Small stock farming and production accounted for approximately 8.4% of total animal product based agricultural output in the 2011 / 2012 season in South Africa. Large scale commercial farming aside, small stock farming also takes on an important role in poorer and developing rural areas of South Africa, where small stock are kept for a combination of economic and non-economic reasons including financial investment or security, food and resource production, as well as religious or traditional reasons. Blowflies are Dipterids with complex life cycles and complete metamorphoses, causing damage to hides and frequent death in their ovine hosts, as a result of cutaneous myiasis caused by the larval stages. All economically important blowfly species causing veterinary myiasis belong to the superfamily Oestroidea, which contains the three major families Oestridae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophidae. The two most significant blowfly genera in South Africa, Lucillia and Chrysomya, both belong to the family Calliphoridae. Chemical means of preventing and treating blowfly strike by topical application remains the most widely used method and appears to be indispensable at this stage. New molecules or formulations effective against blowfly strike are constantly being sought and form part of an active field of research. Bayer currently manufactures and markets Drastic Deadline Extreme ®, a pour-on formulation containing flumethrin and fluazuron for the control of blue ticks (Rhipicephalus decoloratus) in cattle; its possible action against blowflies in sheep was investigated in an in-vitro model, subsequent to a pilot pharmacokinetic study evaluating the kinetics of fluazuron when applied topically to sheep in this particular combination. The first objective of the project was to determine whether fluazuron has any effect at all on the development of blowfly larvae. An active ingredient from the same family of compounds, namely triflumeron, has been successfully used for several years to control blowfly strike in sheep in South Africa (Zapp ® Pour on - Bayer), but it was uncertain whether or not fluazuron would be effective. Raw fluazuron was applied to six pieces of beef according to a dose calculation based on the registered dose of the test product in cattle, while another six pieces were treated with saline in a similar fashion (n=6). Each piece of beef was placed in its own container along with six late instar larvae and placed in the incubator at 35°C for a further nine days. In this instance, the treated group demonstrated significant development defects with regard to pupation (uneclosed pupae) when analysed using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric t-test (p = 0.002). / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Paraclinical Sciences / MSc / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GLADSTONE SANTOS DE SOUZA.pdf: 1638209 bytes, checksum: 55969fd3f801a5d3226ae0a527951dc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-11 / The bovine tick is the ectoparasite that causes the greatest prejudice to Brazilian farming and cattle raising, and its control is realized basically through chemical products, which are losing effectiveness over time. This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a transdermal formulation, developed by the laboratory Clarion Biociências Ltd. It contains the medicine novaluron, against the tick Boophilus microplus in naturally infested animals. Animals used in the experiment were kept in a pasture with Brachiaria brizantha ascendancy, water; animal food and mineral salt were supplied ad libitum. The formulation containing novaluron was tested in five different dosages: 5.0; 2.5; 1.66; 1.25 and 1.0mg/kg of live weight in a single dose compared to a placebo group and control. The weight of the animals of the experiment varied from 290 to 339kg. Only the dosages of 5.0 and 2.5mg/kg attended the least requisites. The evaluation of the plasmatic profiles of the dosages of 2.50 and 5.00mg/kg of novaluron, presented the following results respectively: concentration peak (Cmax) was 378 and 396ng/mL; the time for obtainment of the concentration peak (Tmax) was 4 days for both dosages and the area on the plasmatic concentration curve(ASC) > 100ng was 28 and 42 days. Based on the results of efficacy and analysis of the plasmatic profile it was concluded that the 2.5mg/kg dosage presented a better relation cost/ benefit. Afterwards it was realized the efficacy of the formulation of novaluron 5% in the dosage of 2.5mg/kg live weight in a single dose comparatively to the commercial product fluazuron, formulation containing 2.5% of fluazuron in the dosage of 2.5mg/kg in a single dose compared to the group control. The results for the two products were alike. It was concluded that a formulation containing 5% of novaluron in the 2.5mg/kg dosage owns the safety requisites, efficacy and economic which make feasible complementary studies for register and commercialization. / O carrapato bovino é o ectoparasita que causa o maior prejuízo à agropecuária brasileira, e o seu controle é realizado basicamente através de produtos químicos, os quais vêm perdendo eficácia com o passar do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma formulação transdérmica, desenvolvida pelo laboratório Clarion Biociências Ltda. contendo o fármaco novaluron, frente ao carrapato Boophilus microplus em animais naturalmente infestados. Os animais utilizados no experimento foram mantidos a pasto com predomínio de Brachiaria brizantha, água, ração e sal mineral foram fornecidos ad libitum. A formulação contendo novaluron foi testada em cinco posologias diferentes: 5,0; 2,5; 1,66; 1,25 e 1,0mg/kg de peso vivo, em dose única comparativamente a um grupo placebo e controle. O peso dos animais do experimento variou de 290 a 339kg. Somente as posologias de 5,0 e 2,5mg/kg atenderam os requisitos mínimos. A avaliação dos perfis plasmáticos das posologias de 2,5 e 5,0mg/kg de novaluron, apresentaram os seguintes resultados respectivamente: pico de concentração (Cmax) foi de 378 e 396ng/mL; o tempo para obtenção do pico de concentração (Tmax) foi de 4 dias para ambas as posologias e a área sobre a curva de concentração plasmática (ASC) > 100ng foi de 28 e 42 dias. Com base nos resultados de eficácia e análise do perfil plasmático, concluiu-se que a posologia de 2,5mg/kg apresentou uma melhor relação custo/benefício. Posteriormente foi realizada eficácia da formulação de novaluron 5% na posologia de 2,5mg/kg de peso vivo em dose única comparativamente ao produto comercial fluazuron, formulação contendo 2,5% de fluazuron na posologia de 2,5mg/kg em dose única comparadas ao grupo controle. Os resultados para os dois produtos foram semelhantes. Concluiu-se que formulação contendo 5% de novaluron na posologia de 2,5mg/kg possui os requisitos de segurança, eficácia e econômicos que viabilizam estudos complementares para registro e comercialização.