Naturalists, state administrators and farmers in France and its colonies developed a myriad set of techniques over the course of the long eighteenth century to manage the circulation of useful and harmful insects. The development of normative protocols for classifying, depicting and observing insects provided a set of common tools and techniques for identifying and tracking useful and harmful insects across great distances. Administrative techniques for containing the movement of harmful insects such as quarantine, grain processing and fumigation developed at the intersection of science and statecraft, through the collaborative efforts of diplomats, state administrators, naturalists and chemical practitioners. The introduction of insectivorous animals into French colonies besieged by harmful insects was envisioned as strategy for restoring providential balance within environments suffering from human-induced disequilibria. Naturalists, administrators, and agricultural improvers also collaborated in projects to maximize the production of useful substances secreted by insects, namely silk, dyes and medicines. A study of these scientific and administrative techniques will shed light on how scientists, administrators and lay practitioners in the French Enlightenment came to assess and manage the risks and opportunities afforded by the related processes of commercial and ecological globalization.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1966. / Bibliography: leaves 76-80. / v, 80 l mounted illus., tables

The Hemiptera order has 23,000 species that are distributed among many families. Two of these are the Pentatomidae and Reduviidae families. The aim of this study was to identify the different species of insects from the Reduviidae and Pentatomidae families as well as each species’ abundance in three ecological niches (forest, forest edge, and farm land). The study was conducted in six communities of Los Yungas, La Paz (Carmen Pampa, San Pablo, San Juan de la Miel, Altuspata, Choro Alto, and Choro). In each community, three Malaise traps were installed in the three ecological niches (forest, forest edge, and farm land). The six communities were evaluated for a period of one year. The work was divided among four groups due to the fact that two families were being studied in two different municipalities. In the Coroico municipality (Carmen Pampa, San Pablo, and San Juan de la Miel), the study took place from May 2006 to May 2007. In the Coripata municipality (Altuspata, Choro Alto, and Choro), the study took place from May 2007 to May 2008. The first group identified 34 morphospecies of the Pentatomidae family with 137 individuals in the Carmen Pampa, San Pablo, and San Juan de la Miel communities. The second group identified 19 species of the Pentatomidae family with 54 individuals in the Altuspata, Choro Alto, and Choro communities. The third group found 31 species of the Reduviidae family along with 77 individuals. The fourth group identified 14 species of the Reduviidae family along with 60 individuals. Carmen Pampa and San Juan de la Miel are similar in terms of plant life and climate. San Pablo, however, is different due to its much drier climate. Morphospecies number three from the Pentatomidae family was the most abundant in the farm land niche in San Juan de la Miel. In all six communities, we found that morphospecies 16 was the most abundant in the forest niche. In addition, we found that there is little similarity between the species that inhabit both the forest and farm land areas. A recurrent pattern in the six communities was the presence of similar species in the forest and forest edge niches. This is due to the transitional character of the forest edge niche. Morphospecies 16 of the Reduviidae family was found most often in the forest and forest edge niches of the Altuspata and Choro Alto communities. It was absent in the Choro community. The area of study has insect species of the Pentatomidae and Reduviidae families that play important ecological roles - in some cases they can be pests and in others they can be predators of pests. There is a notable difference in the presence of insects from the Reduviidae and Pentatomidae families between municipalities. This difference is explained by the increased application of agrochemicals in the municipality of Coripata.

