Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados experimentais referentes ao decaimento beta do Nb POT.92, obtidos a partir de medidas da atividade gama residual que segue a reação Nb POT.93 (gamma, n). A alimentação do nível a 2067 keV do Zr POT.92 foi determinada com boa precisão. A não observação de transições gama que envolvem os níveis 0 POT.+ e 4 POT.+ do Zr POT.92 permitiram, a partir de uma analise estatística rigorosa determinar-se limites superiores para a alimentação desses níveis. Os resultados experimentais obtidos, bem como diversos outros disponíveis na bibliografia especializada, foram analisados a luz do modelo de camadas, explorando-se especialmente a contribuição do orbital de nêutrons g IND.7/2 nos primeiros níveis excitados do Zr POT.92. Os cálculos foram feitos usando-se valores publicados para os elementos de matriz da interação residual próton-próton e supondo-se uma interação delta superficial para a interação nêutron-nêutron. / We have investigated the beta decay of Nb POT.92 measuring the residual gamma activities associated with the Nb POT.93 (gamma, n) reaction. The beta branch to the 2067 keV Zr POT.92 level has been determined. Unobserved gamma-rays, with a rigorous statistical analysis, allow the determination of upper limits to beta transitions to the 0 POT.+ and 4 POT.+ levels of Zr POT.92. We have compared ours and other published results with the predictions of shells model, exploring the g IND.7/2 neutron orbit contribution to the levels of Zr POT.92 The shell model calculations have been made using published values for the proton-proton matrix elements. The neutron-neutron matrix elements have been determined assuming a surface delta interaction.

Orientador: Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:43:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zompero_RafaelHenriquedeFreitas_M.pdf: 2571362 bytes, checksum: c3df7d704fb350757e99b3e400dee050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento e otimização de um processo escalonável de produção de lipossomas contendo ?-caroteno, visando sua posterior aplicação em produtos de interesse da indústria alimentícia. Para tanto, os efeitos das variáveis que influenciam o processo foram analisados, proporcionando um maior conhecimento a respeito da fenomenologia envolvida na produção dos nanoagregados e maior controle sobre as respostas produzidas pelo sistema. O ?-caroteno é um antioxidante natural, pró-vitamínico e que pode ser empregado como corante natural em formulações alimentícias. Porém sua elevada hidrofobicidade dificulta a aplicação em alimentos de base aquosa. Dentre as metodologias disponíveis para produção de lipossomas, o método de injeção de etanol apresenta-se como o mais facilmente adaptável as necessidades da indústria, possuindo baixo custo de implantação e operação. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho o método de injeção de etanol foi investigado visando a otimização dos parâmetros operacionais para a produção de nanoagregados tendo como objetivo obter propriedades físico químicas tais como diâmetro médio e polidispersidade de forma. Análises estatísticas dos resultados foram realizadas para determinação dos efeitos de cada variável e modelos foram desenvolvidos para predição do comportamento do sistema em diferentes condições de processo. Em seguida, a incorporação de ?-caroteno nos lipossomas obtidos na melhor condição foi avaliada em razões ?-caroteno/lipídio pré-definidas. Ensaios de incorporação de ?-caroteno aos lipossomas revelaram que proporções molares ?-caroteno/lipídio de até 0,5% mostram-se estáveis e solúveis em meio aquoso, resultado confirmado pelos ensaios de monocamadas de Langmuir realizados. A formulação otimizada foi submetida a testes de estabilidade em condições controladas de stress e, em um segundo momento, incorporada a nanofibras de álcool polivinílico e óxido de polietileno através de processo de electrospinning, conferindo proteção extra ao ?-caroteno internalizado. Estas nanofibras produzidas foram caracterizadas quanto a morfologia, diâmetro, presença de fosfolipídios, homogeneidade da distribuição de ?