To characterize low-pressure, brittle deformation in porous, granular rock, notchcut cylinders (30 mm neck diameter) of Berea Sandstone were extended in a triaxial apparatus from 10 to 160 MPa confining pressure at strain rates of 10-4 s-1 and 10-5 s-1. Acoustic emission counts were monitored when extending samples at a slow strain rate. Stress at fracture is characterized by the least compressive principal stress, ??3, and maximum compressive principal stress, ??1 (??1 = Pc). A change in strength dependence on pressure at Pc = 50 MPa corresponds to a change from pure macroscopic extension fracture to mixed-mode opening and shear fracture, and likely reflects the increase in mean stress that suppresses the propagation of extension fractures and the interaction between closely-spaced stepped cracks. Within the extension fracture regime (Pc < 50 MPa), ??3 at failure becomes slightly more tensile with an increase in Pc. At Pc > 50 MPa, ??3 at failure becomes more compressive with an increase in Pc and follows Coulomb behavior; however, the angle between the fracture surface and ??1 increases continuously with Pc. Fracture surfaces characteristic of the extension to shear fracture transition appear as linked, stepped extension fractures; the length of extensional segments decreases with increasing pressure. The onset of acoustic emissions and inelastic strain at fracture occurs at earlier points in the strain history with pressure, consistent with the Griffith prediction of the beginning of fracture growth.

In the UNDP Report of 2008, promotion of gender equality and women empowerment, Millennium Development Goal (MDG3), has been declared not only as the main developmental objective but also a fundamental mode of attaining the entire MDGs. This study examines women’s experiences of economic empowerment projects in the era of escalating female household heading and relentless poverty in Lesotho. It particularly focuses on women participating in crafts projects initiated for income generation, in the context of gendered spaces. A growing body of literature asserts that Women Economic Empowerment (WEE) is a potential route out of abject poverty, especially for the economically marginalised women in Female- Headed Households (FHH). A case study focusing on women participants in Teya-teyaneng crafts of Berea district in Lesotho was carried out. Semi-structured interviews were employed to explore the potential of participation to yield positively for empowerment in the scenario of informal economy. Findings from the two units within the single case utilised revealed that empowerment remains to be one of the entangled processes of economic development. It is highly subjected to social, political and economic procedures operating in a country. The study further revealed that economic empowerment of women participating in income generating projects is considerably constrained by the patriarchal and globalised economic set ups that women operate within. The case of Elelloang Basali illuminated that adherence to contemporary strategies of economic empowerment is a beneficial ingredient, contrary to the operations of Setsoto Design. Recommendations ultimately forwarded highlight the significance of macro-economic policy to pay attention to the assertion that WEE is not merely a path out of poverty but an intrinsic entity of employment-led-growth. This also hints on policy for broad-based growth that can be countercyclical for the economy of the country. The paper serves to articulate a dire need for shift from reluctance to responsiveness for those with political and economic will power. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Velocity tomography is a noninvasive technique that can image the interior of a rock structure. To apply tomography to rock specimens, a propagation wave, which acts as a probe, is used. The propagation wave propagates from a source until it reaches a sensor on the surface of the rock specimen. Tomograms can then be generated from the velocity distribution within the rock structure. Areas of higher velocity are typically representative of higher stress concentrations, whereas areas of low velocity can be areas of fracturing. The variation of velocity tomography described in this thesis uses acoustic emissions as sources for the propagation wave. Acoustic emission sources provide advantages over mechanical sources, since the acoustic emission source is generated by the rock as a result of deformation and fracturing. Velocity tomography of rock structures in the field has numerous applications and advantages. Velocity tomography can be used to monitor rock structures surrounding tunnels and underground openings such as mines. To monitor the rock structure, velocity tomography is used to determine areas of higher stress concentration that may be precursors to rock failure. However, velocity tomography must first be used in a laboratory environment to determine failure in rock samples before being applied to the field. The research presented includes the unconfined compression strength testing of 19 Berea sandstone samples. These samples were loaded to failure and during the experiment the acoustic emission events within the samples were monitored using a commercial acquisition system manufactured by Engineering Seismology Group (ESG) Canada. Source location software, also produced by ESG, was used for the location of the acoustic emission events. Ray inversions were performed on the data from the experiments to generate tomograms. The tomograms generated display the p-wave velocity distribution imaged within the Berea sandstone samples with the ultimate goal of being able to predict rock failure. Based on the experiments discussed in this thesis it can be inferred that velocity tomography is a useful tool for imaging the inside of the Berea sandstone samples. Precursors of rock failure could not be determined in this early stage of research. However, the tomograms do image the p-wave velocity distribution and do show a gradual progression of the p-wave velocity from the initial velocity model to higher velocities. Results of these 19 experiments do provide reasonable confidence in the method and warrant pursuit of further research to refine and improve this method of monitoring velocity tomography. / Master of Science

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1997.

