The relative profitability of sugar beets and competitive crops were studied in Box Elder and Cache counties , Utah . Profitability ratios based on enterprise budget data and resource use requirements were used as a basis for comparison . Sugar beets was found to be more profitable than competing crops in returns per acre , in returns to water used and in returns to fixed investment and management. However, sugar beets was found to be less profitable than certain other crops in returns to operating capital and returns to labor . Also , on land rated low in productivity sugar beets was found to be less profitable than most competing crops . Linear programming techniques were used in studying the production response of sugar beets at various price levels . An aggregated supply curve was developed showing the acreage response in sugar beet production at varying sugar beet prices for the two county area . The price range over which sugar beet acreage was responsive ranged from $11 .70 per ton to a high of $16.70 per ton where the maximum acreage permitted in the model was attained .

Beet yellows virus (BYV) is a filamentous, positive-strand RNA virus that belongs to the family Closteroviridae. BYV particles encapsidate a 15.5 kb RNA and posses complex polar architecture. A long virion body is formed by the major capsid protein(CP), whereas the minor capsid protein (CPm) assembles a short tail that encapsidates the 5'-terminal region of BYV RNA. In addition to proteins required for viral RNA replication and encapsidation, BYV encodes four proteins whose role in the virus life cycle was unknown. These proteins include a small, 6-kDa, hydrophobic protein (p6), a homolog of the cellular 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp7Oh), a 64-kDa protein (p64), and a 20-kDa protein (p20). It was found recently that Hsp7Oh, p64, and p20 are incorporated into BYV virions, and that Hsp7Oh is required for the virus movement from cell to cell. In this study, we characterized genetic requirements for BYV assembly and cell-to-cell movement, and determined relationships between these two processes. It was demonstrated that in addition to Hsp7Oh, p6, p64, CP, and CPm are each essential, but not sufficient for virus movement. These results indicated that five-component movement machinery of BYV is the most complex among plant viruses. Extensive mutational analysis of CP and CPm revealed strong correlation between abilities of BYV to assemble tailed virions and to move from cell to cell, suggesting that formation of functional virions is a prerequisite for virus translocation. We have found that CPm, Hsp7Oh, and p64 are necessary for the efficient virion tail formation. Assembly of the virion tails and bodies was shown to occur independent of each other and likely to involve two separate packaging signals within the genomic RNA. Our work demonstrated that BYV encodes one conventional movement protein, p6, whose only known function is to mediate virus movement. The other four movement associated proteins of BYV, CP, CPm, Hsp7Oh, and p64 are the virion components, each of which is required for assembly of the tailed, movement-competent virions. Based on these and other data, we propose that BYV and other closteroviruses evolved virion tails as a specialized device for the directional cell-to-cell movement of large RNA genomes. / Graduation date: 2005 / Best scan available.

More than half of the recognized genera of positive strand RNA viruses employ polyprotein processing as one of the strategies for their genome expression. Normally, this processing is mediated by virus-encoded proteinases that belong to the trypsin-like or papain-like family. In particular, papain-like, leader proteinases were found in diverse families of human, animal, plant, and fungal positive strand RNA viruses. In addition to autocatalytic processing, these proteinases play a variety of roles in the virus life cycle. In plant potyviruses, a papain-like helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) was implicated in genome amplification, cell-to-cell movement, long distance transport, and suppression of host defense. The p29 proteinase encoded by a fungal hypovirus CHV1 was found to be dispensable for virus replication, but it was identified as a major determinant of viral pathogenicity. In an animal equine aterivirus (EAV), a papain-like proteinase nspl was demonstrated to possess a putative zinc finger domain, which functions in subgenomic RNA synthesis, although it is not essential for virus replication. The Lab proteinase of the foot and mouse disease virus (FMDV) is involved in inhibition of cellular mRNA translation and in virus spread in infected animals. In general, it appears that functional plasticity of the papain-like leader proteinases played an important role in the evolution of viral diversity. Here, we examined the functions of a papain-like leader proteinase (L-Pro) in the life cycle of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV). It was found that L-Pro is required for autoproteolytic processing, genome amplification, virus invasiveness and cell-to-cell movement for BYV. The gene swapping experiments involving several closterviruses, a potyvirus, as well as CHV1, FMDV, and EAV revealed complex functional profiles of the papain-like leader proteinases. The possible mechanisms that underlie L-Pro functions are discussed. / Graduation date: 2002

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 6, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-102).

