Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / High potassium content in grape juice and wine are associated with low quality red wine in warm wine producing countries. In an attempt to reduce the potassium content of juice, must and wine, a field experiment was laid out on the farms Meerlus and Kersfontein in the Paardeberg area near Wellington in 1998 on granite derived soils to investigate the effect of canopy management and fertiliser applications on berry K accumulation and wine quality. Four fertiliser applications, three canopy treatments and a MgSO4 foliar spray were studied. The three fertiliser treatments being: none (control), CaSO4, Ca(OH)2, and MgSO4 applications. The canopy treatments were: thin to two shoots per bearer, tip, vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and the removal of yellow leaves and lateral shoots (canopy 1), thin to three shoots per bearer, top after véraison and VSP (canopy 2) and VSP with top after véraison (canopy 3/control). Magnesium sulfate sprays were applied at véraison for two seasons (1999/00 and 2000/01). Seasonal effects produced the most significant differences in this experiment. Canopy treatments did not affect juice K concentration at harvest. Canopy 1 and 2 produced significantly lower wine pH values at Kersfontein. Fertiliser treatments had no effect on juice K concentration nor did it affect wine quality. Magnesium sulphate foliar sprays did not affect juice K concentration at harvest but significantly lowered juice and wine pH, improved wine colour density and total phenolic content. It appears for this experiment that soil K content before véraison, shoot growth at and after véraison and water stress after véraison were the main factors determining juice K concentration at harvest.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thompson Seedless and Regal Seedless are two white seedless table grape cultivars widely produced in South Africa. Both cultivars are susceptible to berry browning, especially Regal Seedless. Browning leads to annual financial losses for table grape growers. Although a correlation between harvest maturity and the occurrence of browning seems to exist, it is still unclear whether maturity levels are the actual contributing factor. The aim of the study was to establish if harvest maturity and crop load could influence the occurrence of browning of both cultivars. The impact of harvest maturity and crop load on phenolic compound concentration in the berry skin of both cultivars was also investigated. Total external browning of Regal Seedless and Thompson Seedless occurred in much higher percentages than internal browning. Regal Seedless showed a tendency to decreased total external browning with harvest maturity. The main reason for this is that net-like browning, which is the greatest contributor to total external browning, decreased with harvest maturity, in all three seasons. External browning of Thompson Seedless increased with harvest maturity in both seasons. Contact browning was the greatest contributor to total external browning of Thompson Seedless. Crop load did not significantly influence berry browning of Regal Seedless or Thompson Seedless grapes. The flavan-3-ol concentration (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2) in Regal Seedless generally increased with harvest maturity, whereas in Thompson Seedless the general tendency was a decrease in the flavan-3-ol concentration with harvest maturity. The development of phenolic compound concentration with maturity could not be correlated with the occurrence of berry browning. Crop load did not affect flavan-3-ol concentration. When the flavan-3-ol concentration of Regal Seedless and Thompson Seedless were compared at different harvest maturities the concentrations of flavan-3-ols were clearly much higher in the skin of Regal Seedless than in the skin of Thompson Seedless (for both the 2008 & 2009 seasons). Comparison of the browning incidence with harvest maturity for these two cultivars (see above) clearly reveals that external browning of Regal Seedless occurred in much higher percentages than on Thompson Seedless. Regal Seedless had much higher levels of external browning than Thompson Seedless. The concentration of flavan-3-ols in the skin of white seedless cultivars may be an indication of the cultivar’s susceptibility to external browning. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Thompson Seedless en Regal Seedless is twee wit pitlose tafeldruif kultivars wat ekstensief in Suid-Afrika verbou word. Verbruining kan ‘n probleem wees by beide kultivars, spesifiek Regal Seedless. Die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot verbruining is nog nie duidelik bepaal nie. Alhoewel dit lyk of daar ‘n korrelasie tussen rypheidsgraad van die oes en verbruining kan wees is dit steeds onduidelik of oesrypheidsvlakke die werklike oorsaak van verbruining is. Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel of die rypheidsgraad van die oes en oeslading verbruining van beide kultivars kan beïnvloed. Die effek van oes rypheidsgraad en oeslading op konsentrasie van fenoliese verbindings in die korrelskil van beide kultivars is ook ondersoek. Totale eksterne verbruining van Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless het in baie hoër persentasies voorgekom as interne verbruining. Daar was ‘n tendens by Regal Seedless dat totale eksterne verbruining verminder het soos die oes ryper geraak het as gevolg van netagtige verbruining, wat die grootste bydrae tot totale eksterne verbruining veroorsaak het. Netagtige verbruining se voorkoms het verminder oor al drie seisoene. Eksterne verbruining van Thompson Seedless het toegeneem met oes rypheid in beide seisoene. Kontak verbruining het grootste byrdae gelewer tot totale eksterne verbruining van Thompson Seedless. Oeslading het nie ‘n betekenisvolle invloed op verbruining van Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless gehad nie. Die flavan-3-ol (katesjien, epikatesjien, prosianidien B1 en prosianidien B2) konsentrasie van Regal Seedless het met oes rypheid toegeneem. By Thompson Seedless was daar ‘n afname in die flavan-3-ol konsentrasie met oes rypheid. Daar was geen korrrelasie tussen die konsentrasie van fenoliese verbinding en die voorkoms van verbruining vir beide kultivars. Oeslading het nie ‘n betekenisvolle effek op die konsentrasie van fenoliese verbindings gehad nie. Vergelyking van die flavan-3-ol konsentrasie van Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless by verskillende rypheidsgrade wys dat die konsentrasie baie hoër in die korrel skil van Regal Seedless as in die van Thompson Seedless (vir beide 2008 & 2009 seisoene). Die vergelyking van die voorkoms van verbruining met oesrypheid van beide kultivars wys duidelik dat eksterne verbruining van Regal Seedless in baie hoër persentasies voorkom as in Thompson Seedless. Flavan-3-ol konsentrasie in die skil van wit pitlose kultivars kan ‘n aanduiding wees van die kultivar se moontlike risiko vir die voorkoms van eksterne verbruining.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The global wine industry has shifted to a more adopted ‘consumer-preference’ production. Modern wine consumers are more knowledgeable and cultivated in their understanding of wine quality, value and style. The quality of red wines mainly depends on grape composition, the wine making process and the ability of tasters to recognise sensory attributes. The harvest date/stage has an influence on the grape composition, thus making the decision on when to harvest an important factor in the production of quality wines or different wine styles. The traditional indicators used in the wine industry to determine time of harvest are more related to the perception of taste and mouthfeel and give little indication of the style of wine in terms of aromatic profile. A new physiological indicator using berry sugar accumulation for the purpose of sequential harvest is proposed to assist the winemaker in producing wines with possible different sensory profiles. This indicator can be used in association with the classical indicators of ripening to affect the diversity of wine styles from a single vineyard or a group of vineyards. The wines could thus have different potential aroma profiles, depending on when the grapes were harvested. The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of performing sequential harvest using a physiological indicator on red wine’s sensory composition. This was done to study the possible relation between harvest time (e.g. fruit composition evolution) and the wine styles/sensory attributes across the different harvest times, thereby possibly increasing the diversity of wine styles. A theoretical berry sugar loading concept was compiled and displays a phase of rapid sugar loading starting at véraison followed by a plateau phase. Depending on whether grapes were harvested in the beginning, mid or end of the plateau phase of fruit sugar accumulation the wines could have different potential aroma profiles. Three main stages: fresh fruit (FF), neutral (N) or pre ripe and mature fruit (MF) has been previously proposed using the sugar loading concept and in terms of harvesting dates. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes form Eikendal Vineyards, Stellenbosch were used to make wines according to sequential harvest. Four harvest stages were considered, pre fresh fruit (Pre FF), fresh fruit (FF), mature fruit (MF) and over ripe (OR). The wines were tasted and analysed using two different sensory techniques. In both Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines, the PreFF and OR stages could be more easily discriminated than the two harvest stages in-between, FF and MF. The results suggested that the wines made from the FF and MF stages could not be distinguished from each other in general when the attribute citation frequency method or sorting tasks were performed. However, a trend could be observed for both Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines in terms of aroma attributes with attributes changing from green to ripe fruit during ripening using expert tasters. Relevant research should be engaged to refine sequential harvest in order to obtain more diverse wine styles from a single site or a group of vineyards. