplicados em contextos semelhantes mostram uma melhor taxa de classificação e interpretabilidade do método proposto com relação a outros métodos.