No description available.

No description available.

Mechanical unfolding of -1 frameshift signals such as RNA pseudoknots have aimed to test the hypothesis that the stability of the pseudoknot is directly correlated to the frameshifting efficiency. Here we report unfolding of the Beet Western Yellow Virus (BWYV) pseudoknot by optical tweezers experiments complemented by computer simulations using steered molecular dynamics (SMD). Seven pseudoknot scenarios were studied: the wild-type pseudoknot in the presence and absence of Mg<super>2+</super>, the wild-type pseudoknot at high pH (deprotonated C8), and C8U, C8A, A24G, G19U, and G19UC mutant constructs. The mutants were selected to probe three key structural features of the BWYV pseudoknot, a triple-stranded helix at the base of stem 1, the stem junction region of stem 1 and stem 2, and a unique quadruple base-pair interaction involving a protonated cytosine in position 8 (C8). These regions are thought to control ribosomal frameshifting by different strategies such as thermodynamic stability, kinetic influences, and dynamics involving contacts with the ribosome. In addition, the mutants have been shown to either abolish frameshifting ability of the pseudoknot (C8 mutant cases and A24G), or actually increase the frameshifting efficiency (as seen with G19U and G19UC). We find three major conclusions from the stretching of the pseudoknot constructs with optical tweezers. First, stretching in the absence of Mg<super>2+</super> results in no observed unfolding transitions. We interpret this to mean that magnesium is indispensible for the stable folding of the pseudoknot. Second, we found that frameshifting efficiency is not correlated with the force required to unfold the pseudoknots. However, we observe the unfolding of stem 1 in all of the pseudoknots stretched, where stem 2 unfolding is below our noise level. For this reason, we cannot rule out the possibility that an estimate of the thermodynamic stability of the entire pseudoknot would correlate with frameshifting efficiency. And third, we found that each pseudoknot mutant that resulted in reduced frameshifting efficiency also exhibited more off-equilibrium unfolding transitions that the wild-type pseudoknot under comparable loading rates. We conclude from these studies that the resistance of a pseudoknot to unfolding is controlled by both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. We then suggest new technologies that would allow for greater resolution in order to correlate pseudoknot unfolding behavior with -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting events.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami baltojo gūžinio kopūsto veislių atsparumo runkeliniam nematodui (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871) tyrimų in vitro ir in vivo sąlygomis rezultatai. Darbo objektas – in vivo ir in vitro sąlygomis išauginti baltųjų gūžinių kopūstų daigai, užkrėsti runkelinio nematodo (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871) cistomis. Darbo metodai: įvairių veislių gūžinio kopūsto veislių atsparumas in vitro sąlygomis atliktas įterpiant runkelinio nematodo cistas prie augalo šaknų (Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998; Soliman et al., 2005). Prieš įterpimą cistos buvo sterilizuotos 0,05 % HgCl2 tirpalu, laikant jas tirpale 3 min, po to tris kartus nuplaunant steriliu distiliuotu vandeniu (Müller, 1978; Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998). In vivo sąlygomis kopūstų daigai taip pat užkrėsti įterpiant prie augalo šaknų runkelinio nematodo cistas. Iš augalo šaknų nematodai buvo išskirti modifikuotu piltuvėliniu Bermano metodu kambario temperatūroje esant 2 parų ekspozicijai naudojantis binokuliaru MБC – 1 (Zuckerman ir kt., 1985; Šlepetienė, 1981). Augalų atsparumo vertinimas atliekamas nustatant naujos kartos patelių/cistų, rastų ant šaknų sistemos, skaičių (Harrewijn, 1987; Lelivelt, 1995; Voss et al., 1999; Cook, Noel, 2002). Darbo rezultatai. Baltojo gūžinio kopūsto veislės 'Jetma F1', 'Amager Kurzsturnking', 'Zora', 'Brunswick', 'Kamienna Glowa' ir 'Golden Acre' yra tinkamos H. schachtii plitimui, kaip augalai šeimininkai. Tiek in... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master work presents the results of white cabbage variety resistance for sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt., 1871) in vivo and in vitro conditions. Object of the work – In vivo and in vitro conditions grown white head cabbage seedlings infected by sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt., 1871) cysts. Method of the work – different varieties of cabbages species resistance in vitro is performed by inserting sugar beet cyst nematode to the plant roots (Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998, Soliman et al., 2005). Prior to insertion of cysts were sterilized 0.05% HgCl2 solution, keeping them in a solution of 3 min, followed by rinsing three times with sterile distilled water (Muller, 1978; Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998). In vivo cabbage seedlings are also infected with the insertion of the plant's root cyst nematode. The plant's root nematodes were identified by Berman modified funnel method at room temperature for 2 days of exposure using binoculars MБC - 1 (Zuckerman et al., 1985; Slepetiene, 1981). Plant resistance assessment in identifying the next generation of females / cysts found on the root system (Harrewijn, 1987; Lelivelt, 1995, Voss et al., 1999; Cook, Noel, 2002). The results of work. White Cabbages cultivar 'Jetma F1', 'Amager Kurzsturnking', 'Zora', 'Brunswick', 'Kamienna Glowa' and 'Golden Acre' is suitable for (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871) spread as host plants. Both in vitro and in vivo conditions found that... [to full text]