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreldwye wynbedryf het ’n verskuiwing ondergaan na ’n verbruikersvoorkeurbenadering in produksie. Wynverbruikers is deesdae beter ingelig en meer ontwikkeld ten opsigte van hulle kennis van wyngehalte, wynstyl, asook die waarde van wyn. Die gehalte van rooiwyn hang hoofsaaklik af van die druifsamestelling, die wynmaakproses en die vermoë van proewers om sensoriese eienskappe te herken. Aangesien die oesdatum/-fase ’n invloed het op druifsamestelling, is die besluit oor wanneer daar geoes moet word ’n belangrike faktor in die vervaardiging van gehaltewyne of verskillende wynstyle. Die tradisionele aanwysers wat in die wynbedryf gebruik word om oestyd te bepaal, hou verband met die waarneming van smaak en mondgevoel en gee weinig aanduiding van die wynstyl op grond van die aromatiese profiel. ’n Nuwe fisiologiese aanwyser wat gebruik maak van suikerakkumulasie in die druiwekorrel in opeenvolgende oeste, het ten doel om die wynmaker te help om wyne met verskeie moontlike sensoriese profiele te vervaardig. Hierdie aanwyser kan saam met die klassieke aanwysers van rypwording gebruik word om ’n verskeidenheid wynstyle uit een wingerd of wingerdgroep te vervaardig. Die wyne kan dus potensieel oor verskillende aromatiese profiele beskik, afhangend van wanneer die druiwe geoes is. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om die invloed van opeenvolgende oes te toets deur ’n fisiologiese aanwyser op rooiwyn se sensoriese samestelling toe te pas. Dit word gedoen deur die moontlike verhouding tussen die oestyd (bv. ontwikkeling van vrugsamestelling) en die wynstyle of wyn se sensoriese kenmerke op verskillende oestye te bestudeer ten einde die verskeidenheid wynstyle potensieel te vermeerder. ’n Teoretiese konsep van druifsuikeropname is saamgestel wat dui op ’n fase van vinnige suikeropname wat by véraison begin, gevolg deur ’n plato-fase. Wyn kan oor verskillende moontlike aromatiese profiele beskik, afhangend daarvan of die druiwe aan die begin, middel of einde van die plato-fase van suikeropname geoes is. Drie hooffases is al voorheen voorgestel deur gebruik te maak van die konsep van suikeropname volgens oesdatum, te wete vars vrugte (VV) (“fresh fruit”, FF), neutraal (N) (“neutral”, N) of voor ryp (“pre ripe”), en ryp vrugte (RF) (“mature fruit”, MF). Cabernet Sauvignon- en Merlot-druiwe van Eikendal, Stellenbosch, se wingerde is gebruik om wyn volgens opeenvolgende oes te maak. Vier oesfases is oorweeg, te wete voor vars vrugte (VVV) (“pre fresh fruit”, Pre FF), vars vrugte (VV) (“fresh fruit”, FF), ryp vrugte (RV) (“mature fruit”, MF), en oorryp (OR) (“over ripe”, OR). Die wyn is geproe en geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van twee verskille sensoriese tegnieke. In die geval van beide die Merlot- en Cabernet Sauvignon-wyn kon die VVV- en OR-fases makliker onderskei word as die twee tussenin-fases, VV en RV. Resultate dui daarop dat wyn wat van die VV- en RV-fases gemaak is, oor die algemeen nie van mekaar onderskei kan word wanneer die frekwensie van kenmerkaanhaling-metode en sorteringstaak uitgevoer word nie. ’n Tendens kon egter waargeneem word vir Cabernet Sauvignon- én Merlot-wyn ten opsigte van aromatiese kenmerke, deurdat kenmerke gedurende rypwording van groen na ryp vrugte verander het indien ekspertproewers gebruik is. Verdere navorsing moet gedoen word om opeenvolgende oes te verfyn ten einde ’n wyer verskeidenheid wynstyle van ’n enkele area of wingerdgroep te verkry.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maceration enzymes for the wine industry are preparations containing mainly pectinases, cellulases and hemicellulases, used during wine making to degrade the berry cell walls and release polyphenolic and aroma molecules to increase wine quality. These types of enzymes are also used for the harvesting of revenue-generating molecules from pomace (skins, pulp and seeds from grape processing waste), or as processing aids when used in the production of bioethanol. Grape berry cell walls are recalcitrant towards degradation, therefore knowledge about their structures and compositions, as well as how the application of enzymes modify these structures is essential in order to optimise these processes. The aim of this study was to extend current knowledge by using a mixture of existing and novel methodologies to study grape berry cell walls by focusing on the profiles of polymers present in the walls. Cell wall profiling techniques used in this study include the Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) method that employs monoclonal antibodies and Carbohydrate Binding Modules (CBM) which specifically recognise the polymers in the plant cell wall. With this method we measured the abundance of specific polymers and traced the fluctuation in their levels of abundance as influenced by