-caroteno e estabilidade a exposição a luz ultravioleta. Testes de rehidratação destas nanofibras foram conduzidos, verificando através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão a liberação de lipossomas na fase aquosa. Dessa forma, a partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o método de injeção de etanol foi otimizado, sendo que os efeitos de cada uma das variáveis de processo foram elucidados, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento tecnológico da técnica. Os ensaios de aplicação de condições de stress mostram que existe uma barreira a ser vencida no que diz respeito a estabilidade de lipossomas em formulações alimentícias complexas, principalmente para situações de elevada concentração de sacarose e altos teores de NaCl. Por fim, os testes de incorporação em nanofibras mostraram-se bastante promissores, mostrando a viabilidade e benefícios que podem ser agregados ao sistema através da utilização de técnica de eletrofiação contribuindo no desenvolvimento de novos materiais e produtos a serem utilizados pelo setor industrial alimentício / Abstract: The main goal of the present work was the development and optimization of a scalable process for production of ?-carotene loaded liposomes, aiming its application in the food industry. In that way, the effects of the variables that have influence on the process were analysed, providing greater information about the phenomenology evolving the production of these nano aggregates and improved control over the system responses. ?-carotene is a natural antioxidant, pro-vitaminic, and can be employed as a natural colorant in food formulations. However, its high hydrophobicity makes it difficult to be applied in water based foods. The development of feasible processes that can be implemented in the food industry for ?-carotene encapsulation is a actual research challenge. On the first step of this work the ethanol injection method was investigated aiming process parameters optimization for liposomes production with controlled size and polidispersity. Statistical analyses of the results were performed for variables effects determination and mathematical models development for system behaviour prediction. Then, ?-carotene incorporation on liposomes produced at the optimized condition was evaluated studying different ?-carotene/lipid ratios. ?-carotene incorporation experiments revealed that 0.5% ?-carotene/lipid ratios show to be stable and soluble in aqueous media, result confirmed by Langmuir monolayer experiments. The optimized formulation was submitted to stability tests under controlled stress conditions and, in a second stage, incorporated to polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide nanofibers using electrospinning technique for extra ?-carotene protection. The produced nanofibers were characterized regarding morphology, diameter, phospholipids presence, ?-carotene homogeneity and stability to UV light exposure. Nanofibers rehydration tests were conducted, verifying using transmission electron microscopy that liposomes were released in the aqueous media. In that way, from the obtained results we can conclude that the ethanol injection method was successfully optimized and the evaluation of the effects of each variable was elucidated, contributing to the technological development of the technique. Experiments regarding application of different stress conditions to liposomes formulations show that there is a barrier that must be overcome related to stability of liposomes to complex food formulations. Finally, incorporation tests on nanofibers showed to be promising, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits that can be aggregated to the system by using electrospinning, contributing to the development of new materials and products to be used by the food processing industries / Mestrado / Engenharia Química / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Francisco Benedito Teixeira Pessine / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandrino_GuilhermeLionello_M.pdf: 6401639 bytes, checksum: 74c410c18bcea29a9d36cd3c84b3cfe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Tiabendazol (TBZ) é um fármaco pouco solúvel em água (66 mg/mL), derivado do benzimidazol, com ampla aplicação farmacológica, devido a suas propriedades anti-helmíntica, fungicida e bactericida. O aumento em sua solubilidade pode ser atingido preparando complexos de inclusão com Ciclodextrinas (bCD), que são polissacarídeos cíclicos de D-(+)-glicopiranose unidas por meio de ligações glicosídicas a-1,4, cuja estrutura resulta em um ambiente interno hidrofóbico e uma superfície e extremidades hidrofílicas. Neste trabalho, a preparação de complexos de inclusão entre TBZ e bCD foi realizada pelo método de co-precipitação, em duas metodologias que diferiram na etapa de solubilização do TBZ: empregando etanol ou meio ácido com HCl em pH 2.2. Os complexos preparados foram caracterizados no estado sólido, através das técnicas de espectroscopia de absorção no i.v., difratometria de raios-X e análise termogravimétrica. Em solução, a estabilidade termodinâmica do complexo de inclusão TBZ:bCD foi investigada em meios que simulam os fluídos gástrico e intestinal humano, sem