Texte remanié de: Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 2000. / Bibliogr. p. 217-236. Index.

No description available.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Technische Universität--Berlin, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 194-217. Index. Annexes.

Following the Second World War department stores transitioned from the downtown establishments of the first half of the century to the enclosed shopping malls of the second; however, for a period of about six years, from 1945 to 1951, the standalone department store fulfilled the needs of suburbanites. During this struggle to define the new suburban shopping experience, Welton Becket and Walter Wurdeman designed Bullock's Pasadena--the first embodiment of their research-based "total design" philosophy. Today, Becket is best known for his iconic Capitol Records building and the assembly line efficiency of Welton Becket and Associates, but he devoted much of the late 1940s and 1950s to designing department stores and shopping centers. As store managers and fellow architects strained to build department stores for automobile, Becket emerged with a research-based solution that he later termed "total-design." Similar to the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, Becket's "total-design" was a philosophy that required attention to nuance and detail--in the case of department stores this included furniture, fixtures, carpet, and even price tags and restaurant menus. But he also sought to support his designs with research and study.1 Before Becket designed Bullock's Pasadena, his first department store, he dedicated a year to analyzing the customers, employees, and efficiency of Bullock's. This investigation resulted in an open-plan store with flexible furnishings and a sympathetic approach to the automobile, including parking lots that integrated with the store's layout. Becket was not alone in his exploration of suburban department stores. Architects from around the country, including Raymond Loewy, Victor Gruen, John Graham, and Morris Ketchum, created their own prototypes for this new building typology. But many found it difficult to compete with Becket's extensive research and empirical method. Several stores, such as B. Altman's Miracle Mile branch on Long Island (1947) and Bamberger's branch in Morristown, New Jersey (1949), had to be renovated or relocated within ten years of opening, unable to keep pace with growing storage and parking demands. Becket, by contrast, studied population densities and demographics, freeway connections and traffic congestion to establish the number of parking spaces and their location on site. Instead of utilizing parking space ratios, favored by his peers, he relied on a wider scope of analysis to inform his designs. Bullock's Pasadena provides the basis for this study and demonstrates the evolution of Becket's design process that would come to define one of the world's largest architecture firms. / text

No description available.

The problem dealt with in this discussion is the various aspects of the theme of purity in Le Voyageur sans bagage, Antigone, L'Alouette and Becket ou l'Honneur de Dieu, by the French playwright, Jean Anouilh. The purpose of this discussion is to clarify Anouilh's concept of the search for purity and to shed light upon the various interpretations of the theme of purity in these four plays.

This thesis analyzes the destruction of imagery dedicated to Saint Thomas Becket in order to investigate the nature of sixteenth-century iconoclasm in Reformation England. In doing so, it also considers the veneration of images during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Research involved examining medieval and sixteenth-century historical studies concerning Becket's life and cult, anti-Becket sentiment prior to the sixteenth century, and the political circumstances in England that led to the destruction of shrines and imagery. This study provides insight into the ways in which religious images could carry multifaceted, ideological significance that represented diversified ideas for varying social strata--royal, ecclesiastical and lay.

La Bible est présente dans bien des textes médiévaux, mais les modes de ce tissage scripturaire sont encore une terra largement incognita. Nous avons voulu ici montrer comment elle était utilisée et mobilisée dans les collections épistolaires de l’espace Plantagenêt (deuxième moitié du XIIe siècle), durant laquelle des « causes célèbres », au premier rang desquelles le conflit entre Thomas Becket et le roi Henri II, virent s’affronter des clercs « maîtres de la Parole ». Il ressort de cette étude que citer l’Écriture était un choix et non une évidence, et que ceux qui faisaient ce choix utilisaient ces références, et les ressources offertes par l’exégèse, dans leurs relations sociales et leurs prises de position politiques, avec parfois une grande sophistication. Il est également apparu que, durant la décennie où l’affaire Becket eut lieu, les textes de référence en matière droit canon qui devinrent dans les années qui suivirent des auctoritates absolues, le Décret de Gratien et les décrétales pontificales, n’avaient pas encore acquis ce statut ; la Bible pouvait donc, de façon inhabituelle, être prise comme autorité juridique à part entière. / The Bible is everywhere in medieval texts, but the ways it was precisely involved in the writing of those texts are still very much to be investigated. This dissertation sheds light on its uses in letter-collections composed within the “Angevin empire” in the second half of the 12th century. A few “causes celebres” led clerics, the “masters of the Word”, to fight one another; the conflict between Thomas Becket and Henry II is the most famous of those. Referring to Scripture was a choice, and not a reflex; those who made that choice used their biblical references, and the exegesis that illuminated their meaning, to foster their social position and relationhips and to fight their political battles, sometimes in rather sophisticated ways. The texts that would soon become the utmost authorities for canon law, Gratian’s Decretum and popes’ decretals, had not yet acquired such status, making possible for Becket and his companion to use the Bible, in an unusual and striking way, as their main legal auctoritas.

The aim of this thesis is to consider the knowledge and use of law by John of Salisbury, evaluating what he thought law should be, whence it originated and how it related to aspects of society, for example the institutions of the monarch and the church. For this purpose, the main evidence used will be Historia Pontificalis, Policraticus and the large corpus of letters. Chapter One is entitled Types of Law and gives an outline of the main types of law as John saw them. Chapter Two is entitled Canon Law. This chapter is devoted entirely to the study of John's knowledge and use of canon law. In this chapter, consideration will be made to what canon law John appears to have known and how John used this knowledge within his written work. Chapter Three, entitled King and Law, focuses upon John of Salisbury's opinion of the relationship between the monarch and the law. Chapter Four, Theory of Law: Church and King considers John's ideas on the relationship between church and monarch. Attention will also be paid to how he conveyed his ideas during the papal schism and the Becket dispute as well as John's ideas on judges. Chapter Five is entitled Law in Practice: Church and King, whereby analysis will be made of how John sees the monarch's involvement in issues such as church elections.