external factors such as enzyme hydrolysis. The CoMPP method was coupled with monosaccharide profile analysis by GC-MS to determine the building blocks of the cell wall polymers, as well as with Infrared Spectroscopy to monitor the changes in the bulk chemistry profile. Data sets generated by the cell wall profiling methods were analysed with uni- and multivariate statistical methods to detect the major patterns in the data. This study highlighted the cell wall differences on the polymer level, in the berry skin cells of Pinotage grapes at different ripeness levels and how it changes during a standard wine fermentation, leading to the release of homogalacturonans and the exposing of arabinogalactan proteins. When maceration enzymes were added, further depectination was evident and the enzymes unravelled the cell wall of the ripe grapes. In overripe grapes no additional degradation could be observed due to maceration enzyme actions, presumably indicating that the endogenous grape enzymes already caused extensive degradation. When purified enzymes were incubated under buffered conditions with isolated skin cell walls from Pinotage grapes or with Chardonnay grape pomace, different levels of enzymatic hydrolysis were observed and defined. The sequence in which cell wall polymers were extracted, and the influence of specific enzymes in facilitating the extraction process, provided important information on the accessibility of specific cell wall polymers. Synergistic action between, for example an endo-polygalacturonase (EPG) and an endo-glucanase (EG) was demonstrated with CoMPP. This EPG and EG synergism was also demonstrated with a yeast strain (a Saccharomyces paradoxus x S. cerevisiae hybrid) fermented in a buffered pomace suspension. This yeast strain has a native EPG and was engineered to also express a recombinant EG from a genome integrated cassette. The cell walls isolated from the pomace after fermentation were unravelled and depectination took place, as evident from CoMPP data. The cell wall profiling techniques used in this study were proven to be fast and sensitive. It provided insights into the structure of grape cell walls and was used to evaluate the changes due to ripening, fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis and a heat pre-processing treatment. In addition to the knowledge gained, we also demonstrated that these techniques can be used to evaluate different enzymes and enzyme combinations as well as the potential of microorganisms to degrade grape tissue. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maserasie ensieme vir die wynindustrie is ensiem mengsels wat hoofsaaklik pektinases, sellulases en hemisellulases bevat en word tydens wynbereiding gebruik om die druifkorrel se selwand af te breek, die polifenole en aroma molekules vry te stel en sodoende die wyn kwaliteit te verbeter. Hierdie soort ensieme word ook gebruik om inkomste-genererende molekules vanuit druiweprosesserings afval (doppe, pulp en pitte) te isoleer, en ook as prosesserings hulpmiddels in die produksie van bioetanol. Druifkorrel selwande is weerstandig teen ensiem afbraak en daarom is kennis oor die struktuur en samestelling van die selwand, asook hoe die selwand strukture deur die toediening van ensieme verander word noodsaaklik om sodoende hierdie prosesse te optimaliseer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die huidige kennis uit te brei deur bestaande asook nuwe metodes te gebruik om die druifkorrel selwand te bestudeer met die fokus op die polimeerprofiel van die selwande. Selwand karakteriserings tegnieke wat in hierdie studie gebruik is sluit in die Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) metode wat monoklonale teenliggaampies en koolhidraat bindende modules (Carbohydrate binding modules, CBMs) wat spesifiek die selwandpolimere van die plant selwand herken, gebruik. Met hierdie metode het ons die vlakke van spesifieke polimere gemeet asook die skommeling in hulle vlakke soos dit beïnvloed is deur eksterne faktore soos ensiem hidroliese. Die CoMPP metode is tesame met monosakkaried profiel analise, met behulp van GC-MS, wat die boublokke van die selwand polimere bepaal, asook infrarooi spektroskopie om die veranderinge in die oorhoofse chemiese profiel te bepaal, gebruik. Datastelle wat met die selwand karakteriserings tegnieke gegenereer is, is ontleed met een- en multiveranderlike statistiese metodes om die hoof tendense in die data op te spoor. Hierdie studie het die selwand verskille, op die polimeervlak, van Pinotage druiwe uitgelig. Verskillende rypheidsgrade asook hoe dit verander tydens ‘n standaard wynfermentasie is gevolg. Laasgenoemde het die vrystelling van homogalakturonaan en die ontbloting van arabinogalaktoproteïene tot gevolg gehad. Met die byvoeging van maserasie ensieme was dit duidelik dat addisionele pektienverwydering plaasgevind het en dat die ensieme die selwand van die ryp druiwe ontrafel het. In oorryp druiwe was daar geen addisionele selwand afbreking sigbaar as gevolg van die aksie van maserasie ensieme nie, wat moontlik