enzimas, determinando as constantes de equilíbrio K nas temperaturas 25 (150 ± 31), 37 (85 ± 32) e 45 ºC (83 ± 23), e as funções termodinâmicas de formação DHº (-24 kJ/mol), DS º (-39 J/mol.K) e DGº (-12,5 kJ/mol), através de dados de espectroscopia de fluorescência. Além disso, a estrutura supramolecular deste complexo em água foi investigada por RMN, a partir de espectros de dados de deslocamento químico em espectros de H e do experimento ROESY-1D, em que o último sugere encapsulação do fármaco através de seu grupo benzimidazol, além da determinação dos coeficientes de difusão e K (49 a 25ºC) por DOSY, em D2O. Os dados experimentais sobre estabilidade termodinâmica e informações estruturais foram confrontados com resultados obtidos de cálculos teóricos de otimização molecular e determinação de energias de conformações e interações, realizados com os métodos quânticos PM3 e DFT (vacuo) e PM6 (meio aquoso) / Abstract: Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a poorly water soluble drug derived from benzimidazole with wide pharmacological, fungicide and bactericide applicability. The enhancement of its water solubility can be achieved through formation of inclusion complexes with beta-Cyclodextrin (bCD), a cyclic polysaccharide from D- (+)-glicopyranose units linked by a-1,4 chemical bonds, whose structure has a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic surface and extremities. This work involves the preparation of inclusion complexes with TBZ and bCD by the co-precipitation method, using two methodologies for the TBZ solubilization step: with ethanol or HCl medium (pH 2.2). The inclusion complexes were characterized on solid state by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermodynamic stability of TBZ:bCD inclusion complex was investigated in human simulated gastric and intestinal fluids but without the respective enzymes. Equilibrium constants K at the temperatures of 25 (150 ± 31), 37 (85 ± 32) and 45ºC (83 ± 23), and the thermodynamic functions DH º (-24 kJ/mol), DS º (-39 J/mol.K) and DG º (-12,5 kJ/mol) were evaluated through fluorescence spectroscopy. The supramolecular structure of this complex in aqueous solution was extensively investigated by NMR spectroscopy, based on H chemical shift and ROESY-1D experiments, with the latter one suggesting the drug interacts with the CD through its benzimidazole group. NMR-based experiment DOSY was also employed to get the diffusion coefficients and K (49 at 25ºC), in D2O. Experimental results on thermodynamic stability and structural information were compared with theoretical calculations of TBZ:bCD molecular optimization and determination of conformation and interaction energies of related structures. The calculations of the isolated species, in vacuum, were performed by PM3 and DFT methods, while PM6 method was employed for calculation simulating the aqueous media / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / The cascade of neurotoxic events involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease may explain the inefficacy of currently available treatment based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI - donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists (memantine). These drugs were designed based on the "one-moleculeone- target" paradigm and only address a single target. Conversely, the multi-target drug design strategy increasingly gains recognition. Based on the versatile biological activities of tacrine, trolox and β-carboline derivatives, the attention they have received as lead structures for the design of multifunctional drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and the topology of the active site of AChE, we have designed tacrine-trolox and tacrine-tryptoline hybrids with various linker chain lengths. The aim with these hybrids was to provide additive or synergistic therapeutic effects that might help overcome the limitation of current anti Alzheimer's disease drugs. All synthesized compounds were designed from lead structures (tacrine, tryptoline and trolox) to obtain cholinesterase (ChE) multisite binders and multifunctional AD agents. The study was rationalized by docking all structures in the active site of TcAChE using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software before proceeding with the synthesis. ChE inhibition was assessed in a UV enzyme inhibition assay using Ellman's method. