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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GLADSTONE SANTOS DE SOUZA.pdf: 1638209 bytes, checksum: 55969fd3f801a5d3226ae0a527951dc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-11 / The bovine tick is the ectoparasite that causes the greatest prejudice to Brazilian farming and cattle raising, and its control is realized basically through chemical products, which are losing effectiveness over time. This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a transdermal formulation, developed by the laboratory Clarion Biociências Ltd. It contains the medicine novaluron, against the tick Boophilus microplus in naturally infested animals. Animals used in the experiment were kept in a pasture with Brachiaria brizantha ascendancy, water; animal food and mineral salt were supplied ad libitum. The formulation containing novaluron was tested in five different dosages: 5.0; 2.5; 1.66; 1.25 and 1.0mg/kg of live weight in a single dose compared to a placebo group and control. The weight of the animals of the experiment varied from 290 to 339kg. Only the dosages of 5.0 and 2.5mg/kg attended the least requisites. The evaluation of the plasmatic profiles of the dosages of 2.50 and 5.00mg/kg of novaluron, presented the following results respectively: concentration peak (Cmax) was 378 and 396ng/mL; the time for obtainment of the concentration peak (Tmax) was 4 days for both dosages and the area on the plasmatic concentration curve(ASC) > 100ng was 28 and 42 days. Based on the results of efficacy and analysis of the plasmatic profile it was concluded that the 2.5mg/kg dosage presented a better relation cost/ benefit. Afterwards it was realized the efficacy of the formulation of novaluron 5% in the dosage of 2.5mg/kg live weight in a single dose comparatively to the commercial product fluazuron, formulation containing 2.5% of fluazuron in the dosage of 2.5mg/kg in a single dose compared to the group control. The results for the two products were alike. It was concluded that a formulation containing 5% of novaluron in the 2.5mg/kg dosage owns the safety requisites, efficacy and economic which make feasible complementary studies for register and commercialization. / O carrapato bovino é o ectoparasita que causa o maior prejuízo à agropecuária brasileira, e o seu controle é realizado basicamente através de produtos químicos, os quais vêm perdendo eficácia com o passar do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma formulação transdérmica, desenvolvida pelo laboratório Clarion Biociências Ltda. contendo o fármaco novaluron, frente ao carrapato Boophilus microplus em animais naturalmente infestados. Os animais utilizados no experimento foram mantidos a pasto com predomínio de Brachiaria brizantha, água, ração e sal mineral foram fornecidos ad libitum. A formulação contendo novaluron foi testada em cinco posologias diferentes: 5,0; 2,5; 1,66; 1,25 e 1,0mg/kg de peso vivo, em dose única comparativamente a um grupo placebo e controle. O peso dos animais do experimento variou de 290 a 339kg. Somente as posologias de 5,0 e 2,5mg/kg atenderam os requisitos mínimos. A avaliação dos perfis plasmáticos das posologias de 2,5 e 5,0mg/kg de novaluron, apresentaram os seguintes resultados respectivamente: pico de concentração (Cmax) foi de 378 e 396ng/mL; o tempo para obtenção do pico de concentração (Tmax) foi de 4 dias para ambas as posologias e a área sobre a curva de concentração plasmática (ASC) > 100ng foi de 28 e 42 dias. Com base nos resultados de eficácia e análise do perfil plasmático, concluiu-se que a posologia de 2,5mg/kg apresentou uma melhor relação custo/benefício. Posteriormente foi realizada eficácia da formulação de novaluron 5% na posologia de 2,5mg/kg de peso vivo em dose única comparativamente ao produto comercial fluazuron, formulação contendo 2,5% de fluazuron na posologia de 2,5mg/kg em dose única comparadas ao grupo controle. Os resultados para os dois produtos foram semelhantes. Concluiu-se que formulação contendo 5% de novaluron na posologia de 2,5mg/kg possui os requisitos de segurança, eficácia e econômicos que viabilizam estudos complementares para registro e comercialização.