aandui dat die inherente druif ensieme reeds uitgebreide selwand afbraak versoorsaak het. Wanneer gesuiwerde ensieme met geïsoleerde selwande van Pinotage druiwedoppe en met Chardonnay druiweprosesserings afval geïnkubeer is onder gebufferde kondisies, is verskillende vlakke van ensiematiese hidroliese waargeneem en geklassifiseer. Die volgorde waarin die selwand polimere geëkstraheer is, asook die invloed van spesifieke ensieme in die bevordering van die ekstraksie proses, het belangrike inligting verskaf oor die toeganglikheid van spesifieke selwand polimere. Sinergistiese aksie tussen, byvoorbeeld ‘n endo-poligalakturonase (EPG) en ‘n endo-glukanase (EG) is geidentifiseer met behulp van die CoMPP data. Hierdie EPG en EG sinergisme is ook geïllustreer met ‘n gisras (‘n Saccharomyces paradoxus x S. cerevisiae hibried) wat in ‘n gebufferde druifprosesserings afval suspensie gefermenteer het. Hierdie gisras het ‘n endogene EPG en is ontwerp om ook ‘n rekombinante EG uit te druk vanaf ‘n genoom geïntegreerde kasset. Die selwande van die druiweprosesserings afval wat na die fermentasie geïsoleer is, was ontrafel en pektienverwydering het plaasgevind, soos bevestig met CoMPP data. In hierdie studie is bewys dat die selwand karakteriserings tegnieke vinnig en sensitief is. Dit het insigte verskaf oor die struktuur van die druifselwand en is gebruik om die veranderinge as gevolg van rypheidsverskille, wynfermentasie, ensiem hidroliese en hitte prosessering te evalueer. Buiten die bydraes tot kennis oor hierdie onderwerpe, is die bruikbaarheid van hierdie tegnieke ook aangetoon, veral in die evaluasie van verskillende ensieme en ensiemkombinasies, asook mikroörganismes vir die afbraak van druifweefsel.

Berry curvature appears in the semi-classical theory of Bloch electrons already to first order in electromagnetic fields, resulting in profound modification of the carrier velocity and phase space density of states. Here we derive the equations of motion for the physical position and crystal momentum to second order in the fields. The dynamics still has a Hamiltonian structure, albeit with noncanonical Poisson brackets between the physical variables. We are able to expand both the carrier energy and the Poisson brackets to second order in the fields with terms of clear physical meaning. To demonstrate the utility of our theory, we obtain with much ease the electromagnetic response and orbital magnetic susceptibility. / text

Au cours des prochaines années, il est prédit que le changement climatique va influencer la production des cultures et impacter négativement le secteur agricole. Parmi les cultures mondiales majeures, la vigne est cultivée pour ses baies, qui sont la base de produits à forte valeur ajoutée (vin, liqueurs, et métabolites secondaires utilisés dans les industries pharmaceutiques et cosmétologiques) et dont le métabolisme est fortement sensible au climat. Cependant, la réponse au niveau de la composition de la baie ainsi que les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents mettant en évidence la capacité de l’interaction porte-greffe/greffon à influencer le métabolisme de la baie dans des conditions de stress hydrique est encore très peu étudiée et compris. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a eu pour objectifs de répondre à ces questionnements en combinant des approches ecophysiologique, biochimique et transcriptomique. Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir greffé soit sur le porte greffe 110R (tolérance à la sécheresse, vigueur conférée moyenne à forte) ou 125AA (sensible à la sécheresse, forte vigueur conférée) ont été étudié au cours de 3 années (2009, 2010 et 2011), au vignoble et dans des conditions témoin (pluviométrie normale) ou de stress hydrique provoqué. Différents paramètres physiologiques (statut hydrique et rendement) ainsi que le profil métabolique de la baie (sucres, acides organiques, acides aminés et anthocyanes) ont été caractérisés à quatre stades de développement (E-L 33, E-L 35, E-L 36, E-L 38). D’autre part, une analyse microarray sur génome complet a également été réalisée pour deux années (2009 et 2010) et deux stades de développement critiques et représentatifs (E-L 35 et E-L 36). Dans son ensemble, cette thèse fournit des nouveaux éléments concernant la réponse métabolique de la baie au porte-greffe et à la contrainte hydrique, et met en évidence des possibles mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans cette réponse. / Climate change is expected to influence crop production and to impact negatively the agricultural sector in the future. Among the major crops cultivated worldwide, grapevine provides berries that are the basis of high added value products (wines, liquors, and secondary metabolites used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetological industry) and whose metabolism is strongly sensitive to climate (vintage effect). However, the response of berry composition and the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of rootstock/scion interaction to influence grape berry metabolism under drought stress are still poorly understood. In this context, this work aimed to fill the gaps on the aforementioned questions by combining comprehensive ecophysiological measurements, detailed metabolite analysis, and whole-genome transcriptome analysis. Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir grafted on either rootstock 110R (drought tolerant, mid- to high vigor) or 125AA (drought sensitive, high vigor) were studied during three growing seasons (2009, 2010, and 2011) in the field under normal rainfall or water shortage conditions. We characterized different physiological parameters (water status and yield components) and berry metabolomic profiles (sugars, organic acids, free amino acids and anthocyanins) during four developmental stages (E-L 33, E-L 35, E-L 36, E-L 38). Besides we also performed a microarray analysis in two years (2009 and 2010) at two critical and representative developmental stages (E-L 35 and E-L 36). Overall, this work provides novel insights into the response of grape berry metabolites to rootstock and to drought and uncovers some possible molecular mechanisms underlying the berry response to different rootstock/water status combinations.

Thesis advisor: Lynn Lyerly / Based in 1960s Detroit, the Motown Record Company established itself and thrived as an independently run and successful African American business. Amidst humble origins in a two-story house outside of which Berry Gordy hung the sign, "Hitsville USA," Motown encouraged America's youth, urging them to look beyond racial divides and to simply sing and dance together in a time where the theme of unity was becoming increasingly important. Producing legends such as Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross, Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Martha Reeves, Gladys Knight, and the Jackson Five, Motown truly created a new sound for the youth of America and helped shape the 1960s. Competing with the "British Invasion" and "the Protest Movement," in 1960s music, Motown is often said to have had little or no impact on the political and social revolution of the time because Motown did not produce "message music." The 2006 film, Dreamgirls even depicts Gordy and Motown as hypocrites and race traitors. Yet Motown embodied one of the principles the Civil Rights Movement preached most: black success and independence. Although the founder of Motown, Berry Gordy, never had the intention of proclaiming a message of black independence and empowerment through his actions of establishing an independent record company, he accomplished one of the goals of the Civil Rights Movement: black economic independence. The establishment and success of Motown was an intrinsically political act that served as proof to Civil Rights claims that African Americans could be just as independent and successful as whites. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: History Honors Program.

O estudo da distribuição de pragas em espaço e tempo em sistemas agrícolas fornece informação importante sobre os mecanismos de dispersão das espécies e sua interação com fatores ambientais. Esse tipo de estudos também é de muita ajuda no desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem, na otimização de programas de manejo integrado de pragas e no planejamento de experimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar vários modelos hierárquicos na modelagem da variação espaço-temporal da infestação da broca do café visando produzir mapas de risco da infestação que descrevam adequadamente o processo de infestação. Foram usadas diferentes combinações de efeitos aleatórios representando variabilidade não estruturada, com diferentes escolhas de distribuições a priori para os parâmetros e os hiperparâmetros dos modelos. Foram também usados diferentes esquemas de vizinhança para representar a correlação espacial dos dados. O ajuste dos modelos foi feito usando métodos MCMC. A estatística deviance e funções de perda quadrática foram usadas para a comparação entre modelos. Os resultados são apresentados como uma seqüência de mapas de risco de infestação. / Study of agricultural pests distribution in space and time provides important information about the species dispersion mechanisms and its interaction with environmental factors. It also helps the development of sampling plans, the integrated pest management and planning of experiments. The aim of this work was to compare several hierarchical models in modelling the spatio-temporal variation of the coffee berry borer infestation in order to produce risk maps. Different combinations of random effects representing spatially structured and unstructured variability were used, with different prior distributions for the parameters and hyperparameters. Also different neighbourhood schemes were used to represent the spatial correlation of the data. The model fitting was done using MCMC methods and deviance and squared loss function were used for the comparison between models. The results are presented as a sequence of risk maps.