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) absorbance assay. The hybrids containing the trolox moiety (compounds 8a-e) showed moderate to high AChE inhibitory activity in the nano to micro molar range (IC₅₀: 17.37 - 2200 nM), BuChE inhibition was observed in the same range (IC₅₀: 3.16 – 128.82 nM), and free radical scavenging activities in micro molar range (IC50: 11.48 – 49.23 µM). These are comparable or slightly higher than their reference compounds donepezil (AChE IC₅₀ = 220 nM), tacrine (BuChE IC₅₀: 14.12 nM), and trolox (DPPH IC₅₀: 17.57 µM). The hybrids with longer linker chain lengths, 6 and 8 carbons (8d and 8e), showed better ChE inhibitory activity than the shorter ones, 2, 3, and 4 carbons (8a-c respectively). This correlates well with literature. Free radical scavenging activities, however, seems not to be significantly affected by varying linker chain lengths. The hybrid compound (14) containing the tryptoline moiety linked with a 7 carbon spacer displayed the best AChE and BuChE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 17.37 and 3.16 nM) but poor free radical scavenging activity. Novel anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs with multi-target neuroprotective activities were thus obtained and hybrid molecules that exhibit good ChE inhibition (8d, 8e and 14) and anti-oxidant (8d and 8e) activity were identified as suitable candidates for further investigation. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Orientador: Inez Valeria Pagotto Yoshida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abbehausen_Camilla_M.pdf: 940208 bytes, checksum: 2b2315fde8a813d9a3f372ac94b57962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: No presente trabalho obteve-se híbridos de siloxano e b-ciclodextrina (b-CD). Baseando-se na comprovada reatividade das ciclodextrinas frente a grupos isocianatos, sintetizou-se um híbrido de b-ciclodextrina e siloxano, pela reação da b-ciclodextrina com g-isocianatopropiltrietoxissilano (IPTS), formando uma ligação uretana entre o silano e a b-ciclodextrina. O alcoxissilano, posteriormente hidrolisado, deu origem a um material resinoso do tipo polissilsesquioxano (PSS) modificado por b-ciclodextrina. O mesmo alcoxissilano foi também submetido à condensação com poli(dimetilsiloxano) contendo ¿Si(CH3)2-OH em finais de cadeia, dando origem a uma rede polimérica, também de aspecto resinoso, contendo nos nós de reticulação a b-cyclodextrin. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados estruturalmente por espectro infravermelho (IV), ressonância magnética nuclear de C (RMN C) e de Si (RMN Si) e análise por difração de raios X (DRX). O comportamento térmico dos materiais foi analisado por termogravimetria (TGA). A capacidade formadora de complexos de inclusão das ciclodextrinas inseridas no polímero PSS-b-CD foi avaliada pela inclusão de fenolftaleína, monitorada por espectrofotometria na região UV-vis e a difusão de água pelo material foi avaliada por ensaios de intumescimento. A morfologia dos filmes dos materiais preparados foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). / Abstract: In this study, hybrid polymers derived from siloxane and b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) were obtained, by reaction of b-CD with g-isocianatepropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS), forming a urethane bond between these components. The resulting alkoxysilane was hydrolyzed generating b-CD-modified polysilsesquioxane resin (b-CD-PSS). The alkoxysilane was also submitted to condensation with poly(dimethylsiloxane) with ¿ Si(CH3)2-OH end groups, giving rise to a resinous polymeric network. These materials were characterized by infrared spectrum, C and Si nuclear magnetic resonance and X ray diffraction. The thermal behavior was analyzed by thermogravimetry. The capability of b-CD grafted in the siloxane polymers to form inclusion complexes was evaluated by the formation of b-CD-phenolphthalein, by UV-vis sectra. The ability of water diffusion into b-CD-PSS film was evaluated by swelling measurement. b-CD modified siloxanes were able to form films and their morphologies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

A ?-talassemia, uma hemoglobinopatia, é caracterizada como um distúrbio hereditário monogênico onde a síntese das cadeias globínicas ? está alterada. Devido desiquilíbrio na relação entre as cadeias ? e ? produzidas, observa-se um excesso de cadeias ? livres, determinante da fisiopatologia da doença. As manifestações observadas são eritropoese ineficaz, hemólise extramedular, anemia, expansão medular, esplenomegalia, deformidades ósseas e acúmulo de ferro. Clinicamente classifica-se como ?-talassemia major (BTM) a forma mais grave da doença, devido à ausência de cadeias ? (?0) ou redução acentuada (?+) acarretando em dependência de transfusões sanguíneas periódicas, para sobrevivência. O traço ?