In this research study, I sought to understand and describe the Women’s and Gender Studies (WGS) Program at Berea College by exploring it through the experiences of students, faculty, administrators, and alumnae. I designed and implemented a feminist organizational ethnography. Organizational ethnography is a naturalistic, qualitative research tool for understanding organizational communication and culture in organizations. I used qualitative research methods to create a portrait of the WGS Program at Berea College by observing and interviewing students, administrators, faculty, and alumnae, and interpreting their stories using constant comparative analysis. Standpoint theory is the theoretical framework that guided how I collected data because it requires the researcher to begin with the lives of marginalized peoples. It also requires inclusion of multiple perspectives. The overarching research questions of this study are: 1) How is the Women’s and Gender Studies Program at Berea College perceived or experienced by its stakeholders (students, administrators, faculty, and alumnae)? 2) How is its reality constructed through the overlapping lenses of each? 3) How does the WGS Program approach, prepare for, and respond to political and economic challenges? I concluded that the WGS Program at Berea College is a model program because the leadership uses student-centered feminist pedagogy and they celebrate diversity, succeed with low resources, and clearly value the experiences and voices of the students. The leadership in the WGS Program at Berea College creates a home on campus where students go to learn about things they can’t find anywhere else on campus. / Department of Educational Studies

Thesis--University of Tennessee. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.

Clay stabilizers are means to prevent fines migration and clay swelling, which are caused by the contact of formation with low salinity or high pH brines at high temperature. Previous clay stabilizers including: Al and Zr compounds and cationic polymers have several drawbacks. Al and Zr compounds can be removed by acids. Cationic polymers can cause formation damage in some cases. Quaternary amine-based chemicals have been used for many years as clay stabilizer, however, environmental profile of some has limited their use. There is a need to develop new clay stabilizers that can work following acid treatment and are environmentally acceptable. Laboratory studies were conducted on newly developed Al/Zr-based compound (Stabilizer A) to determine the optimum conditions for field application. Zeta potential was used to determine surface charge of different types of clays; and to optimize clay stabilizer concentration. Coreflood experiments were conducted on Berea and Bandera sandstone cores to assess the effectiveness of the new compound at high temperature, and determine the impact of acids on its performance. Also the effectiveness of this stabilizer was investigated at high pH medium and in low permeability cores. Inductively Coupled Plasma was used to measure the concentrations of e key cations in the core flood effluent. Three different commercial clay stabilizers (zirconium oxychloride, choline chloride and tetramethyl ammonium chloride) were also tested to validate the new chemical. The new clay stabilizer was very effective in mitigating fines migration. Zeta potential indicated that the isoelectric point at which complete shields of surface charge of clay particles was achieved at a stabilizer concentration of 0.2 wt%. Coreflood tests showed that this new chemical was effective, and unlike previous Al-based and Zr-based stabilizers (hydroxy aluminum and zirconium oxychloride solutions), it did not dissolve in acids and worked very well up to 300oF. Stabilizer A proved to be better than the three commercial stabilizers. Stabilizer A worked effectively at the high pH and no reduction in permeability was noticed after NaOH injection, unlike the other stabilizers. In addition, Stabilizer A is an inorganic-based fluid, environmentally friendly, in contrast to Quaternary amine chemicals.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1973. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Robert W. Lynn. Dissertation Committee: Douglas M. Sloan. Includes bibliographical references.

In his thesis, Mother bird hovering over the city: space, spirituality and a community-based urban praxis, the promovendus adopted a trans-disciplinary, praxis-approach to consider participatory, critical and liberationist planning and city-building processes. His journey was about the soul of the city, embodied in its spaces and its people. It reflected on unfolding urban spaces, tracing dynamics in the Berea-Burgers Park neighbourhood of Tshwane’s inner city between 1993 and 2016. The narratives emerging from this neighbourhood was brought into conversation with a range of other narratives, hoping to discern and propose a vision for a community-based urban praxis. The journey originated from a deliberate option for the city’s most vulnerable people, hoping to contribute towards a city characterised by radical forms of inclusion, sustainability and justice. It recognised that space is not neutral and spatial constructs are shaped by deep value frameworks that are prejudiced, exclusive and oppressive, or equalising, inclusive, and life-affirming. What the promovendus sought to discern and outline was a spirituality that can infuse planning praxis and spatial thinking: making spaces that will mediate dignity, justice and well-being. Part I of the study considered a new epistemology, identity and methodology, expressed in the metaphor of “becoming like children”, requiring a new selfunderstanding for those involved in planning, city-building or place-making, but also amongst urban citizens and vulnerable urban dwellers: to reclaim their own voice and agency in processes of city-making. In Part II of the study, after describing and deconstructing urban spaces and discourses in a contextual-narrative way, a spirituality and ethic of urban space are developed. It argues for a radical shift from planning as bureaucracy and technocracy, to planning as immersed, participatory artistry: opening up to the “genius” or (S)pirit of space – the Mother bird – hovering over urban spaces, responsive to urban cries, of humans and earth alike, and inviting us to be co-constructors of new and surprising spaces, mending and making whole. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Town and Regional Planning / PhD / Unrestricted