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Optical trapping and tweezing has been around for the last 30 years and since found its place in the fields of physics and biology. Over the years this technique has advanced exceedingly and is a unique tool to carry out research in the micrometre and nanometre scale regime. The aim of this dissertation was to illustrate that an optical trapping and tweezing system is an effective tool for the manipulation of micron sized particles and that using such a system allows one the ability to accurately and precisely measure optical forces in the piconewton scale. A custom built single gradient optical trapping system was built to illustrate the manipulation of micron sized particles. Here we will highlight some of the key components of such a system and give an explanation of how these components affect the optical trap. To enhance this system, we exploit the ability to shape light and in particular laser light to generate novel laser beams. This was achieved using a diffractive optical element known as a spatial light modulator (SLM). A spatial light modulator is an electronically addressed optical element which when incorporated into an optical system effectively manipulates the phase of light in order to generate various novel laser beams. In particular these novel laser beams include Laguerre-Gaussian, Bessel and recently proposed Bessel-like beams. Each of these beams contains interesting properties which can be beneficially exploited. Laguerre-Gaussian beams are particularly known as ‘donut’ shaped beams since they have a central dark hole. Increasing the order of these Laguerre-Gaussian beams leads to an increase in the central dark region. These beams are of particular interest since they carry orbital angular momentum. This is not easily observed; however, when incorporated into the optical trapping system, leads to the rotation of trapped particles due to the transfer of photons carrying orbital angular momentum. Bessel and Bessel-like beams on the other hand are classes of beam that possess interesting non-diffracting and self-reconstructive properties upon encountering an obstacle. Here the generation and properties of these novel laser beams will be discussed in detail. Furthermore it is well known that these novel laser beams prove highly useful when incorporated into an optical trapping system hence we will illustrate the effects on a trapped particle when incorporating a Laguerre-Gaussian beam carrying a topological charge of one. It is expected that the trapped particle should rotate due to the transfer of orbital angular momentum. The knowledge gained from beam shaping and the means to trap micron sized particles optically allows one the ability to incorporate this technique in a number of fields, including the promising field of microfluidics. This is an emerging field that deals with investigating fluid properties at the nano and microlitre regime. Optical tweezers integrated into a microfluidic device are beneficial since they are an adequate tool for measuring fluid flow using Stokes’ Law. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Plan de Marketing para optar al grado de Magíster en Marketing / No disponible a texto completo / El presente Plan de Marketing, se basa en introducir en Chile el juguete Mood Beams, a través de una representación exclusiva entregada por el fabricante Radica a la Empresa Martel. Radica fue fundada en Hong Kong por dos americanos dedicados a la creación de juegos electrónicos infantiles y juveniles, realizando su comercialización por medio de representantes en los países donde son distribuidos sus productos. Los Mood Beams son “monitos” de aproximadamente 10 cm de alto, que forman parte de de una colección de 8 individuos con distintos colores y características, diferenciándose de otras opciones por contar con la tecnología de luz LED, lo que les permite cambiar de color, prenderse y apagarse al ritmo de la música, entre otras funciones. La introducción de este producto será a través de los mismos valores de la Empresa Martel, es decir, creando entretención a través de tecnología e innovación, enfocados en el desarrollo del mercado de los jugadores casuales. Al mismo tiempo se buscará extender la línea de productos de Radica en Chile, usando la sólida plataforma de distribución y representantes de la Empresa Martel. La oportunidad por la inexistencia de productos de este tipo en el mercado nacional y la serie de atributos que tienen los Mood Beams forman parte del