O milho geneticamente modificado MON810, que expressa a proteína Cry1Ab de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, está em fase de avaliação e aprovação para liberação comercial no Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi o de estudar os efeitos de MON810 sobre a entomofauna em Barretos/SP e Ponta Grossa/PR no período de 1999 a 2001. O levantamento de insetos foi realizado por meio de diferentes armadilhas (alçapão, bandeja d'água, cartão adesivo e rede de varredura) e contagem de insetos nas plantas de milho, visando avaliar o efeito do milho MON810 sobre a comunidade de insetos, guildas tróficas e dinâmica populacional das espécies predominantes, incluindo organismos benéficos e pragas não-alvo. A interação tritrófica envolvendo milho MON810, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) e Doru luteipes (Scudder) também foi avaliada no presente trabalho. Adicionalmente, um estudo comparativo da comunidade geral de insetos nas diferentes safras de milho foi realizado com o uso de armadilha luminosa. Os tratamentos avaliados foram o milho geneticamente modificado MON810 (MON), milho convencional com aplicação de inseticidas (CCI) e milho convencional sem aplicação de inseticida (CSI). Foi coletado um total de 957.081 espécimes e 409 diferentes espécies. Baseado na análise faunística e índices de riqueza, diversidade, eqüitabilidade e similaridade, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos na comunidade de insetos. Estes resultados foram também confirmados com as análises de componentes principais e de Kruskal-Wallis. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto à proporção relativa de diferentes guildas tróficas analisadas (predadores, parasitóides, polinizadores, decompositores, sugadores e mastigadores). Também não foi observado efeito do milho MON810 na dinâmica populacional das espécies predominantes de aranhas e insetos de diferentes guildas tróficas, incluindo pragas não-alvo e insetos benéficos (Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae e Apidae). Avaliações de S. frugiperda e D. luteipes nas plantas de milho confirmaram a eficiência de MON810 no controle desta praga e a sua não interferência na dinâmica populacional do predador. E finalmente, diferenças significativas foram observadas na comunidade geral de insetos nas diferentes safras avaliadas. Portanto, nenhum efeito do milho MON810 foi detectado no presente estudo sobre a comunidade de insetos. / The genetically modified corn MON810, which expresses the Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, is under evaluation and approval for commercial release in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the effect of MON810 on insect community in Barretos/SP and Ponta Grossa/PR from 1999 to 2001. The evaluations were based on insect sampling with the use of different traps (pitfall, color tray, sticky trap and sweep net) and insect counts on corn plants to evaluate the effect of MON810 on insect community, throphic guilds and population dynamics of predominant species, including beneficial organisms and non-target pests. Tritrophic interaction involving the corn MON810, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and Doru luteipes (Scudder) was also evaluated in this study. Additionally, a comparative study of general insect community in different corn growing seasons was conducted with the use of a light trap. The following treatments were evaluated: genetically modified corn MON810 (MON), conventional corn with insecticide application (CWI) and conventional corn without insecticide application (CWI). A total of 957,081 specimens were collected, distributed among 409 different species. Based on faunistic analysis and indexes of richness, diversity, evenness and similarity, there were no differences in the insect community among treatments. These results were also confirmed by principal component and Kruskal-Wallis analysis. No statistical differences were found among treatments in the relative proportion of different trophic guilds evaluated (predators, parasitoids, pollinators, decomposers, suckers and chewers). There was also no effect of MON810 on population dynamics of predominant species of spiders and insects of different trophic guilds, including non-target pests and beneficial insects (Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae and Apidae). Evaluations of S. frugiperda and D. luteipes on corn plants confirmed the efficacy of MON810 in the control of this pest and its no effect on the population dynamics of D. luteipes. And finally, significant differences were found in the general insect community in different corn growing seasons. Therefore, no effect of the corn MON810 was detected in this study on insect community.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2006. / Mode of access: Internet. Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 8, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-72).

Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

O milho geneticamente modificado MON810, que expressa a proteína Cry1Ab de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, está em fase de avaliação e aprovação para liberação comercial no Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi o de estudar os efeitos de MON810 sobre a entomofauna em Barretos/SP e Ponta Grossa/PR no período de 1999 a 2001. O levantamento de insetos foi realizado por meio de diferentes armadilhas (alçapão, bandeja d'água, cartão adesivo e rede de varredura) e contagem de insetos nas plantas de milho, visando avaliar o efeito do milho MON810 sobre a comunidade de insetos, guildas tróficas e dinâmica populacional das espécies predominantes, incluindo organismos benéficos e pragas não-alvo. A interação tritrófica envolvendo milho MON810, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) e Doru luteipes (Scudder) também foi avaliada no presente trabalho. Adicionalmente, um estudo comparativo da comunidade geral de insetos nas diferentes safras de milho foi realizado com o uso de armadilha luminosa. Os tratamentos avaliados foram o milho geneticamente modificado MON810 (MON), milho convencional com aplicação de inseticidas (CCI) e milho convencional sem aplicação de inseticida (CSI). Foi coletado um total de 957.081 espécimes e 409 diferentes espécies. Baseado na análise faunística e índices de riqueza, diversidade, eqüitabilidade e similaridade, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos na comunidade de insetos. Estes resultados foram também confirmados com as análises de componentes principais e de Kruskal-Wallis. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto à proporção relativa de diferentes guildas tróficas analisadas (predadores, parasitóides, polinizadores, decompositores, sugadores e mastigadores). Também não foi observado efeito do milho MON810 na dinâmica populacional das espécies predominantes de aranhas e insetos de diferentes guildas tróficas, incluindo pragas não-alvo e insetos benéficos (Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae e Apidae). Avaliações de S. frugiperda e D. luteipes nas plantas de milho confirmaram a eficiência de MON810 no controle desta praga e a sua não interferência na dinâmica populacional do predador. E finalmente, diferenças significativas foram observadas na comunidade geral de insetos nas diferentes safras avaliadas. Portanto, nenhum efeito do milho MON810 foi detectado no presente estudo sobre a comunidade de insetos. / The genetically modified corn MON810, which expresses the Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, is under evaluation and approval for commercial release in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the effect of MON810 on insect community in Barretos/SP and Ponta Grossa/PR from 1999 to 2001. The evaluations were based on insect sampling with the use of different traps (pitfall, color tray, sticky trap and sweep net) and insect counts on corn plants to evaluate the effect of MON810 on insect community, throphic guilds and population dynamics of predominant species, including beneficial organisms and non-target pests. Tritrophic interaction involving the corn MON810, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and Doru luteipes (Scudder) was also evaluated in this study. Additionally, a comparative study of general insect community in different corn growing seasons was conducted with the use of a light trap. The following treatments were evaluated: genetically modified corn MON810 (MON), conventional corn with insecticide application (CWI) and conventional corn without insecticide application (CWI). A total of 957,081 specimens were collected, distributed among 409 different species. Based on faunistic analysis and indexes of richness, diversity, evenness and similarity, there were no differences in the insect community among treatments. These results were also confirmed by principal component and Kruskal-Wallis analysis. No statistical differences were found among treatments in the relative proportion of different trophic guilds evaluated (predators, parasitoids, pollinators, decomposers, suckers and chewers). There was also no effect of MON810 on population dynamics of predominant species of spiders and insects of different trophic guilds, including non-target pests and beneficial insects (Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae and Apidae). Evaluations of S. frugiperda and D. luteipes on corn plants confirmed the efficacy of MON810 in the control of this pest and its no effect on the population dynamics of D. luteipes. And finally, significant differences were found in the general insect community in different corn growing seasons. Therefore, no effect of the corn MON810 was detected in this study on insect community.

No description available.

Methomyl at seven concentrations, 0.051 to 0.204 kg ai/378.5 l water, was evaluated against eggs of pest and beneficial insects and mites associated with apples. The pest eggs studied were: Laspeyresia pomonella, Panonychus ulmi, Platynota spp., aphids, and Argyrotaenia velutinana. For A. velutinana, five rates of methomyl ranging from 0.013 to 0.204 kg ai/378.5 l water were used. Platynota spp., aphid, and A. velutinana eggs were highly susceptible to the material. P. ulmi eggs were not susceptible. Eggs of beneficial syrphid flies, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Leptothrips mali, and Stethorus punctum were highly susceptible to methomyl. Eggs of Orius insidiosus were moderately susceptible. Chrysopa spp. eggs appeared to be unaffected by the material. LC₅₀ values for methomyl on eggs of Platynota spp. L. pomonella, O. insidiosus, Chrysopa spp., and S. punctum were generated. LC₅₀ values for P. ulmi eggs were unobtainable. Three rates of methomyl, used as an ovicide, were evaluated in the field for control of the Platynota spp. complex on apples compared to two formulations of FMC 45806, permethrin, and Bacillus thuringiensis. Methomyl provided the best control. Seasonal activity of P. flavedana and P. idaeusalis were monitored in reference to degree-day accumulations. Regression equations for male moth flights and egg deposition of the species are presented. Seasonal activity and prospects for development of a phenology model to predict seasonal activity of the species is discussed. / Master of Science

The significant results of this research were: 1) A laboratory colony of H. bajulus was established and information on the N. A. biotype was collected. At this time it is too early to make any significant statements of comparison between European and N. A. biotypes. However, preliminary results indicate that the mean number of eggs per female, and the size and longevity of N. A. adults appear different than European beetles; 2) Outdoor survival studies of the larvae indicate that H. bajulus can live under natural conditions in Virginia's varied climatic regions. Over the course of two years 27 adults have been collected in such field conditions as fence posts, outhouses, screen windows, building exteriors, and free flying in open fields. This information, along with survival studies, strongly suggest the presence of natural populations; 3) The environment in which H bajulus larvae are located greatly affects its chances of survival. Larvae in attics can survive the fluctuating environmental condition, but growth and development are prolonged and potential structural damage minimal. Under these conditions H. bajulus larvae are more likely to undergo natural mortality over several years. In optimum (stable) conditions H. bajulus will increase their feeding and development. Under these conditions infestations that are left unchecked may lead to serious structural damage and reinfestations. / Master of Science