Techn. University, Diss., 2000--Braunschweig.

Master of Science / Kinesiology / Timothy I. Musch / Exercise intolerance characteristic of diseases such as chronic heart failure (CHF) and diabetes is associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability from nitric oxide synthase (NOS), resulting in an impaired microvascular O₂ driving pressure (PO₂mv: O₂ delivery – O₂ utilization) and metabolic control. Infusions of the potent NO donor sodium nitroprusside augment NO bioavailability yet decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP) thereby reducing its potential efficacy for patient populations. To eliminate or reduce hypotensive sequellae NO₂⁻ was superfused onto the spinotrapezius muscle. It was hypothesized that local NO₂⁻ administration would elevate resting PO₂mv and slow PO₂mv kinetics (increased τ: time constant, MRT: mean response time) following the onset of muscle contractions. In 12 anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, PO₂mv of the circulation-intact spinotrapezius muscle was measured by phosphorescence quenching during 180 s of electrically-induced twitch contractions (1 Hz) before and after superfusion of NaNO₂ (30 mM). NO₂⁻ superfusion elevated resting PO₂mv (CON: 28.4 ± 1.1 vs NO₂⁻: 31.6 ± 1.2 mmHg, P ≤ 0.05), τ (CON: 12.3 ± 1.2 vs NO₂⁻: 19.7 ± 2.2 s, P ≤ 0.05) and MRT (CON: 19.3 ± 1.9 vs NO₂⁻: 25.6 ± 3.3 s, P ≤ 0.05). Importantly, these effects occurred in the absence of any reduction in MAP (103 ± 4 vs 105 ± 4 mmHg, pre- and post-superfusion respectively; P ˃ 0.05). These results indicate that NO₂⁻ supplementation delivered to the muscle directly through NO₂⁻ superfusion enhances the blood-myocyte driving pressure of oxygen without compromising MAP at rest and following the onset of muscle contraction. This strategy has substantial clinical utility for a range of ischemic conditions.