En la presente memoria se informan los resultados del comportamiento electroquímico y espectrofotométrico del complejo de inclusión formado por la interacción de bentazona con β-ciclodextrina (β-CD) y sulfobutileter-β-ciclodextrina (SBE-β-CD) en solución, y una evaluación espectroscópica (IR) de la formación del complejo en estado sólido. El estudio en solución se efectuó en medio acuoso haciendo uso de técnicas electroquímicas como voltametría de pulso diferencial (VPD) y voltametría cíclica (VC) y técnica espectrofotométrica UV-visible. Bentazona presentó una respuesta anódica correspondiente a su oxidación electroquímica en medio acuoso (buffer fosfato 0,1M). La intensidad de corriente disminuyó a medida que aumentó la concentración de las ciclodextrinas (CDs) lo que evidenció la formación de un complejo de inclusión. La variación de la corriente asociada a la concentración de las CDs permitió obtener las constantes de formación del complejo de inclusión Por espectrofotometría UV-Visible se determinó el aumento de solubilidad de bentazona en presencia de las CDs que resultó ser de 1,8 y 8,6 veces para β-CD y SBE-β-CD, respectivamente. Por medio de espectroscopía IR se observó una disminución en la intensidad de las señales correspondientes a la bentazona cuando interactúa con las CDs pudiendo evidenciar la formación del complejo de inclusión. Bentazona mostró una menor afinidad por la β-CD, lo que se refleja en los valores inferiores de constante de formación y solubilidad en comparación con la SBE-β-CD.

Tesis para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma y Al Grado de Magister en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción de Cultivos / En Chile, la producción de haba está basada en el uso de cultivares cuyo hábito de crecimiento es indeterminado, caracterizado por una producción secuencial de flores y vainas desde la base de la planta hasta la parte superior, lo que conlleva a la obtención de un producto desuniforme en calidad. Recientemente se han realizado estudios en Chile para evaluar nuevos cultivares de haba de crecimiento determinado (Retaca y Verde Bonita). En este estudio se planteó como objetivos evaluar la selectividad de los herbicidas de pre y post emergencia (Clomazone y Bentazon) aplicados en haba de crecimiento determinado establecidas en dos fechas de siembra (mayo y junio) y caracterizar su crecimiento y rendimiento. Los resultados muestran que la selectividad de Bentazon y Clomazone no es igual para ambos cultivares y se modifica al hacer variar la época de siembra. Bentazon fue menos selectivo en el cultivar Verde Bonita, afectando su rendimiento de vainas y granos en la fecha de siembra más temprana (17 mayo). Clomazone disminuyó el rendimiento del cultivar Retaca en la fecha de siembra más tardía (17 de junio). La aplicación de los herbicidas Bentazon y Clomazone no afectó el normal crecimiento y desarrollo de los cultivares de haba de crecimiento determinado Verde Bonita y Retaca

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 childs_gmf_dr_jabo.pdf: 764394 bytes, checksum: e911809aa7ff8c7e97896f6faa8e8727 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Funep / Monsanto / Avaliou-se o efeito de oito herbicidas em duas concentrações (2 e 10 vezes a dose media recomendada por hectare) sobre a microbiota de solo. Os herbicidas (bentazon, metolachlor, trifluralin, imazethapyr, imazethapyr+lactofen, haloxyfop-methyl, glyphosate e chlorimuron-ethyl) foram selecionados em função dos resultados de um estudo prévio. Como bioindicadores de atividade se utilizou: respiração microbiana, quantificando-se a emissão de CO2 aos 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, e 24 dias de incubação, mineralização de nitrogênio, atividade da enzima desidrogenase e a hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA), aos 8 e 28 dias. Também se estimou diversidade microbiana. Bentazon e a mistura de imazethapyr+lactofen, na maior concentração, e o haloxyfop-methyl nas duas concentrações, apresentaram efeitos inibitórios na respiração microbiana, embora diferentes em época e duração do efeito. Na mineralização de nitrogênio não foi possível detectar efeitos dos tratamentos. Nenhum dos tratamentos herbicidas afetou a hidrólise do FDA. A atividade da desidrogenase mostrou comportamento variável aos 8 e 28 dias, com resultados de inibição e de estimulo. Somente o herbicida metolachlor 10x causou inibição na quantidade de fungos, os restantes efeitos detectados resultaram em incrementos dos microrganismos. A única correlação significativa encontrada foi entre a atividade da desidrogenase e a respiração basal aos oito dias de incubação. / The effects of eight herbicides on soil microorganism activity were evaluated at two concentrations: 2x and 10x the recommended doses for each product in soybean. These herbicides were selected through the results of a prior experiment were 17 herbicides were tested. The selected herbicides were: bentazon, metolachlor, trifluralin, imazethapyr, imazethapyr+lactofen, haloxyfop-methyl, glyphosate e chlorimuron-ethyl. To study the microorganism activity the following parameters were measured: CO2 soil production until 28 days of incubation, nitrogen mineralization rate, dehydrogenase and FDA activities, at 8 and 28 days of incubation. The functional microbe diversity also was investigated. Bentazon (10x) and the mix imazethapyr+lactofen (10x) and haloxyfopmethyl at both concentrations, reduced the CO2 production, although with differences in timing and duration. No effects of the herbicides could be detected on nitrogen mineralization or FDA hydrolyses. Variable effects involving inhibition or stimulation were detected in the dehydrogenase activity according on herbicide, concentration and period of incubation. Only metolachlor (10x) had inhibition effects on the soil fungi population; the other herbicides promoted increases on microorganism populations. Only dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration at 8 days correlated significatively.