-talassêmico (BTT) antes vistos como assintomáticos, também apresentam alterações, inclusive acúmulo de ferro e eritropoese ineficaz, mas não são dependentes de transfusão e tampouco passam por acompanhamento médico. Extremamente heterogênea, apresenta diversos fenótipos e mais de 300 alterações moleculares causadoras de ?-talassemia já foram descritas em todo mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as mutações de ?-talassemia em Ribeirão Preto-SP e procurar associar tais alterações à avaliação hematológica e do status férrico, na tentativa de estabelecer uma relação genótipo-fenótipo. Para tanto, 27 BTM, 23 BTT e 28 controles foram recrutados no Ambulatório de Hemoglobinopatias, do HC/FMRP-USP de Ribeirão Preto. Por meio de PCR-Alelo Específico, pesquisamos as quatro mutações mais comuns no Brasil: CD39 (CAG->TAG), IVS1-110 (G->A), IVS1-6 (T->C) e IVS1-1 (G ->A). A distribuição foi 64% CD39, 26% IVS1-110 e 4% IVS1-6. A análise de covariância e comparação múltiplas, entre os grupos formados e o controle, revelou alterações hematológicas e no status férrico. Os pacientes BTM com a mutação CD39, em sua forma heterozigota ou homozigota, e heterozigotos para a IVS1-110, revelaram anemia grave e intensa sobrecarga de ferro. Os BTT heterozigotos para CD39 demonstraram comprometimento do metabolismo ferro e/ou eritropoese. A adoção de medidas paliativas e de monitoramento aos BTT faz-se necessária, uma vez que, alterações apresentadas associam-se a desordens graves, mas quando não negligenciadas podem ser facilmente prevenidas. A metodologia adotada demonstrou-se eficaz para a pesquisa das mutações estudadas. Embora tenhamos conseguido observar uma relação genótipo-fenótipo, um estudo multicêntrico da população brasileira proporcionará a identificação de mais relações, principalmente nos fenótipos menos prevalentes em nossa região, contribuindo para a compreensão da heterogeneidade da ?-talassemia. / The ?-thalassemia, one haemoglobinopathies, is characterized as a monogenic hereditary disorder where the synthesis of ? globin chains is modified. Due to imbalance in the relationship between production of ? and ? chains, there is an excess of free ? chain that determines the pathophysiology of the disease. Manifestations observed are ineffective erythropoiesis, extra medullary hemolysis, anemia, bone marrow expansion, splenomegaly, bone deformities and iron accumulation. Clinically is classified as ?-thalassemia major (BTM), the most severe form of the disease, as a result of the absence of ? chains (?0) or very large reduction of these (?+) resulting in dependence on regular blood transfusions to survive. The ?-thalassemia trait (BTT) before seen as asymptomatic, also show changes, including iron accumulation and ineffective erythropoiesis, despite of that they aren\'t dependent on transfusion nor undergo medical care. It is extremely heterogeneous, presents several phenotypes and more than 300 molecular changes that causing ?-thalassemia have been described worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify ?-thalassemia mutations in Ribeirao Preto-Brazil and to explore changes in hematological evaluation and iron status in an attempt to establish a genotype-phenotype relationship. Therefore, a group of 27 BTM, 23 BTT and 28 controls were recruited from the outpatient clinic of hemoglobinopathies, from The Clinical Hospital of Medical School of Ribeirao Preto (HC / FMRP-USP), Brazil. Adopting the technique ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System), we searched for the four most common mutations in Brazil: CD39 (CAG -> TAG), IVS1-110 (G -> A), IVS1-6 (T -> C) and IVS1-1 (G -> A). The distribution was 64% presents CD39 mutation, followed by IVS1-110 e IVS1-6, with 26% and 4% respectively. Covariance Analysis and multiple comparison between the studies groups and control, showed differences in hematological parameters and in iron status either. The BTM heterozygous or homozygous for CD39 mutation and heterozygous for IVS1-110 revealed severe anemia and iron overload. The BTT heterozygous for CD39 showed impairment of iron metabolism and / or erythropoiesis. It is necessary the monitorization of the BTT patients is necessary, since changes presented by them are associated with serious disorders, the adoption of mitigation measures which when are not neglected can be easily prevented. The methodology proved to be effective for the investigation of mutations studied. While we were able to observe a genotype-phenotype relationship, a multicenter study of the Brazilian population will provide the identification of more relations, especially in less prevalent phenotypes in our region, contributing to the understanding of the heterogeneity of ?-thalassemia.