segmento de “monitos” que hoy está de moda, con una componente tecnológica (iluminación LED) que permite la interacción con el usuario y el ambiente, generando una especie de personalidad y cercanía, que lo hacen un símbolo de amistad, pudiendo cumplir el rol de compañero, tanto para niños pequeños, como adolescentes y adultos. Click here to buy ABBYY PDF Transformer 2.0 www.ABBYY.com Click here to buy ABBYY PDF Transformer 2.0 www.ABBYY.com 2 Durante el año 2009, los monitos coleccionables tuvieron un crecimiento importante en sus ventas puesto que según proyecciones llegarían a pasar los 3 mil millones de pesos. Hay de diversos tipos, como los simples que se apuestan (Gogo´s o Little Tokyo’s) de colección (My Littlest Pet Shop) juegos físicos (Bakugan) o juegos virtuales en el computador (Funkeys) Para determinar el atractivo de la introducción de los Mood Beams a Chile se realizó un extenso análisis situacional y una investigación de mercado basada en un focus group con niños del segmento objetivo, cuyos resultados principales fueron el gran interés que causan los Mood Beams y el alto nivel de preferencia sobre los “monitos” ya existentes, que en la mitad de los casos fue absoluta, lo cual da la señal del atractivo de su propuesta de valor para niños y con mayor fuerza en niñas. La estrategia de marketing elegida es “quitar participación de mercado” a los productos competidores puesto que el mercado juguetero está maduro y específicamente en el caso de los “monitos” existen varias propuestas de valor distintas así como empresas competidoras. Se espera lograr ventas por $467 millones a nivel de consumidor final en base a un precio de $9.990 por unidad, lo que le permitiría posicionarse con un juguete o regalo del segmento de alta calidad con una componente aspiracional. El plan de introducción para el primer año, tendrá un costo de $37,2 millones, basándose en el concepto de comunicaciones integradas en que el mensaje comunicacional será consistente entre los distintos medios considerados, entre los cuales se puede mencionar RR.PP. para compradores y prensa, televisión abierta en los “peaks” de ventas anuales como son el día del niño y navidad, televisión por cable durante el lanzamiento, marketing interactivo a través de internet y a nivel de merchandising, material POP, muebles especialmente diseñados y promotoras.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Wttwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of th e degree of Master of science in Engineering Johannesburg 1988 / This dissertation addresses the question of the fracture behaviour of notched concrete and mortar beams. The major purpose of the work was to study the development of the micro-cracked zone and identify the point at which main crack growth began, and thus to characterise concrete and mortar at the start of main crack growth. Notched concrete and mortur beams of width 100 mm, depth either 200 mm or 300 nun, and with a span/depth ratio of three, were tested. Measurements of midspan deflection, midspan load, surface displacements across the fracturing section and ultrasonic pulse transit time were made. Ordinary Portland cement and mineral aggregates were used for the concrete and mortar beams. The J'■integral, surface displacements across the fracturing section and ultrasonic pulse transit time measurements were used to detect the onset of main crack growth. It was found that a reduction in the load carrying capacity of concrete and mortar is possible due to micro-cracking only. The value of the J-integral at the start of main crack growth was found to be essentially the same for concrete and mortar. The value of the J-integral at the start of micro-cracking was ■ < found to be essentially the same for concrete and mortar, and about 40% of the value of the J-integral at the start of main crack growth. The value of the J-integral at the start of micro-cracking and at the start of main crack growth was found, on average, to increase for an increase in beam depth. Surface displacements across the fracturing section showed the tension zone at the start of main crack growth to be approximately twice the size of the compression zone for both concrete and mortar. The'size of the micro-cracked zone, as determined from surface displacements across the fracturing section, was found to be 42% of the residual ligament depth for concrete, and 41% of the residual ligament depth for mortar. Scatter in the results was found to be considerable, thus meaning that only general trends could be identified

