Emergent multidrug resistant Escherichia coli increase clinical challenges. This thesis describes the resistance patterns, molecular epidemiology and mechanisms, for 315 E. coli from patients in the Vancouver Coastal Health Region for 2006/2007. Automated susceptibility testing was confirmed via E-test® for AmpC and/or ESBL production. PFGE, RFLP and PCR were used to assess genotypic relationships, and plasmid character. AmpC production was facilitated mainly by promoter mutations (54.5%). The principal ESBL detected was CTX-M-15 (49.5%). An unidentified ESBL-producer, with a pI near 8.3, was detected. A plasmid displayed variant resistance phenotypes dependent on selective growth media. A positive correlation between ST131 with CTX-M-15 and CIPR indicated the dissemination of companion phenotypes. Ciprofloxacin resistance resulted mainly (98.0%) from a double gyrA mutation. Overall fluoroquinolone resistance was not assessable due to exclusive selection parameters in this evaluation. Fluoroquinolone resistance factors require further examination to understand what causes resistant phenotypes exclusive of chromosomal mutations. ii

Emergent multidrug resistant Escherichia coli increase clinical challenges. This thesis describes the resistance patterns, molecular epidemiology and mechanisms, for 315 E. coli from patients in the Vancouver Coastal Health Region for 2006/2007. Automated susceptibility testing was confirmed via E-test® for AmpC and/or ESBL production. PFGE, RFLP and PCR were used to assess genotypic relationships, and plasmid character. AmpC production was facilitated mainly by promoter mutations (54.5%). The principal ESBL detected was CTX-M-15 (49.5%). An unidentified ESBL-producer, with a pI near 8.3, was detected. A plasmid displayed variant resistance phenotypes dependent on selective growth media. A positive correlation between ST131 with CTX-M-15 and CIPR indicated the dissemination of companion phenotypes. Ciprofloxacin resistance resulted mainly (98.0%) from a double gyrA mutation. Overall fluoroquinolone resistance was not assessable due to exclusive selection parameters in this evaluation. Fluoroquinolone resistance factors require further examination to understand what causes resistant phenotypes exclusive of chromosomal mutations. ii