Tesis para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo y al Grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción de Cultivos / Una de las dificultades importantes en el cultivo del frejol es el control de malezas. Diversos estudios han evaluado el impacto de los herbicidas disponibles sobre el rendimiento de poroto seco, pero hasta ahora, no existen evaluaciones de su efecto sobre la fisiología ni el rendimiento de poroto verde. En el presente estudio, se evaluó el efecto de los herbicidas postemergentes bentazón y fomesafén, de acción fotoxidativa asociada a la fotosíntesis, sobre la fisiología y rendimiento en las variedades de poroto verde Hystyle y HM-5101, aplicados en segunda hoja y en prefloración. En el cultivar HM-5101, bentazón aplicado en segunda hoja, indujo la verticalidad foliar con un menor daño celular, posiblemente por la menor exposición al sol, y sin efectos en prefloración. Fomesafén no mostró efectos en aplicaciones en segunda hoja, pero en prefloración, inhibió el paraheliotropismo, aumentando la exposición al sol y elevando la fotosíntesis. En el cultivar Hystyle, la aplicación de bentazón no tuvo efectos en segunda hoja, mientras que en prefloración indujo daño celular. Fomesafén, aplicado en segunda hoja y en prefloración, indujo daño celular. Los efectos negativos fueron transitorios y no deletéreos pues no afectaron la capacidad fotosintética de los cultivares ni su rendimiento. / Weed management is a major limiting factor in the production of common beans. Herbicides impact on dry bean have been evaluated in many studies, but the effect on snap bean physiology and yield have not been assessed. Bentazon and fomesafen are post-emergence herbicides whose modes of action are related to photo-oxidative injury linked to photosynthesis. This study investigated their effects on the physiology and yield of the snap bean cultivars Hystyle and HM-5101, applied in two developmental stages: second leaf and preflowering. In HM-5101, bentazon applied in second leaf caused more vertical leaves and less celular injury, possibly, because of the less incident radiation. Bentazon was not damaging in preflowering application, neither fomesafen in second leaf application. Fomesafen applied in preflowering inhibited paraheliotropism increasing the incident light and resulting in higher photosynthetic rates. In Hystyle, bentazon was damaging only applied in preflowering, causing celular injury. Detrimental effects were temporary and notdeleterious, since these herbicides did not affect photosynthetic capacity and yield of snap bean.

Tesis para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo y al Grado de Magister en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción de Cultivos / Una de las dificultades importantes en el cultivo del frejol es el control de malezas. Diversos estudios han evaluado el impacto de los herbicidas disponibles sobre el rendimiento de poroto seco, pero hasta ahora, no existen evaluaciones de su efecto sobre la fisiología ni el rendimiento de poroto verde. En el presente estudio, se evaluó el efecto de los herbicidas postemergentes bentazón y fomesafén, de acción fotoxidativa asociada a la fotosíntesis, sobre la fisiología y rendimiento en las variedades de poroto verde Hystyle y HM-5101, aplicados en segunda hoja y en prefloración. En el cultivar HM-5101, bentazón aplicado en segunda hoja, indujo la verticalidad foliar con un menor daño celular, posiblemente por la menor exposición al sol, y sin efectos en prefloración. Fomesafén no mostró efectos en aplicaciones en segunda hoja, pero en prefloración, inhibió el paraheliotropismo, aumentando la exposición al sol y elevando la fotosíntesis. En el cultivar Hystyle, la aplicación de bentazón no tuvo efectos en segunda hoja, mientras que en prefloración indujo daño celular. Fomesafén, aplicado en segunda hoja y en prefloración, indujo daño celular. Los efectos negativos