by Niu Aizhen. / "Mar., 2001." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Iu Chun-ho. / Bibliography: leaves 80-81 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

by Lee, Kai Kwong Dennis = 一激光束對在光折變晶體中之另一激光束的影響 / 李啓光. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-109). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Lee, Kai Kwong Dennis = Yi ji guang shu dui zai guang zhe bian jing ti zhong zhi ling yi ji guang shu de ying xiang / Li Qiguang. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Content --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theory --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Two-wave Coupling --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Four-wave Mixing --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Fanning --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Phase-conjugation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5 --- Spatial Solitons --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Experiments,Results and Discussion" --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Measurements of Optically Induced Refractive Index Change --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Optical Control Experiments --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3 --- Soliton Experiments --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Concluding Remarks and Suggested Further Studies --- p.99 / References --- p.105

Lau Chin Wa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-78). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Chinese Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / Abbreviations --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Basic Principle of Laser Light Scattering and Instrumentation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Static laser light scattering (Static LLS) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Dynamic laser light scattering (Dynamic LLS) --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Calibration between translational diffusion coefficient D and molar mass M --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Tranform G(D) to Molar Mass Distributionfw(M) --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Calibration between D and M- Using a set of narrowly distributed standards --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Calibration between D and M- Using two or more broadly distributed samples --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- References --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Laser Light Scattering Instrumentation --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Overview of laser light scattering spectrometer --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Differential Refractometer --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- References --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Thermally Sensitive and Biocompatible Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam): Synthesis and Characterization of High Molar Mass Linear Chains / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.23 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.27 / Chapter 4.5 --- References --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Stabilization and destabilization of potassium persulfate (as an initiator) in an surfactant-free water/acetone mixture emulsion polymerization of styrene under microwave irradiation / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.44 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.51 / Chapter 5.5 --- References --- p.53 / Appendix / Chapter A.l --- Static Laser Light Scattering --- p.66 / Chapter A.1.1 --- Scattering from a small particles --- p.66 / Chapter A.1.2 --- Scattering from a large particles --- p.67 / Chapter A.1.3 --- Scattering by solutions of small molecules --- p.69 / Chapter A.1.3.1 --- Scattering from polymer solutions --- p.70 / Chapter A.2 --- Dynamic laser light scattering --- p.71 / Chapter A.2.1 --- Line-width measurement --- p.73 / Chapter A.2.2 --- Data analysis --- p.75

Chan Kwong-wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-87). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Vibration Control --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Passive Damping and Particle Damping Technology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objective --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- PARTICLE DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS AND FEASIBILITY --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Particle Damping Characteristics --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Energy Balance in SDOF System --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Energy Dissipation Mechanisms in Particle Damping --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Particle Damping Feasibility --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cantilever Beam Experiment with Free Vibration --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Effectiveness of Particle Damping --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- A STUDY ON PACKING RATIO AND GRANULE SIZE --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experimental Setup --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of Packing Ratio --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of Granule Size --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Damping Ratio Estimation --- p.25 / Chapter 3.5 --- Trends of Damping Ratio against Packing Ratio --- p.28 / Chapter 3.6 --- Trends of Damping Ratio against Granule Size --- p.32 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusions --- p.35 / Chapter 4 --- APPLICATION OF PARTICLE DAMPING ON BOND ARM --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1 --- Identification of Structural Vibration --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2 --- Finite Element Modeling --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Model of Bond Arm --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Material Properties --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Modes of Frequencies --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Mode Shapes of Bond Arm --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Setup and Procedure --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4 --- Design of Particle Enclosure --- p.43 / Chapter 4.5 --- System Parametric Study --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effect of Granule Sizes --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of Packing Ratios --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effect of Different Materials of Particle Enclosure --- p.50 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Effect of Structural Form of Enclosure --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effect of Number of Chambers Filled --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5.6 --- Effect of Different Locations of Particle Enclosure --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusions --- p.56 / Chapter 5 --- TEST AND ANALYSIS OF BOND HEAD STAND WITH PARTICLE DAMPING --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1 --- Ways of Implementation --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Factor of Mode Shape --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Stress Concentration Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3 --- Bond Head Stand with Small Force Excitation --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Measurement Data --- p.62 / Chapter 5.4 --- Bond Head Stand with Large Force Excitation --- p.70 / Chapter 5.5 --- Effect of Packing Ratio at Different Frequency Ranges --- p.71 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussions --- p.80 / Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Work --- p.84 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.85 / APPENDIX

Guo Bin = 光折變摻銅鉀鈉鈮酸鍶鋇和摻鐵鈮酸鋰晶體中的二波耦合及摻鐵鈮酸鋰晶體中的亮光伏空間孤子 / 郭斌. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Guo Bin = Guang zhe bian shan tong jia na ni suan si bei he shan tie ni suan li jing ti zhong de er bo ou he ji shan tie ni suan li jing ti zhong de liang guang fu kong jian gu zi / Guo Bin. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / References --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Photorefractive Effect Based on Band Transport Model --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Photovoltaic Effect --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Surface Charge Recombination in Fe:LiNb〇3 Crystals --- p.17 / References --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Noise of Two-Wave Mixing in Cu:KNSBN Crystal --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.29 / References --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Bright Photovoltaic Spatial Soliton in Fe:LiNb03 Crystals / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2 --- Theory --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.36 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.39 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.58 / References --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Two-Wave Mixing of Narrow Laser Beams in a Fe:LiNbO3 Crystal --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Theory of Two-Wave Mixing --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3 --- A Simplified Analysis of Two-Wave Mixing of Narrow Beams --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- Experimental Setup --- p.70 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results and Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.86 / References --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Two-Wave Mixing of Narrow Laser Beams with an Incoherent Background Beam --- p.89 / Chapter 6.1 --- Theory --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.93 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.94 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.105 / References --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion and Future Outlook --- p.107