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Non-Latin script record Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10789.pdf: 714723 bytes, checksum: 18fda82488f54ec67849c5ef6e1425d6 (MD5) / Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um importante patógeno oportunista em pacientes hospitalizados, particularmente em pacientes oncológicos e que apresentam neutropenia. Uma das principais características desta bactéria é o desenvolvimento de resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos, incluindo os antibióticos carbapenêmicos. A primeira amostra produtora da metalo-betalactamase (MBL) blaSPM-1 reportada na literatura foi isolada de paciente hospitalizado no Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica (IOP/GRAACC/UNIFESP) no ano 2000. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de P. aeruginosa resistente aos carbapenêmicos e produtoras de metalo-beta-lactamase, isoladas de hemoculturas coletadas no período de 2000 à 2005 de pacientes admitidos no IOP; caracterizar essas MBLs e avaliar sua disseminação através de tipagem molecular e caracteristicas clínico/epidemiológicas dos pacientes. Métodos: Foram testadas 56 amostras de P. aeruginosa isoladas de 49 pacientes contra 10 antimicrobianos diferentes por disco difusão. As amostras que foram resistentes aos carbapenêmicos foram submetidas a testes fenotípicos (discoaproximação) e genotípicos (PCR) para a confirmação da presença de MBLs. As amostras produtoras de MBL foram submetidas a tipagem molecular através da técnica de PFGE. A análise clínica/epidemiológica foi realizada a partir de dados obtidos dos prontuários dos pacientes. Resultados: Durante o período entre 2000 e 2005, 32 das 56 amostras de P. aeruginosa, foram classificadas como resistentes aos carbapenêmicos pela técnica de disco difusão. Dezoito das 32 (56,2%) amostras avaliadas carreavam o gene blaSPM-1. Sendo que oito (44,4%) das 18 amostras produtoras de blaSPM-1, apresentaram o mesmo perfil genético. Não foi observada a presença de outras metalo enzimas blaIMP-1, blaVIM-1 e blaVIM-2 nas amostras de P. aeruginosa resistentes a carbapenêmicos. A terapêutica antimicrobiana foi adequada em apenas 27,7% dos pacientes com bacteremia por P. aeruginosa carreando o gene blaSPM-1. Foi observada uma maior letalidade, no período de até 30 dias após a bacteremia, em pacientes com infecção causada por P. aeruginosa carreando o gene blaSPM-1 em relação aos demais pacientes. Conclusões: Evidenciamos a presença de um clone de P. aeruginosa resistente aos carbapenêmicos carreando o gene blaSPM-1 que persistiu no período entre novembro/2000 a dezembro/2005 em hemoculturas de pacientes do IOP-GRAACC. Observamos uma maior letalidade dos pacientes com bacteremia por P. aeruginosa com essa característica de resistência a antimicrobianos e uma indaequação inicial dos esquemas antibióticos utilizados justificando uma vigilância epidemiológica rigorosa e uma readequação dos esquemas terapêuticos. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunist pathogen, particularly for oncologic and neutropenic hospitalized patients. One of the main characterisitic of this bacteria is the development of multiple antibiotic resistance, including the carbapenems. The first metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) encoding the gene blaSPM-1 reported in the literature was isolated in the year 2000 from a patient admitted to the Instituto de Oncologia Pediatrica (IOP/GRAAC - UNIFESP). Objective: To evalute the prevalence of P. aeruginosa carbapenem resistant and MBL producers isolated from bloodstream samples collected from patients admitted to the IOP in the period 2000- 2005; to describe the dissemination of these enzymes by molecular typing and clinical/epidemiological data. Methods: 56 P. aeruginosa isolates from 49 patients were tested against 10 different antibiotics by disc diffusion. The isolates resistant to carbapenems were tested by disc-approximation method and submitted to PCR reaction for detection of MBLs genes. The isolates producers of blaSPM-1 were molecular typed by PFGE. The clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from the patiens charts. Results: From 2000 to 2005, 32 out of 56 P. aeruginosa isolates were classified as carbepenem reistant by disc diffusion. Eighteen out of 32 (56,2%) isolates carried blaSPM-1 and revealed the same molecular typing profile. We did not detected other MBL blaIMP-1, blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2. The antibiotic therapy was considered adequate in only 17,7% of the patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia encoding the gene blaSPM-1. We observed a higher letality rate, in the period of 30 days after bacteremia, in these patients compared with the letality of patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia resistant to carbapenems but not carring MBL. Conclusion: We detected the presence of a P. aeruginosa clone resistant to carbapenems and carrying the gene blaSPM-1 that persisted in blood stream isolates of patients admitted to the IOP from 2000 to 2005. A high letality rate and inadequacy of initial antibiotic treatment was observed justifying a strict epidemiologic surveillance and re-evalutation of antibiotic treatment protocol. / TEDE

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dreaded opportunistic pathogen that causes severe and often intractable infections in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. This bacterium is also the primary cause of fatal lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis and a leading nosocomial pathogen responsible for nearly 10% of all hospital-acquired infections. P. aeruginosa is intrinsically recalcitrant to most classes of antibiotics and has the ability to acquire additional resistance during treatment. In particular, resistance to the widely used β-lactam antibiotics is frequently mediated by the expression of AmpC, a chromosomally encoded β-lactamase that is ubiquitously found in P. aeruginosa strains. This dissertation delved into the role of a recently reported chromosomal β-lactamase in P. aeruginosa called PoxB. To date, no detailed studies have addressed the regulation of poxB expression and its contribution to β-lactam resistance in P. aeruginosa. In an effort to better understand the role of this β-lactamase, poxB was deleted from the chromosome and expressed in trans from an IPTG-inducible promoter. The loss of poxB did not affect susceptibility. However, expression in trans in the absence of ampC rendered strains more resistant to the carbapenem β-lactams. The carbapenem-hydrolyzing phenotype was enhanced, reaching intermediate and resistant clinical breakpoints, in the absence of the carbapenem-specific outer membrane porin OprD. As observed for most class D β-lactamases, PoxB was only weakly inhibited by the currently available β-lactamase inhibitors. Moreover, poxB was shown to form an operon with the upstream located poxA, whose expression in trans decreased pox promoter (Ppox) activity suggesting autoregulation. The transcriptional regulator AmpR negatively controlled Ppox activity, however no direct interaction could be demonstrated. A mariner transposon library identified genes involved in the transport of polyamines as potential regulators of pox expression. Unexpectedly, polyamines themselves were able induce resistance to carbapenems. In summary, P. aeruginosa carries a chromosomal-encoded β-lactamase PoxB that can provide resistance against the clinically relevant carbapenems despite its narrow spectrum of hydrolysis and whose activity in vivo may be regulated by polyamines.

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