No / This paper presents an integration procedure for the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the determination of the distribution of the streamwise velocity using the vertical component. This procedure is dedicated to the outer region and central part of channels. The proposed model is applicable to both rough and smooth flow regimes, provided the velocity at the inner-outer boundary has been properly defined. To generate a simplified expansion, a number of hypotheses are proposed, focusing in particular on the analytical modeling of the vertical component by adopting a negligible viscosity. The proposed hypotheses are validated by the experimental data existing in the literature. The proposed simplified expansion is studied through a sensitivity analysis and proved consistent in regards to model experimental data. The proposed model seems capable of demonstrating different kinds of flows, including dip phenomenon flow patterns.

Yes / The Prandtl second kind of secondary current occurs in any narrow channel flow causing velocity dip in the flow velocity distribution by introducing the anisotropic turbulence into the flow. Here, a study was conducted to explain the occurrence of the secondary current in the outer region of flow velocity distribution using a universal expression. Started from the basic Navier-Stokes equation, the velocity profile derivation was accomplished in a universal way for both smooth and rough open channel flows. However, the outcome of the derived theoretical equation shows that the smooth and rough bed flows give different boundary conditions due to the different formation of log law for smooth and rough bed cases in the inner region of velocity distribution. Detailed comparison with a wide range of different measurement results from literatures (from smooth, rough and field measured data) evidences the capability of the proposed law to represent flow under all bed roughness conditions.

Yes / Based on the previous studies, the shallow water equations (SWEs) model was proven to be insufficient to consider the flow turbulence due to its simplified Reynolds-averaged form. In this study, the k-ε model was used to improve the ability of the SWEs model to capture the flow turbulence. In terms of the numerical source terms modelling, the combined k-ε SWEs model was improved by a recently proposed surface gradient upwind method (SGUM) to facilitate the extra turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) source terms in the simulation. The laboratory experiments on both the smooth and rough bed flows were also conducted under the uniform and non-uniform flow conditions for the validation of the proposed numerical model. The numerical simulations were compared to the measured data in the flow velocity, TKE and power spectrum. In the power spectrum comparisons, a well-studied Kolmogorov’s rule was also employed to complement both the numerical and experimental results and to demonstrate that the energy cascade trend was well-held by the investigated flows. / The Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 program) of China (Grant Number 2013CB036402). Open Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, China (Grant Number SKLH-OF-1103).

No description available.

L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre et de modéliser la phénoménologie du transport vertical dense descendant de particules de la classe A de la classification de Geldart. Dans un premier temps, une étude expérimentale est réalisée sur une maquette en statique (absence de circulation de solide) dans le but de déterminer expérimentalement l'effet des paramètres opératoires sur les grandeurs caractéristiques de la défluidisation des particules de FCC : vitesses de sédimentation, porosité de la phase dense, temps caractéristiques…. Ces données sont nécessaires pour l'étude de l'écoulement gaz/solide dense vertical descendant. La simulation numérique en 2D de la défluidisation est effectuée et les prédictions sont comparées aux données expérimentales. Dans un deuxième temps, des essais sur une maquette permettant de reproduire les phénomènes observés industriellement dans les écoulements denses verticaux descendants de particules sont entrepris. Les observations visuelles complètent les mesures de pressions locales obtenues le long de l'écoulement à différentes conditions avec et sans injection de gaz d'aération. L'étude expérimentale consiste à : - déterminer les limites des différents régimes en termes de débit surfacique de solide et de débit d'aération ; - établir les propriétés de l'écoulement dans les différents régimes. Dans un troisième temps, les propriétés des écoulements de différents régimes sont étudiées et modélisées par une approche monodirectionnelle du type bulle-émulsion. / The objective of this study is to understand and model the phenomenology of the vertical downward dense transport of class A particles of the Geldart classification. Initially, an experimental study is conducted on a static fluidized bed (no flow of solid) in order to determine experimentally the effect of operating parameters on the defluidization properties of FCC particles, such as, sedimentation rates, dense phase porosity, characteristic times ... These data are needed to study gas/solid dense downward flow. 2D numerical simulations of defluidization are performed and the predictions are compared with experimental data. In a second step, experiments are undertaken in a pilot unit able to reproduce the gas/solid dense downward flow phenomena observed in industrial units. Visual observations complement the local pressure measurements profile obtained for the different flow conditions with and without external injection of gas. The experimental study is conducted to: - determine the boundaries of different flow patterns in terms of solid mass flux and gas flowrate; - establish flow properties in different flow patterns. Finally, flow properties of the different patterns are studied and modelled by a monodimensional bubble/emulsion approach.

Yes / To reproduce the natural flow topography in a laboratory environment, it is crucial to recapture its bed condition in order to ensure the accurate representation. Water-worked bed represents a state-of-the-art experimentally formed bed to imitate the natural-formed channel in most rivers or natural streams. Recently, this technique has been intensively studied through experimental and computational approaches; however, its actual influence towards the near-bed flow as compared to experimentally prepared rough bed in well-packed bedform order are still yet to be investigated deeply. This experimental study systematically investigated and compared the differences in velocity distribution and three-dimensional (3D) turbulence characteristics, including turbulence intensities and Reynolds stresses, between uniform smooth bed, laboratory-prepared rough bed and water-worked bed open channel flows. The flow comparisons were concentrated at near-bed region where clear flow behaviour change can be observed. Through these comparisons, the study inspected the characteristics of water-worked bedform thoroughly, in order to inform future experimental research that tries to reproduce natural stream behaviours. / the Major State Basic Research Development Grant No. 2013CB036402 from Tsinghua University. The support from the Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 program) of China is also greatly appreciated. We also acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Project from the Ministry of Science and Technology during the Thirteenth Five-year Plan Period (Grant No. 2017YFC0403600) and the Science and Technology Projects State Grid Corporation of China (Grant No. 52283014000T).

The work deals with the assessment of the stream Chribska Kamenice current state in the village Vsemily urban area. The aim of the project is the assessment of capacity and the current state of the stream-bed. Based on an assessment measure there has been designed the improvement suggestion of the current state and flood protection increasing in close neighbourhood.