The aim of the work is to analyze the convergence in the Czech Republic for the period of 1996- 2006. The paper is based primarily on the Barro and Sala-i-Martin's theories of convergence of sub-national territorial units. The regression results proved assumptions to be realistic. The main model concentrates on a panel data approach that captures the extent to which new transport infrastructure influences within-nation regional convergence. This paper developed a regional approach to evaluate the impact of transport infrastructure, human capital and migration in four Central and Eastern European countries - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic. The aim is to present an overview of the convergence process of the Czech regions between 1996 and 2006. A neoclassical growth model is used as a framework to study convergence across the 14 administrative units of the Czech Republic. Data on gross value added per capita are exploited. 1

Gaucher disease is one of the lysosomal storage disorders belonging to inherited defects of catabolism of sphingolipids. These defects are caused by mutation in genes of sphingolipid hydrolases or their protein activators. Subsequent storage of non-degraded sphingolipids leads to severe clinical phenotypes in patients. Gaucher disease is caused by deficiency of lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) activity. Non-degraded glycosphingolipids are glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylpsychosine (lyso-GlcCer). Accumulation of these glycosphingolipids is related to Gaucher cells which are derived from macrophages and are abundant in spleen, liver or lung. The objective of the diploma thesis is pathobiochemistry of above mentioned glycosphingolipids. One of the topics of this work was optimization of mass spectrometry method for determination of activity of lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase, using a natural substrate. The method was successfully optimized and can be effectively used for diagnostic purpose, instead of methods utilizing artificial substrates. In the next step, we performed analysis of pH profiles of lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase activity focusing to search for non-lysosomal enzyme, which is able to degrade glucosylceramide. Evaluation of pH profiles did not confirm the existence of such an...

Les antibiotiques, et plus particulièrement les β-lactamines, furent pendant longtemps considérés comme l’arme absolue pour le traitement des infections bactériennes, du fait de leur efficacité, leur bonne tolérance et de leur faible coût. Cependant, les bactéries ont développé des mécanismes de résistance, y compris vis-à-vis des β-lactamines possédant le spectre d’activité le plus large, les carbapénèmes. Ces derniers sont considérés comme les antibiotiques de derniers recours pour le traitement des infections sévères à bacilles à Gram négatif en milieu hospitalier. Chez les entérobactéries, cette résistance émergente aux carbapénèmes est principalement due à l’expression d’enzymes appelées les carbapénèmases capables d’inactiver les carbapénèmes. L’émergence exponentielle à l’échelle mondiale de ces entérobactéries productrices de carbapénèmases (EPC) constitue un problème majeur de santé publique. Actuellement, les carbapénémases les plus répandues dans le monde sont les KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase), NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo- β- lactamase) et OXA-48 (Oxacillinase). La première KPC a été identifiée en 1996 aux Etats- Unis, NDM-1 en 2009 en Suède chez une patiente en provenance d’Inde et OXA-48 en 2003 en Turquie. En France, les carbapénèmases de type OXA-48 sont largement majoritaires et représentent près de 70% des EPC. Ainsi, le retentissement de leur dissémination et le besoin de développer de nouveaux inhibiteurs capables d’inactiver les carbapénèmases se fait de plus en plus pressante.Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre le mode d’ action de ces 3 carbapénèmases d’un point de vue moléculaire et biochimique, afin d’ identifier les éléments structuraux nécessaires à leur fonctionnement, mais aussi de poser les bases du développement de « pan-inhibiteurs » et de nouveaux outils de diagnostics. Pour cela, la caractérisation biochimique des carbapénèmases de type KPC, NDM et OXA-48, de leurs variants naturels et de mutants générés in vitro a été entreprise. Il a pu être mis en exergue l’implication de résidus spécifiques et d’éléments structuraux nécessaires à l’ hydrolyse des carbapénèmes. L ’ étude cristallographique et RMN ainsi que l’étude in silico (modélisation) de ces enzymes et de leurs mutants respectifs, nous a permis de mieux comprendre le mode d’ interaction enzyme- substrat. Nous avons ainsi pu comprendre les bases de la capacité impressionnante de ces carbapénèmases à s’adapter et à évoluer en fonction des pressions de sélections exercées.En collaborations avec différentes équipes de chimistes nous avons développés différentes séries de molécules « pan-inhibiteurs » capables d’inhiber les 3 classes de carbapénèmases. Ainsi nous avons montré un effet inhibiteur de certains composés de la famille des flavonoïdes dont la myrécétine, molécule la plus active. Nous avons également identifié une série de composés, les imidazolines, possédant un effet pan-inhibiteur avec des valeurs de CI50 sub-micromolaires et donc compatible avec une utilisation in vivo.Enfin, nous avons participé au développement (en collaboration avec le CEA) d’ un outil de diagnostic rapide basé sur l’immunochromatographie, permettant détection des EPC en moins de 15 minutes. / Antibiotics, and particularly ß- lactams, have long been considered the ultimate weapon for the treatment of bacterial infections, because of their effectiveness, good tolerance and low cost. However, bacteria have developed mechanisms of resistance, including against β- lactams with the broadest spectrum of activity, carbapenems. The latter are considered as last resort antibiotics for the treatment of severe infections due to Gram negative bacilli in hospital. This emerging resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae is mainly due to the expression of enzymes called carbapenemases capable of inactivating carbapenems. The worldwide exponential spread of these carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria (CPE) represents a major public health issue. Currently, the most common carbapenemases in the world are KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase), NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase) and OXA-48 (Oxacillinase). The first KPC was identified in 1996 in the United States, NDM-1 in 2009 in Sweden in a patient from India and OXA-48 in 2003 in Turkey. In France, OXA-48- type are the most abundant carbapenemases with nearly 70% of the EPCs. Thus, the repercussion of their dissemination and the development of new inhibitors capable of inactivating carbapenemases is becoming more and more urgent.The aims of this thesis were to better understand the mode of action of the 3 main carbapenemases from a molecular and biochemical point of view, in order to identify the structural elements necessary for their functioning, but also to lay the basis for the development of "pan-inhibitors" and noveldiagnostic tools. For this purpose, the biochemical characterization of carbapenemases of the KPC, NDM and OXA-48 type, their natural variants and mutants generated in vitro has been undertaken.We could highlight the involvement of specific residues and structural elements necessary for the hydrolysis of carbapenems. The crystallographic and NMR study as well as the in silico (modeling) studies of these enzymes and their respective mutants, allowed us to better understand the enzyme-substrate interaction mode. We could thus understand the basis of the impressive capacity of these carbapenemases to adapt and therefore to evolve according to the selection pressures exerted.In collaboration with several chemists we participated in the development of different series of "pan-inhibitors" that were able to inhibit the 3 classes of carbapenemases. Thus we could show the inhibitory properties of some compounds of the family of flavonoids including myricetin, the most active molecule. We have also been able to identify a series of compounds, imidazolines, possessing a pan- inhibitory effect with sub-micromolar IC50 values and therefore compatible with in vivo use. Finally, we participated in the development (in collaboration with the CEA) of a rapid diagnostic tool based on theimmunochromatographic, allowing the detection of EPCs in less than 15 minutes.

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).