fueron transitorios y no deletéreos pues no afectaron la capacidad fotosintética de los cultivares ni su rendimiento. / Weed management is a major limiting factor in the production of common beans. Herbicides impact on dry bean have been evaluated in many studies, but the effect on snap bean physiology and yield have not been assessed. Bentazon and fomesafen are post-emergence herbicides whose modes of action are related to photo-oxidative injury linked to photosynthesis. This study investigated their effects on the physiology and yield of the snap bean cultivars Hystyle and HM-5101, applied in two developmental stages: second leaf and preflowering. In HM-5101, bentazon applied in second leaf caused more vertical leaves and less celular injury, possibly, because of the less incident radiation. Bentazon was not damaging in preflowering application, neither fomesafen in second leaf application. Fomesafen applied in preflowering inhibited paraheliotropism increasing the incident light and resulting in higher photosynthetic rates. In Hystyle, bentazon was damaging only applied in preflowering, causing celular injury. Detrimental effects were temporary and notdeleterious, since these herbicides did not affect photosynthetic capacity and yield of snap bean.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Fitotecnia / Dos cultivares de poroto verde para congelado (Hystyle (H) y Summit (S)) fueron cultivados a nivel de campo para determinar la magnitud del daño fisiológico producido por los herbicidas bentazon y fomesafen y su efecto en el rendimiento y calidad de las vainas. Ambos herbicidas fueron aplicados en los estados de segunda hoja trifoliada (E1) y prefloración (E2). Se procedió a medir la tasa de permeabilidad relativa, el contenido total de clorofilas, la temperatura foliar, la luz incidente, el ángulo de hoja, el rendimiento, diámetro de vainas, longitud de vainas y número de vainas curvas y deformes. Bentazon en ambos estados afectó en mayor magnitud los parámetros medidos, siendo E1 el que presentó un mayor daño en el cultivo. Además bentazon y fomesafen disminuyeron la capacidad del poroto de realizar movimientos paraheliotrópicos, por lo que las hojas recibieron mayor radiación y aumentaron su temperatura foliar. Se observó que la aplicación de bentazon produjo en Hystyle y Summit una disminución promedio en el rendimiento de 34% y 26% respectivamente. A su vez fomesafen produjo en Hystyle y Summit una disminución promedio en el rendimiento de 23% y 20% respectivamente. Bentazon y fomesafen causaron un aumento significativo de las vainas curvas y deformes. En general el cultivar Summit presentó una mayor tolerancia a la aplicación de bentazon y fomesafen. / Two green bean cultivars (Hystyle (H) y Summit (S)) were field grown in order to determine the magnitude of physiological injury produced by the herbicides bentazon and fomesafen, and their effect in the yield and pods quality. Both herbicides were applied in second trifoliate leaf state (E1) and preflowering state (E2). It was come to measure relative permeability rate, total chlorophyll content, foliar temperature, incident light, leaf angle, yield, pods diameter, pods length and number of curved and deformed pods. In both stages bentazon affected in greater magnitude the measured parameters, being E1 the state that presented greater crop injury. In addition bentazon and fomesafen diminished the capacity to make paraheliotropic movements, reason why the leaves received greater radiation and increased their foliar temperature. It was observed that bentazon produced 34% and 26% average yield reduction in Hystyle and Summit respectively. Fomesafen produced as well, a 23% and 20% average yield reduction in Hystyle and Summit respectively. Bentazon and fomesafen caused a significant increase of the curved and deformed pods. In general Summit presented greater tolerance to the application of both herbicidas.

