This thesis investigates the use of binocular information for motion-in-depth (MID) perception. There are at least two different types of binocular information available to the visual system from which to derive a perception of MID: changing disparity (CD) and inter-ocular velocity differences (IOVD). In the following experiments, we manipulate the availability of CD and IOVD information in order to assess the relative influence of each on MID judgements. In the first experiment, we assessed the relative effectiveness of CD and IOVD information for MID detection, and whether the two types of binocular information are processed by separate mechanisms with differing characteristics. Our results suggest that, both CD and IOVD information can be utilised for MID detection, yet, the relative dependence on either of these types of MID information varies between observers. We then went on to explore the contribution of CD and IOVD information to time-to-contact (TTC) perception, whereby an observer judges the time at which an approaching stimulus will contact them. We confirmed that the addition of congruent binocular information to looming stimuli can influence TTC judgements, but that there is no influence from binocular information indicating no motion. Further to this, we found that observers could utilise both CD and IOVD for TTC judgements, although once again, individual receptiveness to CD and/or IOVD information varied. Thus, we demonstrate that the human visual system is able to process both CD and IOVD information, but the influence of either (or both) of these cues on an individual’s perception has been shown to be mutually independent.

Due to the eyes’ different positions on the human head, binocular viewing of a scene creates two slightly different images of the scene. Human binocular vision can fuse two images with disparity into a single percept, up to a certain limit. This is known as binocular single vision. The use of two eyes is advantageous because it provide one more display channels. One major advantage of binocular vision is creating the feeling of depth (stereopsis). Besides stereopsis, it has recently been shown that the visual system of human eye can even fuse the color, contrast, and/or contour differences between the left and the right views (dichoptic viewing), in a non-linear fashion. Human eyes can perceive more visual information via binocular single vision. / The popularity of virtual reality and 3D movies leads to the wide availability of binocular display devices. There exists some methods to utilize binocular device to present more visual content via binocular single vision. However, they do not support motion pictures. In this thesis, we propose a method to synthesize temporal consistent and binocularly fusible dichoptic videos. Our resultant videos significantly enhance the visual richness of the original input monocular or stereoscopic videos. It is the first attempt to explore the possibility of utilizing LDR binocular display to present dichoptic videos besides the traditional stereoscopic videos (disparity only). We evaluate our method with several challenging videos, and validate its effectiveness in raising visual richness via user studies. / The second application we explore on binocular single vision is enhancing color discrimination for colorblind individuals. Approximately 250 million people suffer from colorblindness, or color vision deficiency (CVD). They are usually not able to clearly discriminate certain colors. The losing of color information leads to misunderstanding, inconvenience, or even danger in daily life. In this thesis, we propose a new framework to synthesis binocularly fused image pair for CVD individuals. The binocular single percept maximizes the color discrimination and minimizes the binocular discomfort. Note that different CVD individuals can be substantially different in terms of the type and the severity of color blindness. We also propose a new calibration method to measure the severity of different CVD individuals. Our tailor-made color discrimination solution for CVD individual has been evaluated via qualitative experiments and convincing effect is obtained in all cases. / Color vision deficiencies can hardly share the same visual content with normal-vision audiences. Our last work makes effort in proposing the first system that allows CVD and normal-vision audiences to share the same visual content simultaneously. The key that we can achieve this is because the ordinary stereoscopic display (non-autostereoscopic ones) offers users two visual experiences (with and without wearing stereoscopic glasses). By allocating one experience to CVD audiences and another to normalvision audiences, we allow them to share. The core problem is to synthesize an image pair so that when they are presented binocularly, CVD audiences can distinguish the originally indistinguishable colors; and when it is in monocular presentation, normal-vision audiences wouldn’t notice any difference from the original image. We solve the image-pair recoloring problem by optimizing an objective function that minimizes the color deviation for normal-vision audiences while maximizes the color distinguishability and binocular fusibility for CVD audiences. Our method is extensively evaluated via multiple quantitative experiments and user studies. Convincing results are obtained in all our test cases. / 由於人類的雙眼在頭部的位置特點，左右兩眼看到的內容有所差異。人類的雙目視覺能將兩幅稍微不同的圖像合成一個單一的視界。這就是雙目單視（Binocular Single Vision）現象。雙目的同時使用使人類可感知更多的視覺信息，比如深度信息（立體感）。除此之外，最近的生理學研究表明，雙目單視可以在一定範圍內融合左右眼所看到的不同顏色，對比度，甚至內容。這種非線性的融合可以給人類帶來更多的視覺信息。 / 虛擬現實以及3D電影的流行使得雙目立體顯示設備在生活中普遍存在。前沿的研究已開始關注如何通過立體設備和雙目單視現象來提高視覺效果。然而，現有工作都集中在圖片的研究而無法應用於電影視頻之中。本畢業論文提出了一個新穎的基於連續幀的雙目視頻對生成方法。本方法所生成的視頻對將使人們感知到更多的視覺內容。通過應用雙目單視現象，低動態範圍（Low-Dynamic Range）的立體顯示設備將不再局限於提供深度視覺信息。為了驗證所提方法的有效性，我們在一些比較有挑戰性的視頻上驗證了其豐富的視覺感知體驗。 / 本論文對雙目單視的第二個探索是在色覺補償方面。全球大約有2億五千個色盲（或色覺缺陷）人士，他們難以區分某些色彩。色彩區分能力的缺失使得他們在生活中有理解和溝通困難，甚至會有潛在的安全問題。本論文提出了一個新穎的利用雙目單視的色覺補償框架。該框架生成的圖片對將能幫助色覺缺陷人士更好地區分顏色而又沒有任何視覺感知方面的不適。色覺缺陷有不同的種類和程度。為了提高色覺補償效果，本論文進一步提出了一個新的色覺測量方法。通過精準的色覺測量和計算，本文所提的色覺補償框架在所有的測試實驗中取得了顯著的效果。 / 在同時觀看同一內容的時候，色盲人士所理解的視覺信息與色覺正常人士是不一樣的。本論文的最後一項工作是提出了一個同步色覺補償系統。該系統可以在色覺正常人士察覺不到色彩改變的前提下，對色盲人士提供色覺補償。這個系統的關鍵突破在於利用了立體顯示設備（非裸眼立體設備）中的不同觀看模式（戴立體眼鏡與不戴立體眼鏡）。我們將戴立體眼鏡的觀看模式分配給色盲人士用於色覺補償，而色覺正常人士則不戴立體眼鏡直接觀看屏幕上線性合成的圖片對。同步色覺補償系統的關鍵問題在於如何根據一張輸入圖片生成一對輸出圖片（一張對應色盲人士的左眼，另一張對應色盲人士右眼）。輸出的圖片對需要在最大化色盲人士的色覺補償和雙目單視舒適度的同時，最小化對原圖色彩的改變。我們建立了一個數學優化模型來解決這個關鍵問題。通過一些列的實驗和用戶調查，同步色覺補償系統的有效性得到了驗證。 / Shen, Wuyao. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2016. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-152). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 24, October, 2016). / Shen, Wuyao. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1980. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Barker. / Bibliography: leaves 193-197. / by Troy A. Crites. / M.S.