The deep seabed polymetallic nodules are one the major types of deep-sea ore resources. Oceanic deposits of these raw materials represent a potential source of numerous metals that are in short supply on the land-base deposits at the nearest future. The process of geological survey to the deep ocean floor is considered to be an onset of a quantitatively new stage in the process of mineral resource extraction. Continuation of the on-going work on polymetallic nodule deposits within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone is regarded as a serious task to be undertaken over a period until the year 2025, with a due consideration to advance in designing of an efficient mining unit and application of modern processing technologies for extraction of major metals : manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper. A prerequisite of a rational management of oceanic resources is the preservation of natural oceanic environment. Considered is the extraction's profitability of a concrete deposit within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, which is the exploration area of the IOM, with annual production scale of 2.2 Mt of wet nodules for the year 2025.

There has been a recent flurry of activity in consciousness research. Although an operational definition of consciousness has not yet been developed, philosophy has come to identify a set of features and aspects that are thought to be associated with the various elements of consciousness. On the other hand, there have been several recent attempts to develop computational models of consciousness that are claimed to capture or illustrate one or more aspects of consciousness. As a plausible substitute to evaluating how well the current computational models model consciousness, this study examines how the current computational models fare in modeling those aspects and features of consciousness identified by philosophy. Following a detailed and critical review of the literature of philosophy of consciousness, this study constructs a composite and eclectic list of features and aspects that would be expected in any successful model of consciousness. The study then evaluates, from the viewpoint of that list, some of the current self-claimed computational models of consciousness, specifically CLARION, IDA, ACT-R and model proposed in the Cleeremans&#039 / review and study. The computational models studied are evaluated with respect to each identified aspect and feature of consciousness.

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<p>The awareness regarding environmental issues is increasing and as a result a large number of products are eco-labeled. This enables the consumers to make enlightened environmental decisions when purchasing products. Eco-labeling is no longer for products only, but also for services like hotels. It’s difficult to determine what it actually means to eco-label a hotel and what kind of benefits it includes. Our goal for this essay regarding eco-labeling of hotels is to consider the question –why eco-label?</p><p>The essay also considers benefits or disadvantages connected to eco-labeling and also aim to collect theories and thoughts about the meaning of this in the future. In order to reach this goal the essay involves a case study with hotels who are eco-labeled and those who are not. It also contains information from interviews with representatives from four different eco-labeling organizations and one government environmental scientist. This combined with collected theories aim to give a clear picture about the main focus point –why eco-label? The results show that the hotels whom were studied consider environmental work as very important. It also shows that they notice an increasing demand among customers. The demand also seems to be higher among corporate customers. Eco-labeling can be used as a tool to show the customers that the hotel is working according to special criteria which aims to a more sustainable environment. Care about the environment and increasing customer demand are two main important reasons for the hotels to get an eco-label. It has also shown that there can be more reasons behind the decision to eco-label like; the assistance regarding environmental issues from the eco-labeling organization, competitive advantages, brand related and corporate values. There are also challenges associated with eco-labeling; the ones we have seen are that the environmental work can stop evolving after the label has been accepted. Sometimes the eco-label might not even be the most environmental friendly solution. We have also seen that the eco-labels are combined with different compromises and that they often cost money and take time to implement.</p><p>We have reached the conclusion that in the future eco-labeling of hotels is likely to be significantly important and collaboration between eco-labeling organizations will probably grow and be more international. The results do not generally apply for all hotels but it gives an important insight on eco-labels for hotels, and can give arguments about the subject.