A idade das fêmeas colonizadoras de Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) durante o abandonamento do hospedeiro, assim como sua resposta aos voláteis de flores de café, Coffea arabica L. var. Tupi, foram investigadas neste trabalho. Um dispositivo experimental que simulasse as condições de dentro do fruto de café e permitisse a observação da saída dos insetos foi utilizado para a determinação da idade das fêmeas colonizadoras. Em média, os besouros apresentaram 15 dias de idade no momento em que abandonaram o dispositivo experimental. Nesta idade as fêmeas estavam acasaladas, possuiam o tegumento totalmente melanizado, foram capazes de voar e produzir ovos viáveis. Os voláteis de flores de café, foram coletados por aeração, analisados por GC-EAD e GC-MS, e testados em bioensaios olfatométricos. As fêmeas colonizadoras de H. hampei foram atraídas pelos voláteis de flores de café. Dos 50 compostos encontrados nos extratos naturais, sete foram eletrofisiologicamente ativos aos insetos. Destes sete, somente metil salicilato, neral e geranial puderam ser identificados, e a mistura de seus padrões sintéticos foi a mais atrativa nos bioensaios olfatométricos. Tomados juntos, estes resultados trazem novas informações sobre a bioecologia e ecologia química da broca-do-café, as quais poderão ser usadas futuramente em pesquisas de base e naquelas focadas no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de manejo para H. hampei em cafezais. / The age of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) females during the host abandonment, as well as their response to coffee flower volatiles were determinated under laboratory conditions. A experimental device that simulated the conditions inside a coffee berry, and that allowed the observation the insects coming out was used to determinate the age of colonizing females. On average, the beetles were 15 d-old at the moment they abandoned the experimental device. In this age, the females were mated, had a fully melanized tegument, were able to fly and to produce viable eggs. The volatiles of coffee, Coffea arabica L. var. Tupi, flowers were colected by aeration, analyzed in GC-EAD and GC-MS, and tested in olfactometer bioassays. The colonizing H. hampei females were attracted by the coffee flower volatiles. Of 50 compounds found in the natural extracts, seven were electrophysiologically actives to the insects. Of these seven, only methyl salicylate, neral and geranial could be identified, and the blend with their syntetic standards was the most atractive in the olfactometer bioassays. Taken together, these results bring new information on the bioecology and chemical ecology of the coffee berry borer, which may be used in the future by basic researchs or by those focused on the development of new strategies for the management of H. hampei in coffee farms.

Raspberry production in Utah is concentrated to a large extent in Utah county. According to the 1940 census, Utah county contains 62 percent of the state acreage of 611 acres. Average raspberry acreage in Utah is only about one-half acre per farm on farms reported as growing raspberries. With such small acreage the average producer cannot afford to devote very much time and effort to the production and marketing of raspberries. In the majority of cases raspberry production is carried on by the farmer's wife, as a means of gaining “pin” money for use in the household. Proceeds from raspberries are one of the first cash incomes of the year received from fruit production. The harvesting of raspberries begins about the 25th of June and lasts until the end of July in Utah county. Because of the small acreage per grower, short production season, and high perishability of raspberries, a problem of marketing arises. Previous to 1939, the Salt Lake Public Market was over-supplied with raspberries during peaks of production. This resulted in low prices. Peddlers and truckers dictated the price received by producers. Thus, low prices often resulted and caused the berries to be left on the vines as the prices would not pay the cost of picking and packing. In order to provide better market outlets, establish satisfactory grades and standards, and provide for more orderly marketing, the producers in Utah county organized a Cooperative Marketing Association in 1939. This association was organized for the purpose of marketing raspberries grown by producers in Utah county from Mapleton to Pleasant Grove. The purpose of this study is: (1) to show the problems relating to the marketing of raspberries in Utah, (2) to analyze data made available by the Utah Berry Growers' Association order to show market areas, methods of marketing, price received by method of sale, marketing expenses and to determine sales and prices received on week days and holidays, (3) to analyze the possibility of extending the markets for Utah raspberries.