Bentazon, (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-l-2,2-dioxide) a new experimental herbicide, was studied under the effects of sterile and non-sterile conditions, 12 hours light: 12 hours dark and totally dark conditions, and agitated and non-agitated conditions in aquatic sediment. The effects of the different levels of BOD/COD values on the decomposition of Bentazon were studied. Photoperiod, sterility, and BOD/COD levels appeared to have no influence in the breakdown of Bentazon. Agitation-time interaction appeared to be the only factor that influenced the more rapid degradation of Bentazon. Bentazon was the major 14C-residue found in the water; it was followed by an unknown. The third major metabolite was 2-amino-N-isopropyl benzamide, followed by anthranilic acid and N-isopropylsulfamoyl anthranilic acid at minor amounts. Only Bentazon was found in the soil. The ratio of radioactivity in the soil vs. the water was 1:1 in the agitated tanks and 1:3 in the non-agitated tanks. After 128 days, the concentration of Bentazon in the water decreased to an average of 50% in the agitated tanks and an average of 80% in the non-agitated tanks.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T13:19:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) resumo_tese_natalia_silveira_correa.pdf: 16569 bytes, checksum: ed2405236282a6dfb013ce0c61b1b3aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T20:52:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) resumo_tese_natalia_silveira_correa.pdf: 16569 bytes, checksum: ed2405236282a6dfb013ce0c61b1b3aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T20:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) resumo_tese_natalia_silveira_correa.pdf: 16569 bytes, checksum: ed2405236282a6dfb013ce0c61b1b3aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade, o vigor da semente e o crescimento de plantas de cornichão e trevo vermelho, provenientes de áreas da Embrapa Pecuária Sul, submetidas a diferentes doses de herbicidas pré e pós emergentes (diclosulam, bentazona e iodosulfurom-metílico), com a finalidade de identificar os herbicidas seletivos à estas forrageiras. Na primeira etapa do experimento foi avaliado o efeito do herbicida pré-emergente diclosulam no potencial fisiológico das sementes e crescimento inicial das plântulas. As sementes das forrageiras, foram semeadas em substrato previamente umedecido com solução de diclosulam nas concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 vezes a dose registrada do produto pelo fabricante. Na segunda etapa, após o cultivo em casa de vegetação por 107 dias, foi realizada a aplicação dos pósemergentes, por meio de pulverizador costal de pressão constante em condições atmosféricas de 23º C de temperatura e 71% de umidade relativa do ar (UR). Foram utilizadas concentrações do herbicida referentes a zero; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 vezes a dose registrada pelo fabricante. Os resultados da primeira etapa, demostraram que as variáveis comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento de raiz e massa seca total foram alteradas negativamente pela exposição às diferentes doses de diclosulam, enquanto o potencial germinativo e a capacidade de emergir não foram prejudicadas, em ambas as espécies estudadas. Na segunda etapa os resultados obtidos mostraram maior sensibilidade das plantas de cornichão ao herbicida bentazona e das plantas de trevo vermelho ao herbicida iodosulfurom-metílico. Portanto é possível concluir que, as diferentes doses de diclosulam não comprometem o potencial germinativo, nem a capacidade de emergir das sementes de cornichão e trevo vermelho, porém, interferem negativamente no seu desenvolvimento. Já com a aplicação dos pósemergentes, o cornichão apresentou sensibilidade ao herbicida bentazona e características de tolerância ao herbicida iodosulfurom-metílico, enquanto o trevo vermelho respondeu de forma contrária, sendo mais sensível a aplicação do iodosulfurom-metílico e tolerante ao bentazona, ativando mecanismos de adaptação e permitindo o desenvolvimento da planta. / The objective of this research was to evaluate viability, seed vigor and growth of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover, plants from Embrapa Pecuária Sul, was submitted to different doses of pre and post emergent herbicides (diclosulam, bentazon and iodosulfuron-methyl), with purpose to identify herbicides selective to these forages. In the first stage of the experiment the effect of the pre-emergent herbicide diclosulam in physiological potential of seeds and initial growth of seedlings was evaluated. The seeds of this forages were sown on a substrate previously moistened with diclosulam solution at concentrations 0; 0,5; 1,0 and 1,5 times the dose registred by manufacturer. In second stage, after the cultivation in the greenhouse for 107 days, the postemergence application was carried out by a costal sprayer with constant pressure at atmospheric conditions of 23 ºC and 71% relative humidity). Herbicide concentrations used were zero; 0,5; 1,0 and 1,5 times the dose registred by manufacturer. The results of the first stage showed that the variables shoot length, root length and total dry mass were negatively altered by exposure to different doses of diclosulam, while germination potential and emergence capacity were not impaired in both species studied. In the second stage, the results obtained showed greater sensitivity of birdsfoot trefoil plants to herbicide bentazon and the red clover plants to iodosulfuron-methyl herbicide. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that, different doses of diclosulam do not compromise germination potential, neither ability to emerge from birdsfoot trefoil and red clover seeds, but negatively interfere in its development. With the post-emergence application, the birdsfoot trefoil showed sensitivity to herbicide bentazon and characteristics of tolerance to herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl, while the red clover responded in a contrary way, being more sensitive the application of the herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl and tolerant to bentazon, activating mechanisms of adaptation and allowing plant development.

Field studies were conducted to test three application methods for applying antagonistic herbicide combinations: 1) tank mix (TMX), 2) mix-in-line (MIL), and 3) separate boom (SPB). Sethoxydim applied with bentazon, glyphosate applied with dicamba or 2,4-D, and clethodim applied with dicamba or 2,4-D had higher efficacy when applied using the SPB method. Antagonism of all the herbicide combinations above was observed when applied using the TMX and MIL methods. In some cases, antagonism was avoided when using the SPB method. Three application methods tested in greenhouse studies were 1) TMX, 2) synthetic auxin applied first (AAF), and 3) synthetic auxin applied second (AAS). The AAS application method resulted in higher weed control than the TMX and AAF methods. Analysis done through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry supported the greenhouse results with higher rates of glyphosate detected with the AAS method.