O desenvolvimento da realidade virtual permitiu experimentos psicofísicos inéditos, como o aqui descrito, cujo objetivo foi investigar a microgênese da percepção visual de profundidade decorrente de disparidade binocular. Tais processos ocorrem em etapas, com construção gradual do percepto. Experimentos já indicavam a percepção da profundidade em etapas precoces do processamento visual. Isso é confirmado neste trabalho, realizado com tecnologia que garante a estimulação visual exclusivamente por disparidade binocular. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos hardware e software específicos que permitem o controle preciso dos tempos de estimulação binocular e a medida confiável de tempos de reação. Resultado significativo deste trabalho foi também a validação dessas ferramentas, possibilitando estudos futuros de psicofísica em realidade virtual. Finalmente, são sugeridas as cautelas necessárias em experimentos dessa natureza, tanto para a proteção dos participantes contra condições desconfortáveis ou aversivas, como para a seleção de participantes sem déficits funcionais de estereopsia. / Virtual reality technology opened up the possibility of novel psychophysiscal investigations. This work describes a research on the microgenesis of depth perception, as induced exclusively by binocular disparity. Such processes occur in early stages, whereby the percept is gradually built. Previous experiments indicated that depth perception is perceived in early stages of visual processing. This conclusion is now confirmed by the present work, carried out with a technology that guarantees visual stimulation exclusively by binocular disparity. Specific hardware and software were developed, to permit accurate timing of binocular stimulation and reliable measurements of reaction time. A significant result of the present work was the validation of these new tools. Finally, the results also allow suggesting the precautions necessary in the execution of experiments of this type, both to protect participants from possibly uncomfortable or aversive situations, and also to select participants without functional stereopsis deficits.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της μεθόδου κατασκευής του χάρτη βάθους μιας σκηνής από δύο εικόνες της, οι οποίες προσομοιάζουν την ανθρώπινη διοφθαλμική όραση. Η μέθοδος αναλύθηκε στους βασικούς της αλγορίθμους, και εξετάστηκε κατά πόσο και με ποιόν τρόπο θα μπορούσαν αυτοί να παραλληλοποιηθούν. Το OpenCL framework και η OpenCV βιβλιοθήκη μελετήθηκαν, και βρέθηκαν κατάλληλες και ικανές για την παραλληλοποίηση ενός αλγορίθμου υπολογιστικής όρασης. Με χρήση των παραπάνω υλοποιήθηκαν ενδεικτικά κάποιοι αλγόριθμοι και υπολογίστηκε το σχετικό βάθος των χαρακτηριστικών σημείων των εικόνων. Τέλος έγινε αξιολόγηση των αλγορίθμων ως προς την ταχύτητα και την ποιότητα των αποτελεσμάτων. / The goal of the present thesis was to study a scene's depthmap creation, using a pair of images simulating human binocular vision. At first the whole method was cut down to its elementary algorithms. Then it was examined wether and how could these algorithms be parallelized. OpenCL framework and OpenCV library were found adequate and capable of parallelizing computer vision algorithms, so they were used to implement some indicative algorithms. Finally, the relative depth of image features was calculated via various algorithm combinations, that were then evaluated according to speed and accuracy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Additional advisors: Frank Amthor, Claudio Busettini, James Cox, Rosalyn Weller. Description based on contents viewed July 27, 2009; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-113).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 30, 2010). Additional advisors: Franklin R. Amthor, James E. Cox, Timothy J. Gawne, Rosalyn E. Weller. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-114).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Delaware, 2005. / Principal faculty advisor: Chandra Kambhamettu, Dept. of Computer & Information Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 94 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-94).

William Eric Leifur Grimson. / Based on the author's thesis (Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Includes indexes. / Bibliography: p. [247]-267.