</p> / <p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen bygger på frågan – varför miljöcertifiera? Uppsatsen ger således en bild av miljöcertifieringars roll och betydelse för hotellverksamheter, där för- och nackdelar ställs mot varandra. Även resonemang kring miljöcertifiering av hotellverksamheters sannolika roll och betydelse i framtiden behandlas.</p><p>Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en hermeneutisk tolkningsstrategi. Informationsinsamlandet består av fallstudier, intervjuer, litteraturstudier och informationsinhämtning på internet. Tio intervjuer genomfördes med fyra personer från fyra olika hotell, både miljöcertifierade och inte, fem personer som på ett eller annat sätt arbetar med de olika miljöcertifieringarna samt med en forskare i miljöpolitik.</p><p>Slutsats: Studien visar att många vill engagera sig i miljöarbete, både hotellverksamheterna och deras kunder. Miljöcertifieringar kan även vara ett verktyg för att förmedla och strukturera miljöarbetet. Dessutom har det genom denna studie visat sig att miljöcertifieringen kan bidra med andra positiva aspekter som exempelvis en förbättrad image och identitet samt en tydligare struktur på miljöarbetet. Det finns dock problem och nackdelar även med miljöcertifieringar och med att miljöcertifiera sig, exempelvis att de kräver mycket resurser och att själva miljöcertifieringen inte behöver vara det miljövänligaste.</p>

The awareness regarding environmental issues is increasing and as a result a large number of products are eco-labeled. This enables the consumers to make enlightened environmental decisions when purchasing products. Eco-labeling is no longer for products only, but also for services like hotels. It’s difficult to determine what it actually means to eco-label a hotel and what kind of benefits it includes. Our goal for this essay regarding eco-labeling of hotels is to consider the question –why eco-label? The essay also considers benefits or disadvantages connected to eco-labeling and also aim to collect theories and thoughts about the meaning of this in the future. In order to reach this goal the essay involves a case study with hotels who are eco-labeled and those who are not. It also contains information from interviews with representatives from four different eco-labeling organizations and one government environmental scientist. This combined with collected theories aim to give a clear picture about the main focus point –why eco-label? The results show that the hotels whom were studied consider environmental work as very important. It also shows that they notice an increasing demand among customers. The demand also seems to be higher among corporate customers. Eco-labeling can be used as a tool to show the customers that the hotel is working according to special criteria which aims to a more sustainable environment. Care about the environment and increasing customer demand are two main important reasons for the hotels to get an eco-label. It has also shown that there can be more reasons behind the decision to eco-label like; the assistance regarding environmental issues from the eco-labeling organization, competitive advantages, brand related and corporate values. There are also challenges associated with eco-labeling; the ones we have seen are that the environmental work can stop evolving after the label has been accepted. Sometimes the eco-label might not even be the most environmental friendly solution. We have also seen that the eco-labels are combined with different compromises and that they often cost money and take time to implement. We have reached the conclusion that in the future eco-labeling of hotels is likely to be significantly important and collaboration between eco-labeling organizations will probably grow and be more international. The results do not generally apply for all hotels but it gives an important insight on eco-labels for hotels, and can give arguments about the subject. / Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen bygger på frågan – varför miljöcertifiera? Uppsatsen ger således en bild av miljöcertifieringars roll och betydelse för hotellverksamheter, där för- och nackdelar ställs mot varandra. Även resonemang kring miljöcertifiering av hotellverksamheters sannolika roll och betydelse i framtiden behandlas. Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en hermeneutisk tolkningsstrategi. Informationsinsamlandet består av fallstudier, intervjuer, litteraturstudier och informationsinhämtning på internet. Tio intervjuer genomfördes med fyra personer från fyra olika hotell, både miljöcertifierade och inte, fem personer som på ett eller annat sätt arbetar med de olika miljöcertifieringarna samt med en forskare i miljöpolitik. Slutsats: Studien visar att många vill engagera sig i miljöarbete, både hotellverksamheterna och deras kunder. Miljöcertifieringar kan även vara ett verktyg för att förmedla och strukturera miljöarbetet. Dessutom har det genom denna studie visat sig att miljöcertifieringen kan bidra med andra positiva aspekter som exempelvis en förbättrad image och identitet samt en tydligare struktur på miljöarbetet. Det finns dock problem och nackdelar även med miljöcertifieringar och med att miljöcertifiera sig, exempelvis att de kräver mycket resurser och att själva miljöcertifieringen inte behöver vara det miljövänligaste.